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Kraft M, Knop MP, Renaudin J, Scherer Hofmeier K, Pföhler C, Bilò MB, Lang R, Treudler R, Wagner N, Spindler T, Hourihane JO, Maris I, Koehli A, Bauer A, Lange L, Müller S, Papadopoulos NG, Wedi B, Moeser A, Ensina LF, Fernandez‐Rivas M, Cichocka‐Jarosz E, Christoff G, Garcia BE, Poziomkowska‐Gęsicka I, Cardona V, Mustakov TB, Rabe U, Mahler V, Grabenhenrich L, Dölle‐Bierke S, Worm M. Secondary prevention measures in anaphylaxis patients: Data from the anaphylaxis registry. Allergy 2020; 75:901-910. [PMID: 31584692 DOI: 10.1111/all.14069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with a history of anaphylaxis are at risk of future anaphylactic reactions. Thus, secondary prevention measures are recommended for these patients to prevent or attenuate the next reaction. METHODS Data from the Anaphylaxis Registry were analyzed to identify secondary prevention measures offered to patients who experienced anaphylaxis. Our analysis included 7788 cases from 10 European countries and Brazil. RESULTS The secondary prevention measures offered varied across the elicitors. A remarkable discrepancy was observed between prevention measures offered in specialized allergy centers (84% of patients were prescribed adrenaline autoinjectors following EAACI guidelines) and outside the centers: Here, EAACI guideline adherence was only 37%. In the multivariate analysis, the elicitor of the reaction, age of the patient, mastocytosis as comorbidity, severity of the reaction, and reimbursement/availability of the autoinjector influence physician's decision to prescribe one. CONCLUSIONS Based on the low implementation of guidelines concerning secondary prevention measures outside of specialized allergy centers, our findings highlight the importance of these specialized centers and the requirement of better education for primary healthcare and emergency physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kraft
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Dermatology Venerology and Allergology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
| | - Macarena Pia Knop
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | | | - Kathrin Scherer Hofmeier
- Division of Allergy Department of Dermatology University Hospital Basel University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Claudia Pföhler
- Department of Dermatology The Saarland University Medical Center Homburg/Saar Germany
| | - Maria Beatrice Bilò
- Allergy Unit Department of Internal Medicine University Hospital Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona Ancona Italy
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences Polytechnic University of Marche Ancona Italy
| | - Roland Lang
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Salzburg Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg Austria
| | - Regina Treudler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology Leipzig Interdisciplinary Allergy Center (LICA)‐Comprehensive Allergy Center University Hospital Leipzig Germany
| | - Nicola Wagner
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital of Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | | | | | - Ioana Maris
- Bon Secours Hospital Cork/Department of Paediatrics and Child Health University College Cork Cork Ireland
| | - Alice Koehli
- Division of Allergology University Children's Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Andrea Bauer
- University Allergy Center University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Technical University Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Lars Lange
- Department for Pediatrics St. Marien‐Hospital Bonn Germany
| | - Sabine Müller
- Department of Dermatology Medical Center‐University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos
- Allergy Department 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
- Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Bettina Wedi
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Comprehensive Allergy CenterHannover Medical SchoolHannover Germany
| | - Anne Moeser
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control Jena University Hospital Jena Germany
| | - Luis F. Ensina
- Division of Allergy Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Department of Pediatrics Federal University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Montserrat Fernandez‐Rivas
- Department of Allergy Hospital Clinico San Carlos Universidad Complutense, IdISSC Madrid Spain
- ARADyAL Research Network
| | - Ewa Cichocka‐Jarosz
- Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonology, Allergy and Dermatology Clinic Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
| | - George Christoff
- Faculty of Public Health Medical University‐Sofia Sofia Bulgaria
- Allergy Out‐patient Department Acibadem CityClinic Tokuda Medical Centre Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Blanca E. Garcia
- Service of Allergology Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra Pamplona Spain
| | | | - Victoria Cardona
- ARADyAL Research Network
- Allergy Section Department of Internal Medicine Hospital Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Spain
| | | | - Uta Rabe
- Department for Allergy and Asthma Johanniter Hospital Treuenbrietzen Germany
| | | | - Linus Grabenhenrich
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Dermatology Venerology and Allergology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology Robert Koch‐Institut Berlin Germany
| | - Sabine Dölle‐Bierke
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Dermatology Venerology and Allergology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
| | - Margitta Worm
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Dermatology Venerology and Allergology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
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Luke AK, Flessner CA. Examining Differences in Parent Knowledge About Pediatric Food Allergies. J Pediatr Psychol 2019; 45:101-109. [DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsz091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Pediatric food allergy (FA) is a serious health condition that has become increasingly prevalent. Parents often play a primary role in assessing and managing risk for their child’s FAs, making it critical that they remain informed of the most recent guidelines for FA management. This study aimed to examine if diagnostic source (i.e., pediatrician vs. allergist) and child- and parent-level variables predicted parental FA knowledge using a comprehensive measure.
