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Podzhilkova A, Nagl C, Hummel K, Bindslev-Jensen C, Eller E, Mortz CG, Bublin M, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K. Poppy Seed Allergy: Molecular Diagnosis and Cross-Reactivity With Tree Nuts. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2024; 12:2144-2154.e11. [PMID: 38734371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poppy seed (PS) can be a cause of severe allergic reactions, especially in individuals with concurrent allergy to tree nuts and other seeds, but diagnostic criteria and sensitization patterns are lacking. OBJECTIVE To assess the role of PS extract and individual allergens in diagnosing PS allergy and their cross-reactivities with tree nuts and buckwheat. METHODS Our retrospective study included 36 PS-sensitized patients; 10 with a positive and 26 with a negative oral food challenge (OFC). We identified individual PS allergens and compared the diagnostic performance of specific IgE (sIgE) to PS extract with its allergens. Cross-reactivities between PS and related allergens from other seeds were assessed by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS We identified 4 novel PS allergens: Pap s 1 (vicilin), Pap s 1 (27-424) (α-hairpinin), Pap s 2 (legumin), and Pap s 3 (small hydrophilic seed protein). A positive OFC correlated with higher PS-sIgE levels and elevated sIgE levels for the PS allergens, except for Pap s 3. PS and α-hairpinin-sIgE effectively differentiated allergic from tolerant patients, with area under the curve values of 0.95 and 0.94. PS-sIgE >10.00 kUA/L exhibited 90% sensitivity and 73% specificity, whereas α-hairpinin-sIgE >2.60 kUA/L showed 100% sensitivity and 77% specificity. PS vicilin and legumin highly cross-reacted with hazelnut and buckwheat homologs, whereas α-hairpinin-sIgE cross-reacted with the related almond allergen. CONCLUSIONS This is the most extensive study on PS allergy to date. PS and α-hairpinin-sIgE are highly sensitive indicators of clinical reactivity to PS, whereas vicilin and legumin-sIgE contribute to concurrent sensitization to hazelnut and buckwheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Podzhilkova
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Nagl
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Hummel
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carsten Bindslev-Jensen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Esben Eller
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Charlotte G Mortz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Merima Bublin
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Yang Y, He X, Li F, He S, Liu M, Li M, Xia F, Su W, Liu G. Animal-derived food allergen: A review on the available crystal structure and new insights into structural epitope. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13340. [PMID: 38778570 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergy is a rapidly growing public health problem. The interaction between allergens and IgE is at the core of the allergic response. One of the best ways to understand this interaction is through structural characterization. This review focuses on animal-derived food allergens, overviews allergen structures determined by X-ray crystallography, presents an update on IgE conformational epitopes, and explores the structural features of these epitopes. The structural determinants of allergenicity and cross-reactivity are also discussed. Animal-derived food allergens are classified into limited protein families according to structural features, with the calcium-binding protein and actin-binding protein families dominating. Progress in epitope characterization has provided useful information on the structural properties of the IgE recognition region. The data reveals that epitopes are located in relatively protruding areas with negative surface electrostatic potential. Ligand binding and disulfide bonds are two intrinsic characteristics that influence protein structure and impact allergenicity. Shared structures, local motifs, and shared epitopes are factors that lead to cross-reactivity. The structural properties of epitope regions and structural determinants of allergenicity and cross-reactivity may provide directions for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of food allergies. Experimentally determined structure, especially that of antigen-antibody complexes, remains limited, and the identification of epitopes continues to be a bottleneck in the study of animal-derived food allergens. A combination of traditional immunological techniques and emerging bioinformatics technology will revolutionize how protein interactions are characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- College of Environment and Public Health, Xiamen Huaxia University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xinrong He
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Fajie Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shaogui He
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Meng Liu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- College of Marine Biology, Xiamen Ocean Vocational College, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Mengsi Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- School of Food Engineering, Zhangzhou Institute of Technology, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Fei Xia
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wenjin Su
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Guangming Liu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Komatsuzaki K, Kageshima H, Sekino Y, Suzuki Y, Ugajin T, Tamaoka M, Hanazawa R, Hirakawa A, Miyazaki Y. Local nasal immunotherapy with birch pollen-galactomannan conjugate-containing ointment in mice and humans. Allergol Int 2024; 73:290-301. [PMID: 37981502 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only disease-modifying treatment for immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated allergy. Owing to the high prevalence and early onset of hay fever and pollen-food allergy syndrome (PFAS), a safer and simpler treatment method than conventional AIT is needed. To develop a local nasal immunotherapy using an ointment containing hypoallergenic pollen and assess its efficacy in mice and healthy humans. METHODS Hypoallergenicity was achieved by combining pollen and galactomannan through the Maillard reaction to create birch pollen-galactomannan conjugate (BP-GMC). The binding of galactomannan to Bet v 1 was confirmed using electrophoresis and Western blotting (WB). Binding of specific IgE antibodies to BP-GMC was verified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and basophil activation test (BAT). The localization of BP-GMC absorption was confirmed using a BALB/c mouse model. BP-GMC mixed with white petrolatum was intranasally administered to 10 healthy individuals (active drugs, 8; placebo, 2) for 14 days. RESULTS In electrophoresis and WB, no 17-kDa band was observed. In ELISA and BAT, BP-GMC did not react to specific IgE but was bound to IgA and IgG. In the mouse model, BP-GMC was detected in nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissues. In the active drug group, the salivary-specific IgA level significantly increased on day 15 (p = 0.0299), while the serum-specific IgG level significantly increased on day 85 (p = 0.0006). CONCLUSIONS The BP-GMC ointment rapidly produced antagonistic antibodies against IgE; it is safe and easy to use and might serve as a therapeutic antigen for hay fever and PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Komatsuzaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Kageshima
