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Kim YH, Her AY, Jeong MH, Kim BK, Hong SJ, Kim S, Ahn CM, Kim JS, Ko YG, Choi D, Hong MK, Jang Y. Effect of statin treatment in patients with acute myocardial infarction with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A retrospective observational registry study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24733. [PMID: 33578620 PMCID: PMC10545251 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Studies comparing long-term clinical outcomes of statin treatment between acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients with prediabetes and those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with the newer-generation drug-eluting stents (DESs) are limited. We compared 2-year clinical outcomes between these patients.A total of 11,962 AMI patients were classified as statin users (n = 10,243) and statin nonusers (n = 1719). Thereafter, statin users and nonusers were further divided into the normoglycemia, prediabetes, and T2DM groups. The major outcome was the occurrence of major adverse cardiac event (MACE) defined as all-cause death, recurrent myocardial infarction (Re-MI), or any repeat coronary revascularization.After statin treatment, the cumulative incidences of MACE (P = .314), all-cause death, cardiac death (CD), Re-MI, and any repeat revascularization were similar between the prediabetes and T2DM groups. However, the cumulative incidences of MACE (P = .025) and all-cause death (P = .038) in the prediabetes group and those of MACE (P = .001), all-cause death (P = .009), and CD (P = .048) in the T2DM group were significantly higher than those in the normoglycemia group. Moreover, in all the 3 glycemic groups, the cumulative incidences of MACE, all-cause death, and CD were significantly higher among statin nonusers than among statin users.This study revealed that AMI patients with prediabetes had worse clinical outcomes than those with normoglycemia and comparable to those with T2DM after 2-year statin treatment. However, further studies are warranted to confirm the current findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hoon Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon
| | - Ae-Young Her
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon
| | - Myung Ho Jeong
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Cardiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju
| | - Byeong-Keuk Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Sung-Jin Hong
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Seunghwan Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Inje University College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Min Ahn
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Jung-Sun Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Young-Guk Ko
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Donghoon Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Myeong-Ki Hong
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Yangsoo Jang
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine
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Factors Promoting Clinical Inertia in Caring for Patients with Dyslipidemia: A Consensual Study Among Clinicians who Provide Healthcare to Patients with Dyslipidemia. J Natl Med Assoc 2019; 111:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kim YH, Her AY, Jeong MH, Kim BK, Shin DH, Kim JS, Ko YG, Choi D, Hong MK, Jang Y. Two-year outcomes of statin therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction with or without dyslipidemia after percutaneous coronary intervention in the era of new-generation drug-eluting stents within Korean population: Data from the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2018; 93:1264-1275. [PMID: 30474346 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.27985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited studies focused on long-term outcomes of statin therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with or without dyslipidemia after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the era of new-generation drug-eluting stents (DES). We thought to investigate 2-year clinical outcomes of statin therapy in these patients. METHODS A total of 18,137 eligible AMI patients (from the Korea AMI Registry [KAMIR]) were finally enrolled and divided into four groups according to the presence or absence of dyslipidemia and statin therapy (dyslipidemia+/statin- [group A, 309 patients], dyslipidemia+/statin+ [group B, 2094 patients], dyslipidemia-/statin- [group C, 672 patients], dyslipidemia-/statin+ [group D, 15062 patients]). The primary outcome was major adverse cardiac event (MACE) defined as all-cause death, myocardial infarction (MI) and revascularization. RESULTS During the 2-year follow-up period, the cumulative incidence of MACE in the group A was higher than the group B (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.207; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.098-3.743; p = .024) and the group D (adjusted HR, 2.110; 95% CI, 1.240-3.593, p = .006). This significantly increased incidence of MACE caused by the higher cumulative incidences of all-cause death and cardiac death (CD) in the group A compared with groups B and D. However, the cumulative incidences of MI and revascularization were not significantly different among these four groups. CONCLUSION Statin therapy demonstrated significantly reduced incidences of MACE, all-cause death and CD compared with non-users after PCI in AMI patients with or without dyslipidemia during 2-year follow-up period in the era of new-generation DES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hoon Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ae-Young Her
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Myung Ho Jeong
- Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Keuk Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Shin
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Sun Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Guk Ko
