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Kavsak PA, Neumann JT, Cullen L, Than M, Shortt C, Greenslade JH, Pickering JW, Ojeda F, Ma J, Clayton N, Sherbino J, Hill SA, McQueen M, Westermann D, Sörensen NA, Parsonage WA, Griffith L, Mehta SR, Devereaux PJ, Richards M, Troughton R, Pemberton C, Aldous S, Blankenberg S, Worster A. Clinical chemistry score versus high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I and T tests alone to identify patients at low or high risk for myocardial infarction or death at presentation to the emergency department. CMAJ 2019; 190:E974-E984. [PMID: 30127037 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.180144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testing for high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) may assist triage and clinical decision-making in patients presenting to the emergency department with symptoms of acute coronary syndrome; however, this could result in the misclassification of risk because of analytical variation or laboratory error. We sought to evaluate a new laboratory-based risk-stratification tool that incorporates tests for hs-cTn, glucose level and estimated glomerular filtration rate to identify patients at risk of myocardial infarction or death when presenting to the emergency department. METHODS We constructed the clinical chemistry score (CCS) (range 0-5 points) and validated it as a predictor of 30-day myocardial infarction (MI) or death using data from 4 cohort studies involving patients who presented to the emergency department with symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome. We calculated diagnostic parameters for the CCS score separately using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT). RESULTS For the combined cohorts (n = 4245), 17.1% of participants had an MI or died within 30 days. A CCS score of 0 points best identified low-risk participants: the hs-cTnI CCS had a sensitivity of 100% (95% confidence interval [CI] 99.5%-100%), with 8.9% (95% CI 8.1%-9.8%) of the population classified as being at low risk of MI or death within 30 days; the hs-cTnT CCS had a sensitivity of 99.9% (95% CI 99.2%-100%), with 10.5% (95% CI 9.6%-11.4%) of the population classified as being at low risk. The CCS had better sensitivity than hs-cTn alone (hs-cTnI < 5 ng/L: 96.6%, 95% CI 95.0%-97.8%; hs-cTnT < 6 ng/L: 98.2%, 95% CI 97.0%-99.0%). A CCS score of 5 points best identified patients at high risk (hs-cTnI CCS: specificity 96.6%, 95% CI 96.0%-97.2%; 11.2% [95% CI 10.3%-12.2%] of the population classified as being at high risk; hs-cTnT CCS: specificity 94.0%, 95% CI 93.1%-94.7%; 13.1% [95% CI 12.1%-14.1%] of the population classified as being at high risk) compared with using the overall 99th percentiles for the hs-cTn assays (specificity of hs-cTnI 93.2%, 95% CI 92.3-94.0; specificity of hs-cTnT 73.8%, 95% CI 72.3-75.2). INTERPRETATION The CCS score at the chosen cut-offs was more sensitive and specific than hs-cTn alone for risk stratification of patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected acute coronary syndrome. Study registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, nos. NCT01994577; NCT02355457.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Kavsak
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
| | - Johannes T Neumann
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
| | - Louise Cullen
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
| | - Martin Than
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
| | - Colleen Shortt
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
| | - Jaimi H Greenslade
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
| | - John W Pickering
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
| | - Francisco Ojeda
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
| | - Jinhui Ma
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
| | - Natasha Clayton
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
| | - Jonathan Sherbino
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
| | - Stephen A Hill
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
| | - Matthew McQueen
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
| | - Dirk Westermann
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
| | - Nils A Sörensen
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
| | - William A Parsonage
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
| | - Lauren Griffith
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
| | - Shamir R Mehta
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
| | - P J Devereaux
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
| | - Mark Richards
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
| | - Richard Troughton
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
| | - Chris Pemberton
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
| | - Sally Aldous
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
| | - Andrew Worster
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Kavsak, Hill, McQueen), Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (Ma, Griffith); and Medicine (Clayton); Division of Emergency Medicine (Shortt, Sherbino, Worster); Division of Cardiology (Mehta, Devereaux); Population Health Research Institute (Devereaux), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of General and Interventional Cardiology (Neumann, Ojeda, Westermann, Sörensen, Blankenberg), University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (Cullen, Greenslade, Parsonage), Brisbane, Australia; Christchurch Hospital (Than, Pickering, Troughton, Aldous), Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Medicine and Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago (Richards, Pickering, Troughton, Pemberton), Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute (Richards), National University of Singapore
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