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Migliore F, Schiavone M, Pittorru R, Forleo GB, De Lazzari M, Mitacchione G, Biffi M, Gulletta S, Kuschyk J, Dall'Aglio PB, Rovaris G, Tilz R, Mastro FR, Iliceto S, Tondo C, Di Biase L, Gasperetti A, Tarzia V, Gerosa G. Left ventricular assist device in the presence of subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator: Data from a multicenter experience. Int J Cardiol 2024; 400:131807. [PMID: 38272130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2024.131807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are an increasingly used strategy for the management of patients with advanced heart failure (HF). Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (S-ICD) might be a viable alternative to conventional ICDs with a lower risk of short- and long-term of device-related complications and infections.The aim of this multicenter study was to evaluate the outcomes and management of S-ICD recipients who underwent LVAD implantation. METHODS The study population included patients with a preexisting S-ICD who underwent LVAD implantation for advanced HF despite optimal medical therapy. RESULTS The study population included 30 patients (25 male; median age 45 [38-52] years).The HeartMate III was the most common LVAD type. Median follow-up in the setting of concomitant use of S-ICDs and LVADs was 7 months (1-20).There were no reports of inability to interrogate S-ICD systems in this population. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) occurred in 21 (70%) patients. The primary sensing vector was the one most significantly involved in determining EMI. Twenty-seven patients (90%) remained eligible for S-ICD implantation with at least one optimal sensing vector. The remaining 3 patients (10%) were ineligible for S-ICD after attempts of reprogramming of sensing vectors. Six patients (20%) experienced inappropriate shocks (IS) due to EMI. Six patients (20%) experienced appropriate shocks. No S-ICD extraction because of need for antitachycardia pacing, ineffective therapy or infection was reported. CONCLUSIONS Concomitant use of LVAD and S-ICD is feasible in most patients. However, the potential risk of EMI oversensing, IS and undersensing in the post-operative period following LVAD implantation should be considered. Careful screening for EMI should be performed in all sensing vectors after LVAD implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Migliore
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.
| | - Marco Schiavone
- Department of Clinical Electrophysiology & Cardiac Pacing, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Raimondo Pittorru
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Manuel De Lazzari
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Biffi
- Cardiology Unit, IRCCS, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant'Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simone Gulletta
- Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology Unit, San Raffaele Hospital, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Jurgen Kuschyk
- Cardiology Unit, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Pietro Bernardo Dall'Aglio
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Faculty of Medicine, Heart, Center Freiburg University, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Giovanni Rovaris
- Cardiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Roland Tilz
- Department of Rhythmology, University Heart Center Lubeck, Lubeck, Germany
| | - Florinda Rosaria Mastro
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Sabino Iliceto
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Claudio Tondo
- Department of Clinical Electrophysiology & Cardiac Pacing, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Di Biase
- Montefiore-Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Health System, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Alessio Gasperetti
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Vincenzo Tarzia
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Gino Gerosa
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Khetarpal BK, Javaid A, Lee JZ, Kusumoto F, Mulpuru SK, Sorajja D, Cha Y, Srivathsan K. Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator noise following left ventricular assist device implantation. J Arrhythm 2023; 39:198-206. [PMID: 37021015 PMCID: PMC10068942 DOI: 10.1002/joa3.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence and impact of noise in a subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (S-ICD) after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation is not well established. Methods We performed a retrospective study of patients implanted with LVAD and with a pre-existing S-ICD between January 2005 and December 2020 at the three Mayo Clinic centers (Minnesota, Arizona, and Florida). Results Of the 908 LVAD patients, a pre-existing S-ICD was present in 9 patients (mean age 49.1 ± 13.7 years, 66.7% males), 100% with Boston Scientific third-generation EMBLEM MRI S-ICD, 11% with HeartMate II (HM II), 44% with HeartMate 3 (HM 3), and 44% with HeartWare (HW) LVAD. The incidence of noise from LVAD-related electromagnetic interference (EMI) was 33% and was only seen with HM 3 LVAD. Multiple measures attempted to resolve noise, including using alternative S-ICD sensing vector, adjusting S-ICD time zone, and increasing LVAD pump speed, were unsuccessful, necessitating S-ICD device therapies to be turned off permanently. Conclusions The incidence of LVAD-related S-ICD noise is high in patients with concomitant LVAD and S-ICD with significant impact on device function. As conservative management failed to resolve the EMI, the S-ICDs had to be programmed off to avoid inappropriate shocks. This study highlights the importance of awareness of LVAD-SICD device interference and the need to improve S-ICD detection algorithms to eliminate noise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Awad Javaid
- Cardiovascular DepartmentKirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLVNevadaUSA
| | - Justin Z. Lee
- Cardiovascular DepartmentMayo ClinicPhoenixArizonaUSA
| | - Fred Kusumoto
- Cardiovascular DepartmentMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | | | - Dan Sorajja
- Cardiovascular DepartmentMayo ClinicPhoenixArizonaUSA
| | - Yong‐Mei Cha
- Cardiovascular DepartmentMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
