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Oye-Somefun A, Azizi Z, Ardern CI, Rotondi MA. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of treadmill desks on energy expenditure, sitting time and cardiometabolic health in adults. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2082. [PMID: 34774020 PMCID: PMC8590128 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As the health risks of sedentary working environments become more clear, greater emphasis on the implementation of walking interventions to reduce sitting time is needed. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we investigate the role of treadmill-desk interventions on energy expenditure, sitting time, and cardiometabolic health in adults with sedentary occupations. Methods Relevant studies published in English were identified using CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases up to December 2020. Random effects meta-analysis models were used to pool study results. Results Thirteen relevant studies (six workplaces and seven laboratories) were found with a total of 351 participants. Pooled analysis of laboratory studies showed a significant increase in energy expenditure (105.23 kcal per hour, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 90.41 to 120.4), as well as metabolic rate (5.0 mL/kg/min, 95% CI: 3.35 to 6.64), among treadmill desk users compared to sitting conditions. No evidence of significant differences in blood pressure were found. In workplace studies, we observed a significant reduction in sitting time over a 24-h period (− 1.73 min per hour, 95% CI: − 3.3 to − 0.17) among users of treadmill desks, compared to a conventional desk. However, there were no evidence of statistically significant changes in other metabolic outcomes. Conclusions Treadmill desks offer a feasible and effective intervention to increase energy expenditure and metabolic rate and reduce sitting time while performing work-related tasks. Future studies are needed to increase generalizability to different workplace settings and further evaluate their impact on cardiometabolic health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-12094-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinkunle Oye-Somefun
- 222A Bethune College, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Zahra Azizi
- McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), 5252 De Maisonneuve Blvd, Montréal, QC, H4A 3S5, Canada
| | - Chris I Ardern
- 344 Bethune College, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Michael A Rotondi
- 364 Bethune College, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
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Venkatraman VI, Kokilavani J. Re: Non-radiation occupational hazards and health issues faced by radiologists – A cross-sectional study of indian radiologists’ by Kawthalkar AS et al. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2019; 29:337-338. [PMID: 31741609 PMCID: PMC6857261 DOI: 10.4103/ijri.ijri_172_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jagannathan Kokilavani
- Family physicain and Diabteologist, VK General Health and Diabetic Care Clinic, Chromepet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Mirhosseini S, Gutenko I, Ojal S, Marino J, Kaufman A. Immersive Virtual Colonoscopy. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS 2019; 25:2011-2021. [PMID: 30762554 DOI: 10.1109/tvcg.2019.2898763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Virtual colonoscopy (VC) is a non-invasive screening tool for colorectal polyps which employs volume visualization of a colon model reconstructed from a CT scan of the patient's abdomen. We present an immersive analytics system for VC which enhances and improves the traditional desktop VC through the use of VR technologies. Our system, using a head-mounted display (HMD), includes all of the standard VC features, such as the volume rendered endoluminal fly-through, measurement tool, bookmark modes, electronic biopsy, and slice views. The use of VR immersion, stereo, and wider field of view and field of regard has a positive effect on polyp search and analysis tasks in our immersive VC system, a volumetric-based immersive analytics application. Navigation includes enhanced automatic speed and direction controls, based on the user's head orientation, in conjunction with physical navigation for exploration of local proximity. In order to accommodate the resolution and frame rate requirements for HMDs, new rendering techniques have been developed, including mesh-assisted volume raycasting and a novel lighting paradigm. Feedback and further suggestions from expert radiologists show the promise of our system for immersive analysis for VC and encourage new avenues for exploring the use of VR in visualization systems for medical diagnosis.
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Johnson CR, Besachio DA, Delonga D, Kuzniewski C, Mudge CS. Effect of Dynamic Workstation Use on Radiologist Detection of Pulmonary Nodules on CT. J Am Coll Radiol 2019; 16:451-457. [PMID: 30826237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the effects of using a treadmill workstation during CT interpretation on radiologists' sensitivity for lung nodule detection, accuracy and adherence to accepted management recommendations, and examination interpretation time. METHODS This HIPAA-compliant study was approved by the institutional review board. Three radiologists performed a retrospective review of 55 CT examinations of the chest originally performed for lung cancer screening. These studies were reviewed both while sitting at a conventional workstation and while walking at a treadmill workstation. A separate thoracic radiologist reviewed the examinations at a conventional workstation only to serve as a control. The number of pulmonary nodules detected, accuracy of or adherence to follow-up recommendations, and time required for examination interpretation were recorded and compared between each condition. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in the total number of nodules detected while walking versus seated. Intraobserver follow-up recommendations were consistent to highly consistent between sitting and walking. There was moderate interobserver agreement between the radiologists' recommendation for seated versus walking conditions. There was a statistically significant difference in time taken to complete each examination, with interpretation during walking taking less time than during sitting. CONCLUSIONS Use of a treadmill workstation does not significantly affect the detection of lung nodules on CT or lead to changes in management recommendations but does decrease examination interpretation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody R Johnson
- Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Virginia.