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Donghoon Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myeong-Ki Hong
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yangsoo Jang
- Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Waters DD. Cholesterol Lowering Guidelines: From Whence We Came and Where We Are Now. Can J Cardiol 2018; 35:590-597. [PMID: 30454967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2018.07.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment guidelines have proliferated in cardiology, although most guideline recommendations are not supported by clinical trial evidence. What is considered to be a normal cholesterol level has progressively declined over the past 50 years, with the increasing realization that "normal" is far from optimal and that lower is better. The first important United States and Canadian cholesterol guidelines were published in 1988, and recommended diet for 6 months to be followed by consideration of bile acid sequestrants or nicotinic acid. Over the ensuing 25 years guidelines have changed rapidly and dramatically in response to a large number of definitive clinical trials, usually with statins. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets have moved progressively lower, and in some guidelines, have been abandoned entirely. The concept of selecting patients for treatment according to the absolute risk reduction expected from treatment on the basis of clinical trial data seems to be a rational approach. For secondary prevention, some patients are still untreated or undertreated, presenting an opportunity for improving outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Waters
- Division of Cardiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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Nord JW, Berry A, Stults B, Burningham Z, Beddhu S. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Patient-Centered Educational Mailer Designed to Improve Statin Adherence: A Pragmatic Trial. EGEMS (WASHINGTON, DC) 2017; 4:1256. [PMID: 28203610 PMCID: PMC5302859 DOI: 10.13063/2327-9214.1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with high total cholesterol have increased risk of cardiovascular disease. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines recommend cholesterol lowering with statin medications; however, statin adherence remains poor. We hypothesized that patient-centered education on the 10-year risk for each of the major constituents of cardiovascular disease would increase statin adherence and achievement of the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goal. METHODS Veterans within the Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center initiating statin therapy from October 2008 to December 2011 were randomized in a pragmatic design to receive either an educational mailer or usual care. The mailer outlined their 10-year global cardiovascular risk, separated into coronary heart disease, stroke, and congestive heart failure. The study was unblinded and followed an intention-to-treat analysis where outcome measures were obtained during normal care process. The primary outcome measure was the achievement of the LDL-C goal during the 12-month follow-up. RESULTS Two hundred and seven patients were randomly assigned to either the intervention arm (95) or the control arm (112). No differences in the proportion of patients meeting the LDL-C goal were detected during 12-months [Relative Risk (RR): 0.95 (95 percent confidence interval (CI): 0.77-1.17)] or 18-months [RR: 1.03 (95 percent CI: 0.84, 1.25)]. Patients in the intervention arm had higher adherence on average, e.g., intervention patients were more likely to have 70 percent or more days of statin therapy compared to patients who received standard care-though this did not reach statistical significance-RR: 1.33 (95 percent CI: 1.00, 1.78). There were no statistical differences in cardiovascular outcomes or mortality. CONCLUSION Patient education mailers sent to patients starting statin treatment did not have a clear impact on LDL-C goal achievement or adherence to statin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Nord
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine; Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Alalia Berry
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine; Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Barry Stults
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine; Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Zachary Burningham
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine; Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs Medical Center
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Chiang CE, Ferrières J, Gotcheva NN, Raal FJ, Shehab A, Sung J, Henriksson KM, Hermans MP. Suboptimal Control of Lipid Levels: Results from 29 Countries Participating in the Centralized Pan-Regional Surveys on the Undertreatment of Hypercholesterolaemia (CEPHEUS). J Atheroscler Thromb 2015; 23:567-87. [PMID: 26632163 DOI: 10.5551/jat.31179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Five multicentre, cross-sectional Centralized Pan-Regional Surveys on the Undertreatment of Hypercholesterolaemia (CEPHEUS) were conducted in 29 countries across Asia, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. The surveys assessed the current use and efficacy of lipid-lowering drugs (LLDs) worldwide and identified possible patient and physician characteristics associated with failure to attain low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals. The aim of this analysis was to consolidate the global results from these surveys. METHODS The surveys involved patients aged ≥18 years who had been prescribed LLDs for at least 3 months without dose changes for at least 6 weeks. A single visit was scheduled for data collection, including fasting plasma lipid and glucose levels. Cardiovascular risk profile and LDL-C goal attainment