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Tanawuttiwat T, Das MK, Miller JM, Guglin ME. Device-device interaction between cardiac implantable electronic devices and continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices. Heart Rhythm 2023; 20:918-926. [PMID: 36863637 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2023.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The current design of an innovative left ventricular assist device (LVAD) makes use of magnetic levitation technology, which enables the rotors of the device to be completely suspended by magnetic force, reducing friction and blood or plasma damage. However, this electromagnetic field can result in electromagnetic interference (EMI), which can interfere with proper functioning of another cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) in its direct proximity. Approximately 80% of patients with an LVAD have a CIED, most frequently an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Several device-device interactions have been reported, including EMI-induced inappropriate shocks, inability to establish telemetry connection, EMI-induced premature battery depletion, undersensing by the device, and other CIED malfunctions. Unfortunately, additional procedures, including generator exchange, lead adjustment, and system extraction, are frequently required because of these interactions. In some circumstances, the additional procedure might be preventable or avoidable with appropriate solutions. In this article, we describe how EMI from the LVAD impacts the functionality of the CIED and provide possible management options, including manufacturer-specific information, for the current CIEDs (eg, transvenous and leadless pacemakers, transvenous and subcutaneous ICDs, and transvenous cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemakers and ICDs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mithilesh K Das
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - John M Miller
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Maya E Guglin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Singh P, Afzal MR, Weiss R. Perioperative considerations during implantation of the subcutaneous defibrillator: State‐of‐the‐art review. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2020; 43:1451-1458. [DOI: 10.1111/pace.14072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhpreet Singh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Muhammad Rizwan Afzal
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Raul Weiss
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
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5
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Reichert W, Tomaiko E, Kalya A, Kusne S, Lockhart C, Su W. De novo subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in patient with left ventricular assist device. HeartRhythm Case Rep 2020; 6:774-776. [PMID: 33101953 PMCID: PMC7573482 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrcr.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Black-Maier E, Lewis RK, Barnett AS, Pokorney SD, Sun AY, Koontz JI, Daubert JP, Piccini JP. Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator troubleshooting in patients with a left ventricular assist device: A case series and systematic review. Heart Rhythm 2020; 17:1536-1544. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Afzal MR, Okabe T, Hsu K, Cook S, Koppert T, Weiss R. How to minimize peri-procedural complications during subcutaneous defibrillator implant? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2020; 18:427-434. [DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2020.1784006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad R. Afzal
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Toshimasa Okabe
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kevin Hsu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Schuyler Cook
- Department of Internal Medicine, Adena Regional Medical Center, Chillicothe, OH, USA
| | - Tanner Koppert
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Raul Weiss
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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Vedachalam S, Cook S, Koppert T, Okabe T, Weiss R, Afzal MR. Approaches to Minimizing Periprocedural Complications During Subcutaneous Implantable Cardioverter-defibrillator Placement. J Innov Card Rhythm Manag 2020; 11:4100-4105. [PMID: 32461815 PMCID: PMC7244169 DOI: 10.19102/icrm.2020.110504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (S-ICD) is the latest option among devices clinically available for the prevention of sudden cardiac death, with experience from previous trials and postmarketing studies supporting the feasibility and safety of this kind of system. The extracardiac positioning of the S-ICD obviates the need for transvenous leads, which translates into lower incidence rates of lead-related complications and systemic infections. This review will highlight the results of pertinent studies related to the perioperative management of S-ICDs and review potential approaches to minimizing the risk of complications such as hematoma at the pulse generator location, unsuccessful defibrillation due to suboptimal S-ICD lead and generator positioning, and postoperative pain. An extensive literature search using PubMed was conducted to identify relevant articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Vedachalam
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Schuyler Cook
- Department of Internal Medicine, Adena Regional Medical Center, Chillicothe, OH, USA
| | - Tanner Koppert
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Toshimasa Okabe
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Raul Weiss
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Muhammad R Afzal
