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Harper RW. Partners in Crime: Epithelial Priming of Macrophages during Viral Infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 57:145-146. [PMID: 28762773 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0153ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richart W Harper
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine University of California at Davis Davis, California
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Zhou X, Zhu L, Lizarraga R, Chen Y. Human Airway Epithelial Cells Direct Significant Rhinovirus Replication in Monocytic Cells by Enhancing ICAM1 Expression. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:216-225. [PMID: 28328242 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0271oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (RV) is the major cause of common cold, and it also plays a significant role in asthma and asthma exacerbation. The airway epithelium is the primary site of RV infection and production. In contrast, monocytic cells (e.g., monocytes and macrophages) are believed to be nonpermissive for RV replication. Instead, RV has been shown to modulate inflammatory gene expressions in these cells via a replication-independent mechanism. In the study presented here, replication of RV16 (a major-group RV) was found to be significantly enhanced in monocytes when it was cocultivated with airway epithelial cells. This effect appeared to be mediated by secretory components from epithelial cells, which stimulated RV16 replication and significantly elevated the expression of a number of proinflammatory cytokines. The lack of such an effect on RV1A, a minor-group RV that enters the cell by a different receptor, suggests that intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), the receptor for major-group RVs, may be involved. Indeed, conditioned media from epithelial cells significantly increased ICAM1 expression in monocytes. Consistently, ICAM1 overexpression and ICAM1 knockdown enhanced and blocked RV production, respectively, confirming the role of ICAM1 in this process. Thus, this is the first report demonstrating that airway epithelial cells direct significant RV16 replication in monocytic cells via an ICAM1-dependent mechanism. This finding will open a new avenue for the study of RV infection in airway disease and its exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Lingxiang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Rosa Lizarraga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Yin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Rupani H, Martinez-Nunez RT, Dennison P, Lau LCK, Jayasekera N, Havelock T, Francisco-Garcia AS, Grainge C, Howarth PH, Sanchez-Elsner T. Toll-like Receptor 7 Is Reduced in Severe Asthma and Linked to an Altered MicroRNA Profile. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 194:26-37. [PMID: 26815632 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201502-0280oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide, and individuals with severe asthma experience recurrent exacerbations. Exacerbations are predominantly viral associated and have been linked to defective airway IFN responses. Ascertaining the molecular mechanisms underlying this deficiency is a major research goal to identify new therapeutic targets. OBJECTIVES We investigated the hypothesis that reduced Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)-derived signaling drove the impaired IFN responses to rhinovirus by asthmatic alveolar macrophages (AMs); the molecular mechanisms underlying this deficiency were explored. METHODS AMs were recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage from healthy subjects and patients with severe asthma. Expression of pattern-recognition receptors and microRNAs was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. A TLR7-luciferase reporter construct was created to evaluate binding of microRNAs to the 3' untranslated region of TLR7. IFN production was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and ELISA. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The expression of TLR7 was significantly reduced in severe asthma AMs and was associated with reduced rhinovirus and imiquimod-induced IFN responses by these cells compared with healthy AMs. Severe asthma AMs also expressed increased levels of three microRNAs, which we showed were able to directly reduce TLR7 expression. Ex vivo knockdown of these microRNAs restored TLR7 expression with concomitant augmentation of virus-induced IFN production. CONCLUSIONS In severe asthma, TLR7 deficiency drives impaired innate immune responses to virus by AMs. Blocking a group of microRNAs that are up-regulated in these cells can restore antiviral innate responses, providing a novel approach for therapy in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitasha Rupani
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Rocio T Martinez-Nunez
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Dennison
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Laurie C K Lau
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nivenka Jayasekera
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Havelock
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ana S Francisco-Garcia
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Grainge
- 2 Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Peter H Howarth
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.,3 NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tilman Sanchez-Elsner
- 1 Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Draijer C, Peters-Golden M. Alveolar Macrophages in Allergic Asthma: the Forgotten Cell Awakes. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 17:12. [PMID: 28233154 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-017-0681-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The role of alveolar macrophages in innate immune responses has long been appreciated. Here, we review recent studies evaluating the participation of these cells in allergic inflammation. RECENT FINDINGS Immediately after allergen exposure, monocytes are rapidly recruited from the bloodstream and serve to promote acute inflammation. By contrast, resident alveolar macrophages play a predominantly suppressive role in an effort to restore homeostasis. As inflammation becomes established after repeated exposures, alveolar macrophages can polarize across a continuum of activation phenotypes, losing their suppressive functions and gaining pathogenic functions. Future research should focus on the diverse roles of monocytes/macrophages during various types and phases of allergic inflammation. These properties could lead us to new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Draijer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 6301 MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5642, USA
| | - Marc Peters-Golden
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 6301 MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5642, USA.