were assessed according to the 2004 updated US National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. RESULTS In total, 35 121 patients (mean age: 60.4 years) were included, and 90.3% had been prescribed statin monotherapy. Overall, only 49.4% of patients reached their recommended LDL-C level. LDL-C goals were attained in 54.8% (5084/9273) and 22.8% (3287/14 429) of patients were at high and very high cardiovascular risk, respectively. Factors associated with an increased likelihood of LDL-C goal attainment were lower baseline cardiovascular risk; presence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or history of cardiovascular disease; and treatment with simvastatin, atorvastatin, or rosuvastatin (vs. all other LLDs). CONCLUSION LDL-C goal attainment in patients taking LLDs is suboptimal worldwide, particularly in patients at high and very high cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chern-En Chiang
- General Clinical Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University
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James MFM, Dyer RA, Rayner BL. A modern look at hypertension and anaesthesia. SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/22201173.2011.10872770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MFM James
- Department of Anaesthesia, University of Cape Town
| | - RA Dyer
- Department of Anaesthesia, University of Cape Town
| | - BL Rayner
- Departments of Anaesthesia and Medicine, University of Cape Town
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Elis A, Pereg D, Dicker D, Gevrielov-Yusim N, Goldenberg I, Matetzky S, Kopel E, Klempfner R. Temporal trends in the use of high-dose potent statins following acute coronary syndrome in Israel. Cardiology 2014; 128:266-72. [PMID: 24863615 DOI: 10.1159/000358378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate factors associated with the prescription of high-dose potent statin (HDPS) therapy following hospitalization for acute coronary events. STUDY DESIGN Sub-analysis was made using the data of 3,525 patients enrolled in the 2008 and 2010 Acute Coronary Syndrome Israeli Surveys (ACSIS). METHODS Analyses were carried out to identify demographic and clinical factors associated with the prescription of HDPS therapy (atorvastatin 40-80 mg/day or rosuvastatin 20-40 mg/day) at discharge compared with the prescription of lower-dose statins. RESULTS Among the study patients, 1,387 (39%) were discharged on HDPS, 1,860 (53%) with lower-dose statin regimens and 278 (8%) with no recommendation for statin therapy. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that pre-admission usage of HDPS and participation in the more recent (2010) ACSIS survey were independently associated with a higher likelihood of HDPS prescription at discharge from the index event (odds ratio, OR, 21.07, p < 0.001, and 5.61, p < 0.001, respectively), whereas factors independently associated with a lack of HDPS prescription included age >75 years (OR 0.76, p = 0.03), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels <100 mg/dl on admission (OR 0.67, p < 0.001) and a history of heart failure prior to the index hospitalization (OR 0.54, p = 0.0018). The 30-day compliance with the HDPS regimen was 98%. CONCLUSIONS The findings show increased use of HDPS therapy in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients, although this mode of medical therapy is still underutilized in the important subset of high-risk ACS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishay Elis
- Department of Medicine, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
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Early high-dose rosuvastatin for contrast-induced nephropathy prevention in acute coronary syndrome: Results from the PRATO-ACS Study (Protective Effect of Rosuvastatin and Antiplatelet Therapy On contrast-induced acute kidney injury and myocardial damage in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome). J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 63:71-9. [PMID: 24076283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.04.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine if in addition to standard preventive measures on-admission, high-dose rosuvastatin exerts a protective effect against contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI). BACKGROUND Patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are at high risk for CI-AKI, and the role of statin pre-treatment in preventing renal damage remains uncertain. METHODS Consecutive statin-naïve non-ST elevation ACS patients scheduled to undergo early invasive strategy were randomly assigned to receive rosuvastatin (40 mg on admission, followed by 20 mg/day; statin group n = 252) or no statin treatment (control group n = 252). CI-AKI was defined as an increase in creatinine concentration of ≥0.5 mg/dl or ≥25% above baseline within 72 h after contrast administration. RESULTS The incidence of CI-AKI was significantly lower in the statin group than in controls (6.7% vs. 15.1%; adjusted odds ratio: 0.38; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.20 to 0.71; p = 0.003). The benefits against CI-AKI were consistent, even applying different CI-AKI definition criteria and in all the pre-specified risk categories. The 30-day incidence of adverse cardiovascular and renal events (death, dialysis, myocardial infarction, stroke, or persistent renal damage) was significantly lower in the statin group (3.6% vs. 7.9%, respectively; p = 0.036). Moreover, statin treatment given on admission was associated with a lower rate of death or nonfatal myocardial infarction at 6 month follow-up (3.6% vs. 7.2%, respectively; p = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS High-dose rosuvastatin given on admission to statin-naïve patients with ACS who are scheduled for an early invasive procedure can prevent CI-AKI and improve short-term clinical outcome. (Statin Contrast Induced Nephropathy Prevention [PRATO-ACS]; NCT01185938).
