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Wang R, He W, Yi X, Wu Z, Chu X, Jiang JH. Site-Specific Bioorthogonal Activation of DNAzymes for On-Demand Gene Therapy. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17926-17935. [PMID: 37535859 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
RNA-cleaving DNAzymes hold great promise as gene silencers, and spatiotemporal control of their activity through site-specific reactions is crucial but challenging for on-demand therapy. We herein report a novel design of a bioorthogonally inducible DNAzyme that is deactivated by site-specific installation of bioorthogonal caging groups on the designated backbone sites but restores the activity via a phosphine-triggered Staudinger reduction. We perform a systematical screening for installing the caging groups on each backbone site in the catalytic core of 10-23 DNAzyme and identify an inducible DNAzyme with very low leakage activity. This design is demonstrated to achieve bioorthogonally controlled cleavage of exogenous and endogenous mRNA in live cells. It is further extended to photoactivation and endogenous stimuli activation for spatiotemporal or targeted control of gene silencing. The bioorthogonally inducible DNAzyme is applied to a triple-negative breast cancer mouse model using a lipid nanoparticle delivery system, demonstrating high efficiency in knockdown of Lcn2 oncogenes and substantial suppression of tumor growth, thus highlighting the potential of precisely controlling the DNAzyme functions for on-demand gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Wenhan He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xin Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhenkun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xia Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jian-Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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2
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RNA-cleaving DNAzymes as a diagnostic and therapeutic agent against antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Curr Genet 2021; 68:27-38. [PMID: 34505182 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of nucleic-acid-based antimicrobials such as RNA-cleaving DNAzyme (RCD), a short catalytically active nucleic acid, is a promising alternative to the current antibiotics. The current rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria renders some antibiotics useless against bacterial infection, thus creating the need for alternative antimicrobials such as DNAzymes. This review summarizes recent advances in the use of RCD as a diagnostic and therapeutic agent against AMR. Firstly, the recent diagnostic application of RCD for the detection of bacterial cells and the associated resistant gene(s) is discussed. The next section summarises the therapeutic application of RCD in AMR bacterial infections which includes direct targeting of the resistant genes and indirect targeting of AMR-associated genes. Finally, this review extends the discussion to challenges of utilizing RCD in real-life applications, and the potential of combining both diagnostic and therapeutic applications of RCD into a single agent as a theranostic agent.
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Guo Y, Proaño-Pérez E, Muñoz-Cano R, Martin M. Anaphylaxis: Focus on Transcription Factor Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094935. [PMID: 34066544 PMCID: PMC8124588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction, rapid in onset, and can lead to fatal consequences if not promptly treated. The incidence of anaphylaxis has risen at an alarming rate in past decades and continues to rise. Therefore, there is a general interest in understanding the molecular mechanism that leads to an exacerbated response. The main effector cells are mast cells, commonly triggered by stimuli that involve the IgE-dependent or IgE-independent pathway. These signaling pathways converge in the release of proinflammatory mediators, such as histamine, tryptases, prostaglandins, etc., in minutes. The action and cell targets of these proinflammatory mediators are linked to the pathophysiologic consequences observed in this severe allergic reaction. While many molecules are involved in cellular regulation, the expression and regulation of transcription factors involved in the synthesis of proinflammatory mediators and secretory granule homeostasis are of special interest, due to their ability to control gene expression and change phenotype, and they may be key in the severity of the entire reaction. In this review, we will describe our current understanding of the pathophysiology of human anaphylaxis, focusing on the transcription factors' contributions to this systemic hypersensitivity reaction. Host mutation in transcription factor expression, or deregulation of their activity in an anaphylaxis context, will be updated. So far, the risk of anaphylaxis is unpredictable thus, increasing our knowledge of the molecular mechanism that leads and regulates mast cell activity will enable us to improve our understanding of how anaphylaxis can be prevented or treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Guo
- Biochemistry Unit, Biomedicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (Y.G.); (E.P.-P.)
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy (IRCE), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Elizabeth Proaño-Pérez
- Biochemistry Unit, Biomedicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (Y.G.); (E.P.-P.)
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy (IRCE), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Rosa Muñoz-Cano
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy (IRCE), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Allergy Section, Pneumology Department, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- ARADyAL (Asthma, Drug Adverse Reactions and Allergy) Research Network, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Martin
- Biochemistry Unit, Biomedicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (Y.G.); (E.P.-P.)
