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Arnhold J, Malle E. Halogenation Activity of Mammalian Heme Peroxidases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050890. [PMID: 35624754 PMCID: PMC9138014 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian heme peroxidases are fascinating due to their unique peculiarity of oxidizing (pseudo)halides under physiologically relevant conditions. These proteins are able either to incorporate oxidized halides into substrates adjacent to the active site or to generate different oxidized (pseudo)halogenated species, which can take part in multiple (pseudo)halogenation and oxidation reactions with cell and tissue constituents. The present article reviews basic biochemical and redox mechanisms of (pseudo)halogenation activity as well as the physiological role of heme peroxidases. Thyroid peroxidase and peroxidasin are key enzymes for thyroid hormone synthesis and the formation of functional cross-links in collagen IV during basement membrane formation. Special attention is directed to the properties, enzymatic mechanisms, and resulting (pseudo)halogenated products of the immunologically relevant proteins such as myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase, and lactoperoxidase. The potential role of the (pseudo)halogenated products (hypochlorous acid, hypobromous acid, hypothiocyanite, and cyanate) of these three heme peroxidases is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Arnhold
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.A.); or (E.M.)
| | - Ernst Malle
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: (J.A.); or (E.M.)
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Arnhold J. Heme Peroxidases at Unperturbed and Inflamed Mucous Surfaces. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111805. [PMID: 34829676 PMCID: PMC8614983 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In our organism, mucous surfaces are important boundaries against the environmental milieu with defined fluxes of metabolites through these surfaces and specific rules for defense reactions. Major mucous surfaces are formed by epithelia of the respiratory system and the digestive tract. The heme peroxidases lactoperoxidase (LPO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) contribute to immune protection at epithelial surfaces and in secretions. Whereas LPO is secreted from epithelial cells and maintains microbes in surface linings on low level, MPO and EPO are released from recruited neutrophils and eosinophils, respectively, at inflamed mucous surfaces. Activated heme peroxidases are able to oxidize (pseudo)halides to hypohalous acids and hypothiocyanite. These products are involved in the defense against pathogens, but can also contribute to cell and tissue damage under pathological conditions. This review highlights the beneficial and harmful functions of LPO, MPO, and EPO at unperturbed and inflamed mucous surfaces. Among the disorders, special attention is directed to cystic fibrosis and allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Arnhold
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
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Drug Repurposing to Treat Glucocorticoid Resistance in Asthma. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11030175. [PMID: 33802355 PMCID: PMC7999884 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11030175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticosteroid resistance causes significant morbidity in asthma, and drug repurposing may identify timely and cost-effective adjunctive treatments for corticosteroid resistance. In 95 subjects from the Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP) and 19 subjects from the Severe Asthma Research Program (SARP), corticosteroid response was measured by the change in percent predicted forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). In each cohort, differential gene expression analysis was performed comparing poor (resistant) responders, defined as those with zero to negative change in FEV1, to good responders, followed by Connectivity Map (CMap) analysis to identify inversely associated (i.e., negatively connected) drugs that reversed the gene expression profile of poor responders to resemble that of good responders. Mean connectivity scores weighted by sample size were calculated. The top five drug compound candidates underwent in vitro validation in NF-κB-based luciferase reporter A549 cells stimulated by IL-1β ± dexamethasone. In CAMP and SARP, 134 and 178 respective genes were differentially expressed in poor responders. CMap analysis identified 46 compounds in common across both cohorts with connectivity scores < −50. γ-linolenic acid, ampicillin, exemestane, brinzolamide, and INCA-6 were selected for functional validation. γ-linolenic acid, brinzolamide, and INCA-6 significantly reduced IL-1β induced luciferase activity and potentiated the anti-inflammatory effect of dexamethasone in A549/NF-κB-luc reporter cells. These results demonstrate how existing drugs, including γ-linolenic acid, brinzolamide, and INCA-6, may be repurposed to improve corticosteroid response in asthmatics.
