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Sack U, Fricke S. Can flow cytometry outperform genetic testing in eosinophilia patients? Cytometry A 2021; 99:772-773. [PMID: 33527645 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Sack
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Fricke
- Department of GMP Process Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Bitar M, Boettcher M, Boldt A, Hauck F, Köhl U, Liebert UG, Magg T, Schulz MS, Sack U. Flow cytometric measurement of STAT5 phosphorylation in cytomegalovirus-stimulated T cells. Cytometry A 2020; 99:774-783. [PMID: 33280233 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific T cells expand with CMV reactivation and are probably prerequisite for control and protection. Given the critical role STAT5A phosphorylation (pSTAT5A) in T cell proliferation, this study presents a simple and sensitive flow cytometric-based pSTAT5A assay to quickly identify CMV-specific T cell proliferation. We determined pSTAT5A in T cells treated with CMV-specific peptide mix (pp65 + IE1 peptides) from 20 healthy adult subjects and three immunodeficient patients with CARMIL-2 mutation. After stimulation, the percentage of pSTAT5A+ T cells in CMV-seropositive (CMV+ ) subjects significantly increased from 3.0% ± 1.9% (unstimulated) to 11.4% ± 5.9% (stimulated) for 24 h. After 7 days of stimulation, the percentage of expanded T cells amounted to 26% ± 17.2%. Conversely, the percentage of pSTAT5A+ T cells and T cell proliferation from CMV-seronegative (CMV- ) subjects hardly changed (from 3.0% ± 1.3% to 3.7% ± 1.8% and from 4.3% ± 2.1% to 5.7% ± 1.7%, respectively). We analyzed the correlation between the percentage of pSTAT5A+ T cells versus (1) CMV-IgG concentrations versus (2) the percentage of expanded T cells and versus (3) the percentage of initial CMV-specific T cells. In immunodeficient patients with CARMIL-2 mutation, CMV-specific pSTAT5A and T cell proliferation were completely deficient. In conclusion, flow cytometric-based pSTAT5A assay represents an appropriate tool to quickly identify CMV-specific T cell proliferation and helps to understand dysfunctions in controlling other pathogens. Flow cytometric-based pSTAT5A assay may be a useful test in clinical practice and merits further validation in large studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bitar
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marcus Boettcher
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Boldt
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fabian Hauck
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Köhl
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Immunology and Cell Therapy (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe G Liebert
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Magg
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marian S Schulz
- Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Hospitals University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sack
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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3
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Evans RDR, Antonelou M, Sathiananthamoorthy S, Rega M, Henderson S, Ceron-Gutierrez L, Barcenas-Morales G, Müller CA, Doffinger R, Walsh SB, Salama AD. Inherited salt-losing tubulopathies are associated with immunodeficiency due to impaired IL-17 responses. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4368. [PMID: 32868758 PMCID: PMC7459119 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased extracellular sodium activates Th17 cells, which provide protection from bacterial and fungal infections. Whilst high salt diets have been shown to worsen autoimmune disease, the immunological consequences of clinical salt depletion are unknown. Here, we investigate immunity in patients with inherited salt-losing tubulopathies (SLT). Forty-seven genotyped SLT patients (with Bartter, Gitelman or EAST Syndromes) are recruited. Clinical features of dysregulated immunity are recorded with a standardised questionnaire and immunological investigations of IL-17 responsiveness undertaken. The effects of altering extracellular ionic concentrations on immune responses are then assessed. Patients are hypokalaemic and hypomagnesaemic, with reduced interstitial sodium stores determined by 23Na-magnetic resonance imaging. SLT patients report increased mucosal infections and allergic disease compared to age-matched controls. Aligned with their clinical phenotype, SLT patients have an increased ratio of Th2:Th17 cells. SLT Th17 and Tc17 polarisation is reduced in vitro, yet STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation and calcium flux following T cell activation are unaffected. In control cells, the addition of extracellular sodium (+40 mM), potassium (+2 mM), or magnesium (+1 mM) reduces Th2:Th17 ratio and augments Th17 polarisation. Our results thus show that the ionic environment typical in SLT impairs IL-17 immunity, but the intracellular pathways that mediate salt-driven Th17 polarisation are intact and in vitro IL-17 responses can be reinvigorated by increasing extracellular sodium concentration. Whether better correction of extracellular ions can rescue the immunophenotype in vivo in SLT patients remains unknown. Salt levels in culture affect the polarisation of Th17 cells, which normally protect the host from fungal and bacterial infections. Here, the authors study patients with salt-losing tubulopathies (SLT) to find that, while Th17 immunity is dampened in SLT patients, their Th17-inducing signaling pathways are intact and can be reinvigorated by exogenous salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys D R Evans
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Marilina Antonelou
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Marilena Rega
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Scott Henderson
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | - Christoph A Müller
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Partner site Freiburg, German Center for Cancer Research (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Doffinger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrookes's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.,National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen B Walsh
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Alan D Salama
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.