Methods
The Food Allergy Knowledge Test (FAKT) was administered to parents (N = 518) of children aged 3–17 years with (n = 349) and without (n = 169; i.e., control group) FAs using internet-sampling procedures. The sample was further partitioned into parents of children diagnosed by an allergist or a pediatrician, and control group parents who did or did not endorse knowing someone with an FA.
Results
Significant group differences were found with respect to the overall FAKT score and diagnostic source. Among the FA group, parental relationship to child, income, identification with a minority status, parental anxiety, and child possession of an emergency action plan were significant predictors of FAKT scores.
Conclusions
Knowledge of FA was poor across all groups. Education for caregivers both with and without food-allergic children is important to ensure FA safety in multiple settings. Future directions and limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Luke
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Kent State University
| | - Christopher A Flessner
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Kent State University
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Comparison of International Systemic Adverse Reactions Due to Allergen Immunotherapy. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2018; 7:1298-1305.e3. [PMID: 30557714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several classifications of systemic adverse reactions (SARs) during allergen immunotherapy have been proposed, but the comparison of their usefulness in daily clinical practice is lacking. OBJECTIVE The present post hoc analysis was aimed at investigating the practicality of the most relevant international classifications proposed by the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the American Academy of Asthma, Allergology and Clinical Immunology/American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (AAAACI/ACAAI), and the World Allergy Organization (WAO) using data provided by the longitudinal European Survey on Adverse Systemic Reactions in Allergen Immunotherapy (EASSI) based on daily clinical practice in 3 countries in Europe. METHODS One hundred nine SARs over 4363 allergen immunotherapy courses were classified as mild (n = 78 [71.5%]), moderate (n = 27 [24.8%]), and severe (n = 4 [3.7%]) by EASSI-doctors, which served as a criterion standard. Every SAR was further classified according to the following grading systems: EAACI 2006 Grading System (EAACI2006), WAO 2010 Grading System (WAO2010), WAO 2017 Grading System (WAO2017), and AAAAI/ACAAI Grading System. All SAR rankings were also cross-compared among each other (Kendall correlation coefficient Tau-b). In general, a low epinephrine use was identified, severe reactions occurred within 15 minutes, and milder reactions were skin only. RESULTS The analysis indicated disparities in mild and moderate SARs in the different grading systems. The correlation between EASSI-severity and EAACI2006, WAO2010, WAO2017, and AAAAI/ACAAI Grading System was 0.639, 0.502, 0.315, and 0.663, respectively (P < .001 in all cases). However, correlation of severe reactions was good. The best correlation with the onset of the reaction and the number of System Organ Class involved were detected in WAO grading systems. CONCLUSIONS Despite having a lower correlation than EAACI and AAAAI/ACAAI, the WAO grading appears to provide a moderate correlation among these classifications. The analysis might help to inform clinicians and investigators on selecting the most appropriate classification.