| | - David A Besachio
- Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Virginia
| | - David Delonga
- Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Virginia
| | | | - Christopher S Mudge
- Department of Radiology, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Virginia
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Nguyen BJ, Khurana A, Bagley B, Yen A, Brown RKJ, Stojanovska J, Cline M, Goodsitt M, Obrzut S. Evaluation of Virtual Reality for Detection of Lung Nodules on Computed Tomography. Tomography 2018; 4:204-208. [PMID: 30588506 PMCID: PMC6299745 DOI: 10.18383/j.tom.2018.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) systems can offer benefits of improved ergonomics, but their resolution may currently be limited for the detection of small features. For detection of lung nodules, we compared the performance of VR versus standard picture archiving and communication system (PACS) monitor. Four radiologists and 1 novice radiologist reviewed axial computed tomography (CTs) of the thorax using standard PACS monitors (SM) and a VR system (HTC Vive, HTC). In this study, 3 radiologists evaluated axial lung-window CT images of a Lungman phantom. One radiologist and the novice radiologist reviewed axial lung-window patient CT thoracic images (32 patients). This HIPAA-compliant study was approved by the institutional review board. Detection of 227 lung nodules on patient CTs did not result in different sensitivity with SM compared with VR. Detection of 23 simulated Lungman phantom lung nodules on CT with SM resulted in statistically greater sensitivity (78.3%) than with VR (52.2%, P = .041) for 1 of 3 radiologists. The trend was similar but not significant for the other radiologists. There was no significant difference in the time spent by readers reviewing CT images with VR versus SM. These findings indicate that performance of a commercially available VR system for detection of lung nodules may be similar to traditional radiology monitors for assessment of small lung nodules on CTs of the thorax for most radiologists. These results, along with the potential of improving ergonomics for radiologists, are promising for the future development of VR in diagnostic radiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Nguyen
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; and
| | - Aman Khurana
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; and
| | - Brendon Bagley
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; and
| | - Andrew Yen
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; and
| | | | | | - Michael Cline
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Sebastian Obrzut
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; and
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Lamar DL, Chou SHS, Medverd JR, Swanson JO. Sedentary Behavior in the Workplace: A Potential Occupational Hazard for Radiologists. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2016; 45:253-7. [PMID: 26675263 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L Lamar
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA.
| | - Shinn-Huey S Chou
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Jonathan R Medverd
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA; Department of Radiology, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Jonathan O Swanson
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA; Department of Radiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA
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Combating the Health Risks of Sedentary Behavior in the Contemporary Radiology Reading Room. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2016; 206:1135-40. [PMID: 27057784 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.15.15496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We detail the association of sedentary behavior with a variety of health problems and provide the radiologist with a number of simple activities and techniques that can improve overall health while still meeting the productivity demands of a high-volume practice. Although these techniques are well known and recognized in the fitness and nutrition literature, they are not widely used in the radiology reading room. The computer- and workstation-based work routinely performed by diagnostic radiologists typically occurs in the seated position, leading to more than 8 hours per day of sitting. Studies have found that even for those who exercise regularly, spending increased time sitting can negate the healthful effects of exercise. Time spent in a seated or sedentary position leads to slowing of one's metabolism, with negative resultant effects. CONCLUSION The concept of nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) will be described, with examples given of how to burn more calories while at work and, therefore, improve the health of the diagnostic radiologist. NEAT refers to the energy expended during activities of daily living, excluding sportlike or intentional exercise. The concept of NEAT must be understood by radiologists, because it allows the development of multiple strategies to combat the ill effects of sitting while working. Adding intermittent movement and stretching exercises throughout the day can stimulate metabolism. An understanding of the association of sedentary work behavior with a number of health risks is crucial for radiologists so that they can implement basic changes into their work routine, allowing them to increase activity to address and avoid these potential health hazards.
