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Sánchez-León ME, Loaeza-Reyes KJ, Matias-Cervantes CA, Mayoral-Andrade G, Pérez-Campos EL, Pérez-Campos-Mayoral L, Hernández-Huerta MT, Zenteno E, Pérez-Cervera Y, Pina-Canseco S. LOX-1 in Cardiovascular Disease: A Comprehensive Molecular and Clinical Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5276. [PMID: 38791315 PMCID: PMC11121106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
LOX-1, ORL-1, or lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that binds and internalizes ox-LDL in foam cells. LOX-1 is the main receptor for oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL). The LDL comes from food intake and circulates through the bloodstream. LOX-1 belongs to scavenger receptors (SR), which are associated with various cardiovascular diseases. The most important and severe of these is the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the intimal layer of the endothelium. These plaques can evolve into complicated thrombi with the participation of fibroblasts, activated platelets, apoptotic muscle cells, and macrophages transformed into foam cells. This process causes changes in vascular endothelial homeostasis, leading to partial or total obstruction in the lumen of blood vessels. This obstruction can result in oxygen deprivation to the heart. Recently, LOX-1 has been involved in other pathologies, such as obesity and diabetes mellitus. However, the development of atherosclerosis has been the most relevant due to its relationship with cerebrovascular accidents and heart attacks. In this review, we will summarize findings related to the physiologic and pathophysiological processes of LOX-1 to support the detection, diagnosis, and prevention of those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Sánchez-León
- Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina-UNAM-UABJO, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68020, Mexico; (M.E.S.-L.); (K.J.L.-R.); (C.A.M.-C.); (G.M.-A.); (L.P.-C.-M.)
| | - Karen Julissa Loaeza-Reyes
- Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina-UNAM-UABJO, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68020, Mexico; (M.E.S.-L.); (K.J.L.-R.); (C.A.M.-C.); (G.M.-A.); (L.P.-C.-M.)
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencias de la Salud y la Enfermedad, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68020, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alberto Matias-Cervantes
- Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina-UNAM-UABJO, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68020, Mexico; (M.E.S.-L.); (K.J.L.-R.); (C.A.M.-C.); (G.M.-A.); (L.P.-C.-M.)
| | - Gabriel Mayoral-Andrade
- Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina-UNAM-UABJO, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68020, Mexico; (M.E.S.-L.); (K.J.L.-R.); (C.A.M.-C.); (G.M.-A.); (L.P.-C.-M.)
| | | | - Laura Pérez-Campos-Mayoral
- Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina-UNAM-UABJO, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68020, Mexico; (M.E.S.-L.); (K.J.L.-R.); (C.A.M.-C.); (G.M.-A.); (L.P.-C.-M.)
| | - María Teresa Hernández-Huerta
- Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico;
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Yobana Pérez-Cervera
- Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina-UNAM-UABJO, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68020, Mexico; (M.E.S.-L.); (K.J.L.-R.); (C.A.M.-C.); (G.M.-A.); (L.P.-C.-M.)
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencias de la Salud y la Enfermedad, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68020, Mexico
| | - Socorro Pina-Canseco
- Centro de Investigación Facultad de Medicina-UNAM-UABJO, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68020, Mexico; (M.E.S.-L.); (K.J.L.-R.); (C.A.M.-C.); (G.M.-A.); (L.P.-C.-M.)