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Impact of lipid-lowering medications and low-density lipoprotein levels on 1-year clinical outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting. J Am Coll Surg 2013; 217:452-60. [PMID: 23891072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2013.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies investigating lipid-lowering medication (LLM) use and LDL levels in coronary artery bypass grafting patients are limited. STUDY DESIGN The Veterans Affairs Randomized On/Off Bypass Trial's patient records were analyzed for LLM use and 1-year LDL levels. Mortality, acute MI (AMI), and repeat revascularization rates were compared at 1 year between patients with and without LLM at discharge. In addition, AMI, repeat revascularization, and graft patency were compared between patients that did and did not achieve a 1-year LDL target level of <100 mg/dL. RESULTS The LLM data were available for 86.4% (1,904 of 2,203) of patients. Rates of LLM use were 83.4% (1,316 of 1,577) at discharge and 90.0% (1,713 of 1,904) at 1 year. Patients discharged after coronary artery bypass grafting on LLMs had a significantly lower 1-year mortality rate (1.9% vs 5.4%; p < 0.01) than those not discharged on LLM, and 1-year AMI and repeat revascularization rates were not significantly different. Of the patients with 1-year LDL measurements, 69.4% (1,200 of 1,729) achieved an LDL target level of <100 mg/dL. No differences were seen in AMI, revascularization, or graft occlusion rates between patients who achieved target LDL levels and those who did not. CONCLUSIONS Rates of LLM use among veterans post-coronary artery bypass grafting are high. Discharge on LLM might be associated with improved intermediate-term survival. Patients who achieved an LDL target of <100 mg/dL at 1-year did not experience improved 1-year clinical outcomes or graft patency. Longer-term follow-up might reveal differences in cardiac outcomes related to achievement of target LDL levels.
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Allonen J, Nieminen MS, Lokki M, Parkkonen O, Vaara S, Perola M, Hiekkalinna T, Strandberg TE, Sinisalo J. Mortality rate increases steeply with nonadherence to statin therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Clin Cardiol 2012; 35:E22-7. [PMID: 22961648 DOI: 10.1002/clc.22056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a prospective cohort of consecutive acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients, we compared the adherence rate of statin usage and mortality rate during a median follow-up of 23 months. HYPOTHESIS Adherence to statin therapy after acute coronary syndrome affects mortality rate. METHODS We analyzed ACS patients (N = 1969; age, 65.9 ± 11.8 years; female 30.4%) who underwent angiography between March 2006 and March 2008. The postdischarge usage of statins was based on the purchase register of the Social Insurance Institution of Finland. The death rate was verified from Statistics Finland. RESULTS At discharge, the rate of statin prescription to patients was 95.4% (n = 1878). When comparing adherent patients (n = 1200; 61.7%), who purchased the medication systematically until the end of the median 23-month follow-up, with nonadherent patients (n = 94; 4.8%), who did not use the medication at all, there was a vast difference in absolute death rate between the groups: 4.9% vs 14.9%, respectively (P < 0.001). We conducted Cox proportional hazards model with ACS type, cerebrovascular attack, diabetes, age, 3-artery disease, and cancer as adjusted confounders. Compared with regular statin users, nonusers were associated with a >2× increased hazard ratio of mortality (hazard ratio: 2.70, 95% confidence interval: 1.49-4.90, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Statin medication is essential for discharged ACS patients. They should be strongly encouraged to purchase and use it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Allonen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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Leung A, Schaefer EW, Tempelhof MW, Stone NJ. Emphasizing statin safety in the hospitalized patient: a review. Am J Med 2012; 125:845-53. [PMID: 22938925 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the safe use of statin therapy in the hospitalized patient. Available data support initiation of statin therapy during hospitalization in patients with acute coronary syndromes or established cardiovascular disease and in high-risk patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease (except for those on maintenance hemodialysis). Because of the increased risk of cardiovascular disease, statins are given to solid-organ transplant survivors and those treated with protease inhibitors for human immunodeficiency virus. However, in the multidrug, acute illness hospital environment, safety considerations become paramount. We review the essentials of statin metabolism and drug-drug interactions to provide the hospital physician with information to minimize potentially serious adverse statin effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Leung
