The benzene metabolite 1,4-benzoquinone reduces regulatory T-cell function: A potential mechanism for tobacco smoke–associated atopic dermatitis

Bisphenol A degradation pathway and associated metabolic networks in Escherichia coli harboring the gene encoding CYP450

Although bisphenol A (BPA) can be transformed by CYP450, the metabolic networks involved in regulating the transformation processes are not clear. In this study, Escherichia coli harboring the gene encoding CYP450 was used as a model to elucidate the BPA degradation pathway and the associated metabolic network using a proteomic approach. The results showed that CYP450 promotes the transformation of BPA, generating 1,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propanol and 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol, with hydroquinone and 4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)phenol formed in another pathway. The DNA adducts formed by 1,4-benzoquinone were reduced, and CYP450 played a positive role in cellular homeostasis by promoting the transformation of BPA and mismatch repair. An increase in the synthesis of cell membrane lipids was observed after dislodging BPA. BPA disturbed folate metabolism by decreasing the abundance of dihydrofolate reductase, which inhibited microbial metabolism in the absence of CYP450. The findings of this study revealed the molecular mechanism associated with the metabolic network responsible for pollutant tolerance and degradation.