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Khalid U, Egeberg A, Ahlehoff O, Smedegaard L, Gislason GH, Hansen PR. Nationwide Study on the Risk of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Patients With Psoriasis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1043-8. [PMID: 27079879 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a complex multifactorial disease associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Increased inflammation including T-helper 17 cell-mediated effects has been implicated in AAA pathogenesis. Psoriasis is considered to be a T-helper 17-driven chronic inflammatory disease and in view of potentially overlapping inflammatory mechanisms, we investigated the risk of AAA in patients with psoriasis in a nationwide cohort. APPROACH AND RESULTS The study comprised all Danish residents aged ≥18 years followed up from January 1, 1997, until diagnosis of AAA, December 31, 2011, migration or death. Information on comorbidity, concomitant medication, and socioeconomic status was identified by individual-level linkage of administrative registers. Incidence rates for AAA were calculated and incidence rate ratios adjusted for age, sex, comorbidity, medications, socioeconomic status, and smoking were estimated in Poisson regression models. A total of 5 495 203 subjects were eligible for analysis. During the study period, we identified 59 423 patients with mild psoriasis and 11 566 patients with severe psoriasis. The overall incidence rates of AAA were 3.72, 7.30, and 9.87 per 10 000 person-years for the reference population (23 696 cases), mild psoriasis (240 cases), and severe psoriasis (50 cases), respectively. The corresponding adjusted incidence rate ratios for AAA were increased in patients with psoriasis with incidence rate ratios of 1.20 (95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.39) and 1.67 (confidence interval, 1.21-2.32) for subjects with mild and severe disease, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In a nationwide cohort, psoriasis was associated with a disease severity-dependent increased risk of AAA. The mechanisms and consequences of this novel finding require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Khalid
- From the Department of Cardiology (U.K., O.A., L.S., G.H.G., P.R.H.), Department of Dermatology (A.E.), Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark (O.A.); National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark (G.H.G.); Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (G.H.G., P.R.H.); and Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Research, The Danish Heart Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark (G.H.G.).
| | - Alexander Egeberg
- From the Department of Cardiology (U.K., O.A., L.S., G.H.G., P.R.H.), Department of Dermatology (A.E.), Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark (O.A.); National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark (G.H.G.); Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (G.H.G., P.R.H.); and Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Research, The Danish Heart Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark (G.H.G.)
| | - Ole Ahlehoff
- From the Department of Cardiology (U.K., O.A., L.S., G.H.G., P.R.H.), Department of Dermatology (A.E.), Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark (O.A.); National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark (G.H.G.); Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (G.H.G., P.R.H.); and Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Research, The Danish Heart Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark (G.H.G.)
| | - Laerke Smedegaard
- From the Department of Cardiology (U.K., O.A., L.S., G.H.G., P.R.H.), Department of Dermatology (A.E.), Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark (O.A.); National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark (G.H.G.); Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (G.H.G., P.R.H.); and Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Research, The Danish Heart Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark (G.H.G.)
| | - Gunnar Hilmar Gislason
- From the Department of Cardiology (U.K., O.A., L.S., G.H.G., P.R.H.), Department of Dermatology (A.E.), Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark (O.A.); National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark (G.H.G.); Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (G.H.G., P.R.H.); and Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Research, The Danish Heart Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark (G.H.G.)
| | - Peter Riis Hansen
- From the Department of Cardiology (U.K., O.A., L.S., G.H.G., P.R.H.), Department of Dermatology (A.E.), Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark (O.A.); National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark (G.H.G.); Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (G.H.G., P.R.H.); and Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Research, The Danish Heart Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark (G.H.G.)
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Pafili K, Gouni-Berthold I, Papanas N, Mikhailidis DP. Abdominal aortic aneurysms and diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complications 2015; 29:1330-6. [PMID: 26440573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that risk profiles differ between coronary artery disease and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). However, diabetes mellitus (DM) appears to be negatively associated with AAA formation. The underlying mechanisms for this negative relationship are far from defined, but may include: increased arterial wall matrix formation via advanced glycation end products; suppression of plasmin and reduction of levels and activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and 9; diminished aortic wall macrophage infiltration, elastolysis and neovascularization. In addition, the effect of pharmacological agents used for the treatment of patients with DM on AAA formation has been studied with rather controversial results. Statins, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, fenofibrate, antibiotics and some hypoglycemic agents are beginning to be appreciated for a potential modest protection from AAAs, but further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Pafili
- Diabetes Clinic, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioanna Gouni-Berthold
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Papanas
- Diabetes Clinic, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (Vascular Disease Prevention Clinics), Royal Free Hospital campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London NW3 2QG, UK
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