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Sex/Gender- and Age-Related Differences in β-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling in Cardiovascular Diseases. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154280. [PMID: 35893368 PMCID: PMC9330499 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) are often recognized from experimental and clinical studies examining the prevalence, manifestations, and response to therapies. Compared to age-matched men, women tend to have reduced CV risk and a better prognosis in the premenopausal period. However, with menopause, this risk increases exponentially, surpassing that of men. Although several mechanisms have been provided, including sex hormones, an emerging role in these sex differences has been suggested for β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signaling. Importantly, β-ARs are the most important G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), expressed in almost all the cell types of the CV system, and involved in physiological and pathophysiological processes. Consistent with their role, for decades, βARs have been considered the first targets for rational drug design to fight CVDs. Of note, β-ARs are seemingly associated with different CV outcomes in females compared with males. In addition, even if there is a critical inverse correlation between β-AR responsiveness and aging, it has been reported that gender is crucially involved in this age-related effect. This review will discuss how β-ARs impact the CV risk and response to anti-CVD therapies, also concerning sex and age. Further, we will explore how estrogens impact β-AR signaling in women.
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Aspromonte N, Gulizia MM, Clerico A, Di Tano G, Emdin M, Feola M, Iacoviello M, Latini R, Mortara A, Valle R, Misuraca G, Passino C, Masson S, Aimo A, Ciaccio M, Migliardi M. ANMCO/ELAS/SIBioC Consensus Document: biomarkers in heart failure. Eur Heart J Suppl 2017; 19:D102-D112. [PMID: 28751838 PMCID: PMC5520761 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/sux027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers have dramatically impacted the way heart failure (HF) patients are evaluated and managed. A biomarker is a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological or pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention. Natriuretic peptides [B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal proBNP] are the gold standard biomarkers in determining the diagnosis and prognosis of HF, and a natriuretic peptide-guided HF management looks promising. In the last few years, an array of additional biomarkers has emerged, each reflecting different pathophysiological processes in the development and progression of HF: myocardial insult, inflammation, fibrosis, and remodelling, but their role in the clinical care of the patient is still partially defined and more studies are needed before to be well validated. Moreover, several new biomarkers have the potential to identify patients with early renal dysfunction and appear to have promise to help the management cardio-renal syndrome. With different biomarkers reflecting HF presence, the various pathways involved in its progression, as well as identifying unique treatment options for HF management, a closer cardiologist-laboratory link, with a multi-biomarker approach to the HF patient, is not far ahead, allowing the unique opportunity for specifically tailoring care to the individual pathological phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Aspromonte
- CCU-Cardiology Department, Presidio Ospedaliero San Filippo Neri, Via Martinotti, 20, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Massimo Gulizia
- Cardiology Department, Ospedale Garibaldi-Nesima, Azienda di Rilievo Nazionale e Alta Specializzazione “Garibaldi”, Catania, Italy
| | - Aldo Clerico
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Cardiovascular Cell Biology, Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio-CNR, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Tano
- Istituti Ospitalieri, Cardiology Unit, Cremona, and Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Emdin
- Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Italy
| | - Mauro Feola
- Cardiac Rehabilitation - Congestive Cardiac Unit, Ospedale Maggiore SS. Trinità, Fossano (CN), Italy
| | | | - Roberto Latini
- Cardiovascular Research Department, Istituto Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Mortara
- Clinical Cardiology and Heart Failure Unit, Policlinico di Monza, Monza (MB), Italy
| | - Roberto Valle
- Cardiology Department, Ospedale Civile, Chioggia (Venezia), Italy
| | | | - Claudio Passino
- Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Italy
| | - Serge Masson
- Cardiovascular Research Department, Istituto Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Aimo
- Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Italy
| | - Marcello Ciaccio
- Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Section, Dipartimento di Pathobiology and Medical Biotechnology Department, Università degli Studi, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Migliardi
- Laboratory of Analysis, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano, Torino, Italy
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