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Interleukin-Mediated Pendrin Transcriptional Regulation in Airway and Esophageal Epithelia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030731. [PMID: 30744098 PMCID: PMC6386862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pendrin (SLC26A4), a Cl−/anion exchanger, is expressed at high levels in kidney, thyroid, and inner ear epithelia, where it has an essential role in bicarbonate secretion/chloride reabsorption, iodide accumulation, and endolymph ion balance, respectively. Pendrin is expressed at lower levels in other tissues, such as airways and esophageal epithelia, where it is transcriptionally regulated by the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 through a signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6)-mediated pathway. In the airway epithelium, increased pendrin expression during inflammatory diseases leads to imbalances in airway surface liquid thickness and mucin release, while, in the esophageal epithelium, dysregulated pendrin expression is supposed to impact the intracellular pH regulation system. In this review, we discuss some of the recent findings on interleukin-mediated transcriptional regulation of pendrin and how this dysregulation impacts airway and esophagus epithelial homeostasis during inflammatory diseases.
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The Significance of Hypothiocyanite Production via the Pendrin/DUOX/Peroxidase Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Asthma. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:1054801. [PMID: 29359006 PMCID: PMC5735670 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1054801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are used as first-line drugs for asthma, and various novel antiasthma drugs targeting type 2 immune mediators are now under development. However, molecularly targeted drugs are expensive, creating an economic burden on patients. We and others previously found pendrin/SLC26A4 as a downstream molecule of IL-13, a signature type 2 cytokine critical for asthma, and showed its significance in the pathogenesis of asthma using model mice. However, the molecular mechanism of how pendrin causes airway inflammation remained elusive. We have recently demonstrated that hypothiocyanite (OSCN−) produced by the pendrin/DUOX/peroxidase pathway has the potential to cause airway inflammation. Pendrin transports thiocyanate (SCN−) into pulmonary lumens at the apical side. Peroxidases catalyze SCN− and H2O2 generated by DUOX into OSCN−. Low doses of OSCN− activate NF-κB in airway epithelial cells, whereas OSCN− in high doses causes necrosis of the cells, inducing the release of IL-33 and accelerating inflammation. OSCN− production is augmented in asthma model mice and possibly in some asthma patients. Heme peroxidase inhibitors, widely used as antithyroid agents, diminish asthma-like phenotypes in mice, indicating the significance of this pathway. These findings suggest the possibility of repositioning antithyroid agents as antiasthma drugs.
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Suzuki S, Ogawa M, Ohta S, Nunomura S, Nanri Y, Shiraishi H, Mitamura Y, Yoshihara T, Lee JJ, Izuhara K. Induction of Airway Allergic Inflammation by Hypothiocyanite via Epithelial Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:27219-27227. [PMID: 27864363 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.746909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothiocyanite (OSCN-) serves as a potent innate defense system against microbes in the lungs. OSCN- is generated by the catalysis of peroxidases using thiocyanate transported via several anion transporters, including pendrin/SLC26A4 and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generated by Duox1 and Duox2. We previously demonstrated that expression of pendrin, peroxidases, and Duox1/Duox2 is up-regulated in bronchial asthma patients and/or asthma model mice and that these molecules are important in accelerating airway inflammation. However, it remained unclear how activating these molecules would lead to airway inflammation. In this study, we examined whether OSCN- produced via the pendrin/peroxidase/Duox pathway causes inflammation via airway epithelial cells. In an in vitro OSCN- production system, OSCN-, but not H2O2, activated NF-κB, a transcription factor critical for inflammatory responses, in the airway epithelial cells. OSCN- was sensed by protein kinase A (PKA) followed by formation of the dimerization of PKA. The dimerized PKA, the active form, was critical in activating NF-κB. Detoxifying H2O2, mainly by catalase, enabled the dominant abilities of OSCN- to dimerize PKA and activate NF-κB, compared with untreated H2O2 Furthermore, OSCN- in high doses caused necrosis of the cells, inducing release of IL-33, a trigger to initiate type 2 inflammation. These results demonstrate that OSCN- in low doses activates NF-κB via PKA in airway epithelial cells, whereas OSCN- in high doses causes necrosis, suggesting an important role in airway allergic inflammation for the production of OSCN- via the pendrin/peroxidase/Duox pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Suzuki
- From the Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-8501, Japan and
| | - Masahiro Ogawa
- From the Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-8501, Japan and
| | - Shoichiro Ohta
- From the Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-8501, Japan and
| | - Satoshi Nunomura
- From the Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-8501, Japan and
| | - Yasuhiro Nanri
- From the Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-8501, Japan and
| | - Hiroshi Shiraishi
- From the Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-8501, Japan and
| | - Yasutaka Mitamura
- From the Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-8501, Japan and
| | - Tomohito Yoshihara
- From the Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-8501, Japan and
| | - James J Lee
- the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259
| | - Kenji Izuhara
- From the Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga 849-8501, Japan and
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