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Interactions of Respiratory Viruses and the Nasal Microbiota during the First Year of Life in Healthy Infants. mSphere 2016; 1:mSphere00312-16. [PMID: 27904883 PMCID: PMC5120172 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00312-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are very frequent in infancy and of importance in acute and chronic disease development. Infections with human rhinovirus (HRV) are, e.g., associated with the later development of asthma. We found that only symptomatic HRV infections were associated with acute changes in the nasal microbiota, mainly characterized by a loss of microbial diversity. Infants with more frequent symptomatic HRV infections had a lower bacterial diversity at the end of the first year of life. Whether the interaction between viruses and the microbiota is one pathway contributing to asthma development will be assessed in the follow-ups of these children. Independent of that, measurements of microbial diversity might represent a potential marker for risk of later lung disease or monitoring of early life interventions. Traditional culture techniques have shown that increased bacterial colonization is associated with viral colonization; however, the influence of viral colonization on the whole microbiota composition is less clear. We thus aimed to understand the interaction of viral infections and the nasal microbiota in early life to appraise their roles in disease development. Thirty-two healthy, unselected infants were included in this prospective longitudinal cohort study within the first year of life. Biweekly nasal swabs (n = 559) were taken, and the microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA pyrosequencing, and 10 different viruses and 2 atypical bacteria were characterized by real-time PCR (combination of seven duplex samples). In contrast to asymptomatic human rhinovirus (HRV) colonization, symptomatic HRV infections were associated with lower alpha diversity (Shannon diversity index [SDI]), higher bacterial density (PCR concentration), and a difference in beta diversities (Jaccard and Bray-Curtis index) of the microbiota. In addition, infants with more frequent HRV infections had a lower SDI at the end of the study period. Overall, changes in the microbiota associated with symptomatic HRV infections were characterized by a loss of microbial diversity. The interaction between HRV infections and the nasal microbiota in early life might be of importance for later disease development and indicate a potential approach for future interventions. IMPORTANCE Respiratory viral infections are very frequent in infancy and of importance in acute and chronic disease development. Infections with human rhinovirus (HRV) are, e.g., associated with the later development of asthma. We found that only symptomatic HRV infections were associated with acute changes in the nasal microbiota, mainly characterized by a loss of microbial diversity. Infants with more frequent symptomatic HRV infections had a lower bacterial diversity at the end of the first year of life. Whether the interaction between viruses and the microbiota is one pathway contributing to asthma development will be assessed in the follow-ups of these children. Independent of that, measurements of microbial diversity might represent a potential marker for risk of later lung disease or monitoring of early life interventions.
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Hong JY, Chung Y, Steenrod J, Chen Q, Lei J, Comstock AT, Goldsmith AM, Bentley JK, Sajjan US, Hershenson MB. Macrophage activation state determines the response to rhinovirus infection in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Respir Res 2014; 15:63. [PMID: 24907978 PMCID: PMC4066837 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms by which viruses cause asthma exacerbations are not precisely known. Previously, we showed that, in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized and -challenged mice with allergic airway inflammation, rhinovirus (RV) infection increases type 2 cytokine production from alternatively-activated (M2) airway macrophages, enhancing eosinophilic inflammation and airways hyperresponsiveness. In this paper, we tested the hypothesis that IL-4 signaling determines the state of macrophage activation and pattern of RV-induced exacerbation in mice with allergic airways disease. Methods Eight week-old wild type or IL-4 receptor knockout (IL-4R KO) mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA and inoculated with RV1B or sham HeLa cell lysate. Results In contrast to OVA-treated wild-type mice with both neutrophilic and eosinophilic airway inflammation, OVA-treated IL-4R KO mice showed increased neutrophilic inflammation with few eosinophils in the airways. Like wild-type mice, IL-4R KO mice showed OVA-induced airway hyperreactivity which was further exacerbated by RV. There was a shift in lung cytokines from a type 2-predominant response to a type 1 response, including production of IL-12p40 and TNF-α. IL-17A was also increased. RV infection of OVA-treated IL-4R KO mice further increased neutrophilic inflammation. Bronchoalveolar macrophages showed an M1 polarization pattern and ex vivo RV infection increased macrophage production of TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-12p40. Finally, lung cells from OVA-treated IL-4R KO mice showed reduced CD206+ CD301+ M2 macrophages, decreased IL-13 and increased TNF-α and IL-17A production by F4/80+, CD11b+ macrophages. Conclusions OVA-treated IL-4R KO mice show neutrophilic airway inflammation constituting a model of allergic, type 1 cytokine-driven neutrophilic asthma. In the absence of IL-4/IL-13 signaling, RV infection of OVA-treated mice increased type 1 cytokine and IL-17A production from conventionally-activated macrophages, augmenting neutrophilic rather than eosinophilic inflammation. In mice with allergic airways inflammation, IL-4R signaling determines macrophage activation state and the response to subsequent RV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marc B Hershenson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 48109 Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Schuler BA, Schreiber MT, Li L, Mokry M, Kingdon ML, Raugi DN, Smith C, Hameister C, Racaniello VR, Hall DJ. Major and minor group rhinoviruses elicit differential signaling and cytokine responses as a function of receptor-mediated signal transduction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93897. [PMID: 24736642 PMCID: PMC3988043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Major- and minor-group human rhinoviruses (HRV) enter their host by binding to the cell surface molecules ICAM-1 and LDL-R, respectively, which are present on both macrophages and epithelial cells. Although epithelial cells are the primary site of productive HRV infection, previous studies have implicated macrophages in establishing the cytokine dysregulation that occurs during rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations. Analysis of the transcriptome of primary human macrophages exposed to major- and minor-group HRV demonstrated differential gene expression. Alterations in gene expression were traced to differential mitochondrial activity and signaling pathway activation between two rhinovirus serotypes, HRV16 (major-group) and HRV1A (minor-group), upon initial HRV binding. Variances in phosphorylation of kinases (p38, JNK, ERK5) and transcription factors (ATF-2, CREB, CEBP-alpha) were observed between the major- and minor-group HRV treatments. Differential activation of signaling pathways led to changes in the production of the asthma-relevant cytokines CCL20, CCL2, and IL-10. This is the first report of genetically similar viruses eliciting dissimilar cytokine release, transcription factor phosphorylation, and MAPK activation from macrophages, suggesting that receptor use is a mechanism for establishing the inflammatory microenvironment in the human airway upon exposure to rhinovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce A. Schuler
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Schreiber
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - LuYuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michal Mokry
- Division of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Megan L. Kingdon
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dana N. Raugi
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Cosonya Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Chelsea Hameister
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Vincent R. Racaniello
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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