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy (IRCE), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- ARADyAL (Asthma, Drug Adverse Reactions and Allergy) Research Network, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-4024541; Fax: +34-93-4035882
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Keil TWM, Baldassi D, Merkel OM. T-cell targeted pulmonary siRNA delivery for the treatment of asthma. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 12:e1634. [PMID: 32267622 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite the large number of drugs available for the treatment of asthma, in 5-10% of the patients this disease is not well controlled. While most treatments palliate symptoms, those suffering from severe and uncontrolled asthma could benefit more from a therapeutic approach addressing the root problem. An siRNA-based therapy targeting the transcription factor GATA3 in activated T helper cells subtype 2 (TH 2 cells), one of the key upstream factors involved in asthma, could therefore represent a promising strategy. However, the difficult-to-transfect cell type has not extensively been explored for nucleic acid therapeutics. In this regard, our group first identified a suitable pathway, that is, transferrin receptor mediated uptake, to target efficiently and specifically activated TH 2 cells with a transferrin-polyethyleneimine (PEI) conjugate which forms polyplexes with siRNA. This system, despite efficient uptake in activated T cells (ATCs) in vivo, suffered from poor endosomal release and was later improved by a combination with a melittin-PEI conjugate. The new formulation showed improved endosomal escape and gene silencing efficacy. Additionally, in order to develop a clinically relevant dosage form for pulmonary delivery of siRNA we have lately focused on a dry powder formulation by spray drying (SD) for the production of inhalable nano-in-microparticles. In proof-of-concept experiments, DNA/PEI polyplexes were used in order to implement analytics and engineer process parameters to pave the way for SD also siRNA containing polyplexes and more sophisticated systems in general. Ultimately, our efforts are devoted to the development of a novel treatment of asthma that can be translated from bench to bedside and are reviewed and discussed here in the context of the current literature. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Respiratory Disease Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Nucleic Acid-Based Structures Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias W M Keil
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Domizia Baldassi
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Olivia M Merkel
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Fu CH, Lee TJ, Huang CC, Chang PH, Tsai JW, Chuang LP, Su Pang JH. Simvastatin inhibits the proliferation of HL-60 clone 15- derived eosinophils by inducing the arrest of the cell cycle in the G1/S phase. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 856:172400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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6
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Gowthaman U, Chen JS, Zhang B, Flynn WF, Lu Y, Song W, Joseph J, Gertie JA, Xu L, Collet MA, Grassmann JDS, Simoneau T, Chiang D, Berin MC, Craft JE, Weinstein JS, Williams A, Eisenbarth SC. Identification of a T follicular helper cell subset that drives anaphylactic IgE. Science 2019; 365:science.aaw6433. [PMID: 31371561 PMCID: PMC6901029 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw6433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cross-linking of high-affinity immunoglobulin E (IgE) results in the life-threatening allergic reaction anaphylaxis. Yet the cellular mechanisms that induce B cells to produce IgE in response to allergens remain poorly understood. T follicular helper (TFH) cells direct the affinity and isotype of antibodies produced by B cells. Although TFH cell-derived interleukin-4 (IL-4) is necessary for IgE production, it is not sufficient. We report a rare population of IL-13-producing TFH cells present in mice and humans with IgE to allergens, but not when allergen-specific IgE was absent or only low-affinity. These "TFH13" cells have an unusual cytokine profile (IL-13hiIL-4hiIL-5hiIL-21lo) and coexpress the transcription factors BCL6 and GATA3. TFH13 cells are required for production of high- but not low-affinity IgE and subsequent allergen-induced anaphylaxis. Blocking TFH13 cells may represent an alternative therapeutic target to ameliorate anaphylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uthaman Gowthaman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jennifer S Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Biyan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - William F Flynn
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Yisi Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Wenzhi Song
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Julie Joseph
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jake A Gertie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lan Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Magalie A Collet
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | | | - Tregony Simoneau
- The Asthma Center, CT Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | - David Chiang
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute and Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - M Cecilia Berin
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute and Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Joseph E Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jason S Weinstein
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Adam Williams
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA. .,The Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Khachigian LM. Deoxyribozymes as Catalytic Nanotherapeutic Agents. Cancer Res 2019; 79:879-888. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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RNA-Cleaving DNAzymes: Old Catalysts with New Tricks for Intracellular and In Vivo Applications. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8110550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNAzymes are catalytically active DNA molecules that are normally isolated through in vitro selection methods, among which RNA-cleaving DNAzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a single RNA linkage embedded within a DNA strand are the most studied group of this DNA enzyme family. Recent advances in DNA nanotechnology and engineering have generated many RNA-cleaving DNAzymes with unique recognition and catalytic properties. Over the past decade, numerous RNA-cleaving, DNAzymes-based functional probes have been introduced into many research areas, such as in vitro diagnostics, intracellular imaging, and in vivo therapeutics. This review focus on the fundamental insight into RNA-Cleaving DNAzymes and technical tricks for their intracellular and in vivo applications, highlighting the recent progress in the clinical trial of RNA-Cleaving DNAzymes with selected examples. The challenges and opportunities for the future translation of RNA-cleaving DNAzymes for biomedicine are also discussed.