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When is epinephrine prescribed for anaphylaxis? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 122:339-340. [PMID: 30529549 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abrams EM, Singer AG, Lix L, Katz A, Yogendran M, Simons FER. Adherence with epinephrine autoinjector prescriptions in primary care. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 13:46. [PMID: 29151840 PMCID: PMC5680749 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-017-0218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to estimate primary adherence for epinephrine autoinjector (EA) prescriptions in primary care practices in Manitoba, Canada. METHODS A retrospective analysis of electronic medical record and administrative data was performed to determine primary adherence, defined as dispensation of a new EA prescription within 90 days of the date the prescription was written. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to test predictors of filling an EA prescription. RESULTS Of 1212 EA prescriptions written between 2012 and 2014, only 69.9% (N = 847) were filled. An increased number of prescriptions for non-EA mediations was associated with an increased odds ratio of not filling an EA prescription. INTERPRETATION This is the first study in Canada to examine adherence for EA prescriptions. The non-adherence rate identified is higher than rates previously reported in the literature, and indicates that many EA prescriptions for adults seen in primary care may never be filled. It also suggests that prescriptions of EAs for all patients at risk of anaphylaxis in community settings should consistently be accompanied by concise information about the importance of having the EA prescription filled and having the EA readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa M. Abrams
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Manitoba, FE125-685 William Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0Z2 Canada
| | | | - Lisa Lix
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Alan Katz
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Marina Yogendran
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - F. Estelle R. Simons
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Manitoba, FE125-685 William Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0Z2 Canada
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Bilò MB, Cichocka-Jarosz E, Pumphrey R, Oude-Elberink JN, Lange J, Jakob T, Bonadonna P, Fernandez J, Kosnik M, Helbling A, Mosbech H, Gawlik R, Niedoszytko M, Patella V, Pravettoni V, Rodrigues-Alves R, Sturm GJ, Rueff F. Self-medication of anaphylactic reactions due to Hymenoptera stings-an EAACI Task Force Consensus Statement. Allergy 2016; 71:931-43. [PMID: 27060567 DOI: 10.1111/all.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An anaphylactic reaction due to a Hymenoptera sting is a clinical emergency, and patients, their caregivers as well as all healthcare professionals should be familiar with its recognition and acute management. This consensus report has been prepared by a European expert panel of the EAACI Interest Group of Insect Venom Hypersensitivity. It is targeted at allergists, clinical immunologists, internal medicine specialists, pediatricians, general practitioners, emergency department doctors, and any other healthcare professional involved. The aim was to report the scientific evidence on self-medication of anaphylactic reactions due to Hymenoptera stings, to inform healthcare staff about appropriate patient self-management of sting reactions, to propose indications for the prescription of an adrenaline auto-injector (AAI), and to discuss other forms of medication. First-line treatment for Hymenoptera sting anaphylaxis is intramuscular adrenaline. Prescription of AAIs is mandatory in the case of venom-allergic patients who suffer from mast cell diseases or with an elevated baseline serum tryptase level and in untreated patients with a history of a systemic reaction involving at least two different organ systems. AAI prescription should also be considered in other specific situations before, during, and after stopping venom immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Bilò
- Allergy Unit; Department of Internal Medicine; University Hospital; Ancona Italy
| | - E. Cichocka-Jarosz
- Department of Pediatrics; Jagiellonian University Medical College; Krakow Poland
| | - R. Pumphrey
- Immunology; Central Manchester University Hospitals; Manchester UK
| | - J. N. Oude-Elberink
- Department of Allergology; GRIAC Research Institute; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - J. Lange
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - T. Jakob
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; Justus Liebig University Gießen; University Medical Center Gießen and Marburg GmbH; Gießen Germany
| | - P. Bonadonna
- Allergy Unit; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - J. Fernandez
- Allergy Service; Department of Clinical Medicine; Alicante University Hospital; UMH; Alicante Spain
| | - M. Kosnik
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Disease; Golnik Slovenia
| | - A. Helbling
- Division of Allergology; University Clinic of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology; University Hospital/Inselspital; Bern Switzerland
| | - H. Mosbech
- Allergy Unit; Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; Hellerup Denmark
| | - R. Gawlik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Silesian University of Medicine; Katowice Poland
| | - M. Niedoszytko
- Department of Allergology; Medical University of Gdansk; Gdansk Poland
| | - V. Patella