- Bio & Healthcare Business Division, Wako Filter Technology Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuki Sekino
- Bio & Healthcare Business Division, Wako Filter Technology Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Ugajin
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Meiyo Tamaoka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Hanazawa
- Department of Clinical Biostatistics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirakawa
- Department of Clinical Biostatistics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunari Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Breiteneder H, Kraft D. The History and Science of the Major Birch Pollen Allergen Bet v 1. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1151. [PMID: 37509186 PMCID: PMC10377203 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The term allergy was coined in 1906 by the Austrian scientist and pediatrician Clemens Freiherr von Pirquet. In 1976, Dietrich Kraft became the head of the Allergy and Immunology Research Group at the Department of General and Experimental Pathology of the University of Vienna. In 1983, Kraft proposed to replace natural extracts used in allergy diagnostic tests and vaccines with recombinant allergen molecules and persuaded Michael Breitenbach to contribute his expertise in molecular cloning as one of the mentors of this project. Thus, the foundation for the Vienna School of Molecular Allergology was laid. With the recruitment of Heimo Breiteneder as a young molecular biology researcher, the work began in earnest, resulting in the publication of the cloning of the first plant allergen Bet v 1 in 1989. Bet v 1 has become the subject of a very large number of basic scientific as well as clinical studies. Bet v 1 is also the founding member of the large Bet v 1-like superfamily of proteins with members-based on the ancient conserved Bet v 1 fold-being present in all three domains of life, i.e., archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes. This suggests that the Bet v 1 fold most likely already existed in the last universal common ancestor. The biological function of this protein was probably related to lipid binding. However, during evolution, a functional diversity within the Bet v 1-like superfamily was established. The superfamily comprises 25 families, one of which is the Bet v 1 family, which in turn is composed of 11 subfamilies. One of these, the PR-10-like subfamily of proteins, contains almost all of the Bet v 1 homologous allergens from pollen and plant foods. Structural and functional comparisons of Bet v 1 and its non-allergenic homologs of the superfamily will pave the way for a deeper understanding of the allergic sensitization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heimo Breiteneder
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietrich Kraft
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Smith SA, Chruszcz M, Chapman MD, Pomés A. Human Monoclonal IgE Antibodies-a Major Milestone in Allergy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023; 23:53-65. [PMID: 36459330 PMCID: PMC9831959 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-022-01055-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bound to its high affinity receptor on mast cells and basophils, the IgE antibody molecule plays an integral role in the allergic reaction. Through interactions with the allergen, it provides the sensitivity and specificity parameters for cell activation and mediator release that produce allergic symptoms. Advancements in human hybridoma technologies allow for the generation and molecular definition of naturally occurring allergen-specific human IgE monoclonal antibodies. RECENT FINDINGS A high-resolution structure of dust mite allergen Der p 2 in complex with Fab of the human IgE mAb 2F10 was recently determined using X-ray crystallography. The structure reveals the fine molecular details of IgE 2F10 binding its 750 Å2 conformational epitope on Der p 2. This review provides an overview of this major milestone in allergy, the first atomic resolution structure of an authentic human IgE epitope. The molecular insights that IgE epitopes provide will allow for structure-based design approaches to the development of novel diagnostics, antibody therapeutics, and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Smith
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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Führer S, Unterhauser J, Zeindl R, Eidelpes R, Fernández-Quintero ML, Liedl KR, Tollinger M. The Structural Flexibility of PR-10 Food Allergens. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158252. [PMID: 35897827 PMCID: PMC9330593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PR-10 proteins constitute a major cause of food allergic reactions. Birch-pollen-related food allergies are triggered by the immunologic cross-reactivity of IgE antibodies with structurally homologous PR-10 proteins that are present in birch pollen and various food sources. While the three-dimensional structures of PR-10 food allergens have been characterized in detail, only a few experimental studies have addressed the structural flexibility of these proteins. In this study, we analyze the millisecond-timescale structural flexibility of thirteen PR-10 proteins from prevalent plant food sources by NMR relaxation-dispersion spectroscopy, in a comparative manner. We show that all the allergens in this study have inherently flexible protein backbones in solution, yet the extent of the structural flexibility appears to be strikingly protein-specific (but not food-source-specific). Above-average flexibility is present in the two short helices, α1 and α2, which form a V-shaped support for the long C-terminal helix α3, and shape the internal ligand-binding cavity, which is characteristic for PR-10 proteins. An in-depth analysis of the NMR relaxation-dispersion data for the PR-10 allergen from peanut reveals the presence of at least two subglobal conformational transitions on the millisecond timescale, which may be related to the release of bound low-molecular-weight ligands from the internal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Führer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.F.); (J.U.); (R.Z.); (R.E.)
| | - Jana Unterhauser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.F.); (J.U.); (R.Z.); (R.E.)
| | - Ricarda Zeindl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.F.); (J.U.); (R.Z.); (R.E.)
| | - Reiner Eidelpes
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.F.); (J.U.); (R.Z.); (R.E.)
| | - Monica L. Fernández-Quintero
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.L.F.-Q.); (K.R.L.)
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Department of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.L.F.-Q.); (K.R.L.)
| | - Martin Tollinger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.F.); (J.U.); (R.Z.); (R.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-512-504-57730
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