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Greulich T, Hohlfeld JM, Neuser P, Lueer K, Klemmer A, Schade-Brittinger C, Harnisch S, Garn H, Renz H, Homburg U, Renz J, Kirsten A, Pedersen F, Müller M, Vogelmeier CF, Watz H. A GATA3-specific DNAzyme attenuates sputum eosinophilia in eosinophilic COPD patients: a feasibility randomized clinical trial. Respir Res 2018; 19:55. [PMID: 29615049 PMCID: PMC5883532 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0751-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A subset of COPD-patients presents with eosinophilic airway inflammation. While treatment of asthmatic patients with the GATA3-specific DNAzyme SB010 attenuated sputum eosinophilia after allergen challenge, this specific treatment has not been evaluated in patients with COPD. Our objective was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of inhaled SB010 in COPD patients with sputum eosinophilia. Methods We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre clinical trial in COPD-patients with sputum eosinophilia (≥2.5% non-squamous cells). Patients inhaled 10 mg SB010 bid or matching placebo via the controlled inhalation system AKITA2 APIXNEB for 28 days. Endpoints included the feasibility of the study (primary), patient’s safety, sputum eosinophils, FENO, lung function, symptoms, and biomarkers. The study was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register: DRKS00006087. Results One hundred thirty patients were screened, 23 patients were randomized (FEV1 49.4 ± 11.5%; sputum eosinophils 8.0 ± 8.4%) and 19 patients completed the study (10 placebo, 9 SB010. After 28 days, SB010 decreased the relative sputum eosinophil count (p = 0.004) as compared to no changes in placebo-treated patients. FENO, lung function, and symptoms were not affected significantly. We found an increase in blood IFN-γ (p = 0.02) and a trend to lower IL-5 levels in patients treated with SB010. SB010 was safe and well tolerated. Thirty five AEs (22 SB010, 13 placebo including 1 SAE) were observed with 3 AEs in each group judged to be possibly treatment-related. Conclusion In patients with eosinophilic COPD, sputum eosinophils could be reduced by inhalation of SB010. Long-term studies are needed to demonstrate clinical efficacy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-018-0751-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Greulich
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Giessen and Marburg, Philipps-University, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany.
| | - Jens M Hohlfeld
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Petra Neuser
- Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Lueer
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Klemmer
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Giessen and Marburg, Philipps-University, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Schade-Brittinger
- Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Harnisch
- Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Holger Garn
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry - Molecular Diagnostics, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Harald Renz
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry - Molecular Diagnostics, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Jonas Renz
- Sterna Biologicals GmbH & Co. KG, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anne Kirsten
- Pulmonary Research Institute at LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Frauke Pedersen
- Pulmonary Research Institute at LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Meike Müller
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Claus F Vogelmeier
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Giessen and Marburg, Philipps-University, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Watz
- Pulmonary Research Institute at LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Grosshansdorf, Germany
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Eosinophils and eosinophil-associated diseases: An update. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:505-517. [PMID: 29045815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this series is to offer a survey of the latest literature for clinicians and scientists alike, providing a list of important recent advances relevant to the broad field of allergy and immunology. This particular assignment was to cover the topic of eosinophils. In an attempt to highlight major ideas, themes, trends, and advances relevant to basic and clinical aspects of eosinophil biology, a search of articles published since 2015 in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and other high-impact journals was performed. Articles were then reviewed and organized, and then key findings were summarized. Given space limitations, many outstanding articles could not be included, but the hope is that what follows provides a succinct overview of recently published work that has significantly added to our knowledge of eosinophils and eosinophil-associated diseases.
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Mitson-Salazar A, Prussin C. Pathogenic Effector Th2 Cells in Allergic Eosinophilic Inflammatory Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:165. [PMID: 29057225 PMCID: PMC5635264 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an absolute requirement for Th2 cells in the pathogenesis of allergen-driven eosinophil-rich type 2 inflammation. Although Th2 cells are generally regarded as a homogeneous population, in the past decade there has been increasing evidence for a minority subpopulation of IL-5+ Th2 cells that have enhanced effector function. This IL-5+ Th2 subpopulation has been termed pathogenic effector Th2 (peTh2), as it exhibits greater effector function and disease association than conventional Th2 cells. peTh2 cells have a different expression profile, differentially express transcription factors, and preferentially use specific signaling pathways. As such, peTh2 cells are a potential target in the treatment of allergic eosinophilic inflammation. This review examines peTh2 cells, both in mouse models and human disease, with an emphasis on their role in the pathogenesis of allergic eosinophilic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Mitson-Salazar
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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