- Division and School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; ASL Salerno and University of Naples Federico II, Naples; Battipaglia Hospital; Salerno Italy
| | - V. Pravettoni
- Clinical Allergy and Immunology Unit; Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Milan Italy
| | - R. Rodrigues-Alves
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division; Divino Espirito Santo Hospital; Ponta Delgada Portugal
| | - G. J. Sturm
- Ambulatory for Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Vienna Austria
- Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
| | - F. Rueff
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; Ludwig-Maximilian University; Munich Germany
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O’Keefe AW, De Schryver S, Mill J, Mill C, Dery A, Ben-Shoshan M. Diagnosis and management of food allergies: new and emerging options: a systematic review. J Asthma Allergy 2014; 7:141-64. [PMID: 25368525 PMCID: PMC4216032 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s49277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is reported that 6% of children and 3% of adults have food allergies, with studies suggesting increased prevalence worldwide over the last few decades. Despite this, our diagnostic capabilities and techniques for managing patients with food allergies remain limited. We have conducted a systematic review of literature published within the last 5 years on the diagnosis and management of food allergies. While the gold standard for diagnosis remains the double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge, this assessment is resource intensive and impractical in most clinical situations. In an effort to reduce the need for the double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge, several risk-stratifying tests are employed, namely skin prick testing, measurement of serum-specific immunoglobulin E levels, component testing, and open food challenges. Management of food allergies typically involves allergen avoidance and carrying an epinephrine autoinjector. Clinical research trials of oral immunotherapy for some foods, including peanut, milk, egg, and peach, are under way. While oral immunotherapy is promising, its readiness for clinical application is controversial. In this review, we assess the latest studies published on the above diagnostic and management modalities, as well as novel strategies in the diagnosis and management of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W O’Keefe
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Sarah De Schryver
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jennifer Mill
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher Mill
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alizee Dery
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Moshe Ben-Shoshan
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Soller L, Cherkaoui S, Ben-Shoshan M, Harrington DW, Knoll M, Fragapane J, Joseph L, St Pierre Y, La Vieille S, Wilson K, Elliott SJ, Clarke AE. Likelihood of being prescribed an epinephrine autoinjector in allergic Canadians with lower educational levels. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014; 113:326-9. [PMID: 25087187 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Soller
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Sabrine Cherkaoui
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Moshe Ben-Shoshan
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Megan Knoll
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joseph Fragapane
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lawrence Joseph
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yvan St Pierre
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Kathi Wilson
- Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan J Elliott
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ann E Clarke
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Sicherer SH, Leung DYM. Advances in allergic skin disease, anaphylaxis, and hypersensitivity reactions to foods, drugs, and insects in 2011. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:76-85. [PMID: 22196526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights some of the research advances in anaphylaxis; hypersensitivity reactions to foods, drugs, and insects; and allergic skin diseases that were reported in the Journal in 2011. Food allergy appears to be increasing in prevalence and carries a strong economic burden. Risk factors can include dietary ones, such as deficiency of vitamin D and timing of complementary foods, and genetic factors, such as filaggrin loss-of-function mutations. Novel mechanisms underlying food allergy include the role of invariant natural killer T cells and influences of dietary components, such as isoflavones. Among numerous preclinical and clinical treatment studies, promising observations include the efficacy of sublingual and oral immunotherapy, a Chinese herbal remedy showing promising in vitro results, the potential immunotherapeutic effects of having children ingest foods with baked-in milk if they tolerate it, and the use of anti-IgE with or without concomitant immunotherapy. Studies of allergic skin diseases, anaphylaxis, and hypersensitivity to drugs and insect venom are elucidating cellular mechanisms, improved diagnostics, and potential targets for future treatment. The role of skin barrier abnormalities, as well as the modulatory effects of the innate and adaptive immune responses, are major areas of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Sicherer
- Elliot and Roslyn Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
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