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Suh SY, Rha SW, Ahn TH, Shin EK, Choi CU, Oh DJ, Bae JH, Hur SH, Yun KH, Oh SK, Kim JH, Kim SW, Chae IH, Kim KS, Hong YJ, Jeong MH. Long-term safety and efficacy of Pitavastatin in patients with acute myocardial infarction (from the Livalo Acute Myocardial Infarction Study [LAMIS]). Am J Cardiol 2011; 108:1530-5. [PMID: 21890083 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pitavastatin is a potent lipophilic statin and may play an important role in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) but there have been limited data on the safety and efficacy of pitavastatin in AMI. This study consisted of 1,039 consecutive patients with AMI (74.0% men, mean age 61.4 ± 12.6 years) who presented in 10 major percutaneous coronary intervention centers in Korea from February 2007 through September 2009. Pitavastatin 2 mg/day was routinely administered in patients with AMI from time of presentation. We investigated changes of lipid profiles, biochemical markers, adverse events, and clinical outcomes up to 12 months. During the study 318 events overall occurred in 220 patients (21.2%) who reported ≥1 treatment emergent adverse event, although 20 events in 14 patients (1.4%) were treatment-related adverse events. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol percent change was -25.6% and LDL cholesterol target attainment was 70.5% at 12-month follow-up. Levels of creatinine phosphokinase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein decreased significantly during the first 1 month of pitavastatin treatment and were sustained to 12-month follow-up. Major adverse cardiac events occurred in 66 patients (7.3%). All-cause deaths occurred in 32 patients (3.5%) including 19 (2.1%) cardiac deaths and recurrent MIs occurred in 14 (1.6%) and target lesion revascularizations in 42 (4.7%). In conclusion, administration of pitavastatin 2 mg/day in patients with AMI showed 70.5% LDL cholesterol target attainment with good tolerance and was associated with favorable clinical outcomes up to 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Yong Suh
- Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea
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Park JE, Chiang CE, Munawar M, Pham GK, Sukonthasarn A, Aquino AR, Khoo KL, Chan HWR. Lipid-lowering treatment in hypercholesterolaemic patients: the CEPHEUS Pan-Asian survey. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2011; 19:781-94. [PMID: 21450606 DOI: 10.1177/1741826710397100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of hypercholesterolaemia in Asia is rarely evaluated on a large scale, and data on treatment outcome are scarce. The Pan-Asian CEPHEUS study aimed to assess low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goal attainment among patients on lipid-lowering therapy. METHODS This survey was conducted in eight Asian countries. Hypercholesterolaemic patients aged ≥18 years who had been on lipid-lowering treatment for ≥3 months (stable medication for ≥6 weeks) were recruited, and lipid concentrations were measured. Demographic and other clinically relevant information were collected, and the cardiovascular risk of each patient was determined. Definitions and criteria set by the updated 2004 National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines were applied. RESULTS In this survey, 501 physicians enrolled 8064 patients, of whom 7281 were included in the final analysis. The mean age was 61.0 years, 44.4% were female, and 85.1% were on statin monotherapy. LDL-C goal attainment was reported in 49.1% of patients overall, including 51.2% of primary and 48.7% of secondary prevention patients, and 36.6% of patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. The LDL-C goal was attained in 75.4% of moderate risk, 55.4% of high risk, and only 34.9% of very high-risk patients. Goal attainment was directly related to age and inversely related to cardiovascular risk and baseline LDL-C. CONCLUSION A large proportion of Asian hypercholesterolaemic patients on lipid-lowering drugs are not at recommended LDL-C levels and remain at risk for cardiovascular disease. Given the proven efficacy of lipid-lowering drugs in the reduction of LDL-C, there is room for further optimization of treatments to maximize benefits and improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Euy Park
- Cardiology, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangnam Ku, Seoul, Korea.