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4
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Lee PP, Lao-Araya M, Yang J, Chan KW, Ma H, Pei LC, Kui L, Mao H, Yang W, Zhao X, Trakultivakorn M, Lau YL. Application of Flow Cytometry in the Diagnostics Pipeline of Primary Immunodeficiencies Underlying Disseminated Talaromyces marneffei Infection in HIV-Negative Children. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2189. [PMID: 31572394 PMCID: PMC6753679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei is an AIDS-defining infection in Southeast Asia and is associated with high mortality. It is rare in non-immunosuppressed individuals, especially children. Little is known about host immune response and genetic susceptibility to this endemic fungus. Genetic defects in the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)/STAT1 signaling pathway, CD40/CD40 ligand- and IL12/IL12-receptor-mediated crosstalk between phagocytes and T-cells, and STAT3-mediated Th17 differentiation have been reported in HIV-negative children with talaromycosis and other endemic mycoses such as histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis. There is a need to design a diagnostic algorithm to evaluate such patients. In this article, we review a cohort of pediatric patients with disseminated talaromycosis referred to the Asian Primary Immunodeficiency Network for genetic diagnosis of PID. Using these illustrative cases, we propose a diagnostics pipeline that begins with immunoglobulin pattern (IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE) and enumeration of lymphocyte subpopulations (T-, B-, and NK-cells). The former could provide clues for hyper-IgM syndrome and hyper-IgE syndrome. Flow cytometric evaluation of CD40L expression should be performed for patients suspected to have X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome. Defects in interferon-mediated JAK-STAT signaling are evaluated by STAT1 phosphorylation studies by flow cytometry. STAT1 hyperphosphorylation in response to IFN-α or IFN-γ and delayed dephosphorylation is diagnostic for gain-of-function STAT1 disorder, while absent STAT1 phosphorylation in response to IFN-γ but normal response to IFN-α is suggestive of IFN-γ receptor deficiency. This simple and rapid diagnostic algorithm will be useful in guiding genetic studies for patients with disseminated talaromycosis requiring immunological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela P Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mongkol Lao-Araya
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Koon-Wing Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haiyan Ma
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lim-Cho Pei
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Kui
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huawei Mao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wanling Yang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Muthita Trakultivakorn
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Yu-Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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5
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Yegorov S, Joag V, Galiwango RM, Good SV, Mpendo J, Tannich E, Boggild AK, Kiwanuka N, Bagaya BS, Kaul R. Schistosoma mansoni treatment reduces HIV entry into cervical CD4+ T cells and induces IFN-I pathways. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2296. [PMID: 31127086 PMCID: PMC6534541 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09900-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni (Sm) infection has been linked with an increased risk of HIV acquisition in women. Therefore, defining the mechanism(s) by which Sm alters HIV susceptibility might lead to new HIV prevention strategies. Here, we analyze the impact of standard Sm therapy in HIV-uninfected Sm+ Ugandan adult women on genital HIV susceptibility and mucosal and systemic immunology. Schistosomiasis treatment induces a profound reduction of HIV entry into cervical and blood CD4+ T cells that is sustained for up to two months, despite transient systemic and mucosal immune activation and elevated genital IL-1α levels. Genital IFN-α2a levels are also elevated post-treatment, and IFN-α2a blocks HIV entry into primary CD4+ T cells ex vivo. Transcriptomic analysis of blood mononuclear cells post-Sm treatment shows IFN-I pathway up-regulation and partial reversal of Sm-dysregulated interferon signaling. These findings indicate that Sm therapy may reduce HIV susceptibility for women with Sm infection, potentially through de-repression of IFN-I pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Yegorov
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education and Humanities, Suleyman Demirel University, 1/1 Abylai Khan Street, Kaskelen, Almaty, 040900, Kazakhstan.
| | - Vineet Joag
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ronald M Galiwango
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sara V Good
- Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay St., Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 750 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Juliet Mpendo
- Uganda Virus Research Institute -International AIDS Vaccine Initiative HIV Vaccine Program, 51/59 Nakiwogo Rd, P.O.Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Egbert Tannich
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, National Reference Centre for Tropical Pathogens, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea K Boggild
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada.,Public Health Ontario Laboratories, 661 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Noah Kiwanuka
- Uganda Virus Research Institute -International AIDS Vaccine Initiative HIV Vaccine Program, 51/59 Nakiwogo Rd, P.O.Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bernard S Bagaya
- Uganda Virus Research Institute -International AIDS Vaccine Initiative HIV Vaccine Program, 51/59 Nakiwogo Rd, P.O.Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
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6
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Bitar M, Boldt A, Freitag MT, Gruhn B, Köhl U, Sack U. Evaluating STAT5 Phosphorylation as a Mean to Assess T Cell Proliferation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:722. [PMID: 31024554 PMCID: PMC6460883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we present a simple and sensitive flow cytometric-based assay to assess T cell proliferation. Given the critical role STAT5A phosphorylation in T cell proliferation, we decided to evaluate phosphorylation of STAT5A as an indicator of T cell proliferation. We determined pSTAT5A in T cell treated with either CD3/CD28 or PHA. After stimulation, T cells from adult healthy donors displayed a strong long-lasting phosphorylation of STAT5A, reaching a peak value after 24 h. The median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of pSTAT5A increased from 112 ± 17 to 512 ± 278 (CD3/CD28) (24 h) and to 413 ± 123 (PHA) (24 h), the IL-2 receptor-α (CD25) expression was greatly enhanced and after 72 h T cell proliferation amounted to 52.3 ± 10.3% (CD3/CD28) and to 48.4 ± 9.7% (PHA). Treatment with specific JAK3 and STAT5 inhibitors resulted in a complete blockage of phosphorylation of STAT5A, CD25 expression, and suppression of T cell proliferation. Compared with currently available methods, STAT5A phosphorylation is well-suited to predict T cell proliferation. Moreover, the method presented here is not very time consuming (several hours) and delivers functional information from which conclusions about T cell proliferation can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bitar
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Boldt
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Freitag
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernd Gruhn
- Department of Pediatrics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Köhl
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Hannover Medical School, Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Immunology and Cell Therapy (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sack
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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