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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Ishida Y, Payne JE, Field ME, Gold MR. Electromagnetic interference from left ventricular assist devices in patients with subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2020; 31:1195-1201. [PMID: 32128931 DOI: 10.1111/jce.14431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interactions of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) with transvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator systems (ICDs) have been widely reported. However, less is known regarding the impact of electromagnetic interference (EMI) from LVADs on subcutaneous ICD function. METHODS AND RESULTS A comprehensive literature search was performed on PubMed, Cochrane central registry, and Google Scholar using the search terms "subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and left ventricular assist devices," "electromagnetic interference, LVAD, and subcutaneous ICD," "EMI and S-ICD," and "inappropriate shocks, LVAD, and ICD." Demographic and programming data were extracted from the reports and authors as needed. A total of seven cases of EMI in LVAD patients with subcutaneous ICD (S-ICD) devices were found. In addition three previously unreported cases from our center were included. All cases involved either a heartware ventricular assist device or HeartMate III LVAD with a pre-existing S-ICD. In all patients, both the primary and secondary vectors had inappropriate sensing due to EMI. Three patients were reprogramed to the alternate vector with appropriate sensing. The S-ICD was either inactivated or replaced with a transvenous device in six patients. A single patient was left sensing in the alternate vector. There were no reports of inability to interrogate S-ICD systems in patients with LVADs. CONCLUSION The risk of inappropriate shocks from LVADs should be considered in pre-existing patients with S-ICD, particularly when the heartware ventricular assist device or HeartMate III LVAD device is present. Reprogramming of the sensing vector can occasionally avoid this issue but often the S-ICD needs to be inactivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ishida
- Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Department of Cardiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Joshua E Payne
- Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Michael E Field
- Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Michael R Gold
- Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Boulet J, Massie E, Mondésert B, Lamarche Y, Carrier M, Ducharme A. Current Review of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Use in Patients With Left Ventricular Assist Device. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2019; 16:229-239. [DOI: 10.1007/s11897-019-00449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Afzal MR, Okabe T, Koppert T, Tyler J, Houmsse M, Augostini RS, Hummel JD, Kalbfleisch SJ, Iyer MH, Flores AS, Bhandary S, Dimitrova G, Elsayed‐Awad H, Fiorini K, Gorelik L, Perez W, Saklayen S, Stein E, Turner K, Franklin NP, Ryu JN, Bhatt A, Weiss R, Daoud EG, Essandoh M. Implantation of subcutaneous defibrillator is feasible and safe with monitored anesthesia care. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2019; 42:1552-1557. [DOI: 10.1111/pace.13838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad R. Afzal
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Toshimasa Okabe
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Tanner Koppert
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine ElectrophysiologyDavis Heart and Lung Research Institute Columbus Ohio
| | - Jaret Tyler
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Mahmoud Houmsse
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Ralph S. Augostini
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - John D. Hummel
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Steven J. Kalbfleisch
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Manoj H. Iyer
- Division of AnesthesiologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Antolin S. Flores
- Division of AnesthesiologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Sujatha Bhandary
- Division of AnesthesiologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Galina Dimitrova
- Division of AnesthesiologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Hamdy Elsayed‐Awad
- Division of AnesthesiologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Kasey Fiorini
- Division of AnesthesiologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Leonid Gorelik
- Division of AnesthesiologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - William Perez
- Division of AnesthesiologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Samiya Saklayen
- Division of AnesthesiologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Erica Stein
- Division of AnesthesiologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Katja Turner
- Division of AnesthesiologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Nicholas P. Franklin
- Division of AnesthesiologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Jasmine N. Ryu
- Division of AnesthesiologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Amar Bhatt
- Division of AnesthesiologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Raul Weiss
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Emile G. Daoud
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
| | - Michael Essandoh
- Division of AnesthesiologyThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University Medical Center Columbus Ohio
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Pfenniger A, Knight BP. Evolution of extravascular implantable defibrillator technologies. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2019; 62:249-255. [PMID: 31004606 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) has been successfully treating patients with lethal ventricular arrhythmias for decades. The main acute and chronic complications of this therapy modality are related to the use of a transvenous lead. An entirely extravascular ICD concept was developed over the last 20 years, with emergence of the subcutaneous ICD (S-ICD). This device was approved for clinical use seven years ago, and accumulating real-life experience confirms its safety and efficacy. The main limitations related to this system include the lack of pacing capabilities for bradycardia, tachycardia or resynchronization therapy, a large size, and relatively high energy requirements for effective defibrillation. This review article summarizes current knowledge and potential future developments of the extravascular ICD technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pfenniger
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Bradley P Knight
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
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