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Atorvastatin affects the tissue concentration of hydrogen sulfide inmouse kidneys and other organs*. Pharmacol Rep 2011; 63:184-8. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70414-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Statins before stents: does an ounce of prevention improve outcomes? Can J Cardiol 2010; 26:486-7. [PMID: 21076722 DOI: 10.1016/s0828-282x(10)70453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Antoniades C, Bakogiannis C, Tousoulis D, Reilly S, Zhang MH, Paschalis A, Antonopoulos AS, Demosthenous M, Miliou A, Psarros C, Marinou K, Sfyras N, Economopoulos G, Casadei B, Channon KM, Stefanadis C. Preoperative atorvastatin treatment in CABG patients rapidly improves vein graft redox state by inhibition of Rac1 and NADPH-oxidase activity. Circulation 2010; 122:S66-73. [PMID: 20837928 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.927376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins improve clinical outcome of patients with atherosclerosis, but their perioperative role in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is unclear. We hypothesized that short-term treatment with atorvastatin before CABG would improve the redox state in saphenous vein grafts (SVGs), independently of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)-lowering. METHODS AND RESULTS In a randomized, double-blind controlled trial, 42 statin-naïve patients undergoing elective CABG received atorvastatin 40 mg/d or placebo for 3 days before surgery. Circulating inflammatory markers and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured before and after treatment. SVG segments were used to determine vascular superoxide (O(2)(*-)) and Rac1 activation. For ex vivo studies, SVG segments from 24 patients were incubated for 6 hours with atorvastatin 0, 5, or 50 μmol/L. Oral atorvastatin reduced vascular basal and NADPH-stimulated O(2)(*-) in SVGs (P<0.05 for all versus placebo) and reduced plasma MDA (P<0.05), independently of LDL-lowering and of changes in inflammatory markers. In SVGs exposed to atorvastatin ex vivo, without exposure to LDL, basal and NADPH-stimulated O(2)(·-) were significantly reduced (P<0.01 for both concentrations versus 0 μmol/L) in association with a striking reduction in Rac1 activation and 1 membrane-bound Rac1 and p67(phox) subunit. The antioxidant effects of atorvastatin were reversed by mevalonate, implying a dependence on vascular HMG-CoA reductase inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Short-term treatment with atorvastatin 40 mg/d before CABG improves redox state in SVGs, by inhibiting vascular Rac1-mediated activation of NADPH-oxidase. These novel findings suggest that statin therapy should be maintained or initiated in patients undergoing CABG, independently of LDL levels. Clinical Trial Registration-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01013103.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Antoniades
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Cardiol 2010; 25:411-21. [PMID: 20535070 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0b013e32833bf995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Park DJ, Jeong MH, Park KH, Sim DS, Hong YJ, Kim JH, Ahn Y, Cho JG, Park JC, Kang JC. Clinical Effects of Statin in Elderly Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Left Ventricular Dysfunction Who underwent Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Chonnam Med J 2010. [DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2010.46.2.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jin Park
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Heart Research Center designated by Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Myung Ho Jeong
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Heart Research Center designated by Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Keun-Ho Park
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Heart Research Center designated by Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Doo Sun Sim
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Heart Research Center designated by Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young Joon Hong
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Heart Research Center designated by Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ju Han Kim
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Heart Research Center designated by Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Youngkeun Ahn
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Heart Research Center designated by Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeong Gwan Cho
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Heart Research Center designated by Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jong Chun Park
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Heart Research Center designated by Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jung Chaee Kang
- The Heart Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Heart Research Center designated by Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
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