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Lanier WL, Ramar K. Sleep medication failure and newly diagnosed obstructive sleep apnea: the role of brain function modulation by muscle afferent activity. Mayo Clin Proc 2014; 89:1591-5. [PMID: 25467642 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kannan Ramar
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and the Center for Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Neuhaus M, Eakin EG, Straker L, Owen N, Dunstan DW, Reid N, Healy GN. Reducing occupational sedentary time: a systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence on activity-permissive workstations. Obes Rev 2014; 15:822-38. [PMID: 25040784 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Excessive sedentary time is detrimentally linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and premature mortality. Studies have been investigating the use of activity-permissive workstations to reduce sedentary time in office workers, a highly sedentary target group. This review systematically summarizes the evidence for activity-permissive workstations on sedentary time, health-risk biomarkers, work performance and feasibility indicators in office workplaces. In July 2013, a literature search identified 38 relevant peer-reviewed publications. Key findings were independently extracted by two researchers. The average intervention effect on sedentary time was calculated via meta-analysis. In total, 984 participants across 19 field-based trials and 19 laboratory investigations were included, with sample sizes ranging from n = 2 to 66 per study. Sedentary time, health-risk biomarkers and work performance indicators were reported in 13, 23 and 23 studies, respectively. The pooled effect size from the meta-analysis was -77 min of sedentary time/8-h workday (95% confidence interval = -120, -35 min). Non-significant changes were reported for most health- and work-related outcomes. Studies with acceptability measures reported predominantly positive feedback. Findings suggest that activity-permissive workstations can be effective to reduce occupational sedentary time, without compromising work performance. Larger and longer-term randomized-controlled trials are needed to understand the sustainability of the sedentary time reductions and their longer-term impacts on health- and work-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Neuhaus
- School of Population Health, Cancer Prevention Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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11
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Wellness in the Radiology Reading Room: Making Your Workstation a Workout Station. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2014; 203:627-9. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.13.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Changing the way we work: elevating energy expenditure with workstation alternatives. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 38:755-65. [PMID: 24285335 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports the feasibility of raising daily energy expenditure (EE) by replacing office work-related sedentary behavior with low-intensity non-exercise physical activity (PA) via workstation alternatives to the traditional office chair and desktop computer-based combinations. The purpose of this review article is to introduce a simple taxonomy to facilitate classification and study of workstation alternatives, catalog the diversity of research undertaken to date related to energy balance, and present and summarize the gaps and opportunities for a research agenda for workstation alternatives moving forward. A PubMed search elicited 57 English language articles published since 2000; additional articles were identified by reviewing reference sections and contacting authors. Selection criteria ultimately focused on use of workstation alternatives during simulated or real work tasks. The EE of sitting on a stability ball or using sit-stand/standing desks is comparable to the traditional seated condition (≅1.2 kcal min(-1)). The treadmill and pedal desks (active workstation alternatives) offer the greatest promise in terms of EE (≅2-4 kcal min(-1)). Sitting on a stability ball or using sit-stand/standing desks does not impair task performance relative to the traditional seated condition. Some evidence of typing impairment is inconsistently reported with active workstation alternatives; the finer motor skills required for mouse-related tasks may be more affected. Little is known about learning or adaptation with practice. Users are generally accepting of workstation alternatives; however, there is evidence of less than optimal use. Active workstations (that is, treadmill desks and pedal desks) in particular represent a potential strategy for mitigating the diminished EE inherent to contemporary office-based workplaces, but only if they are scalable. The science supporting active workstations is young and heterogeneous; however, this means that there are many knowledge gaps and opportunities for research, including those focused on implementation issues related to optimizing both employers' and workers' uptake.
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Koepp GA, Manohar CU, McCrady-Spitzer SK, Ben-Ner A, Hamann DJ, Runge CF, Levine JA. Treadmill desks: A 1-year prospective trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:705-11. [PMID: 23417995 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sedentariness is associated with weight gain and obesity. A treadmill desk is the combination of a standing desk and a treadmill that allow employees to work while walking at low speed. DESIGN AND METHODS The hypothesis was that a 1-year intervention with treadmill desks is associated with an increase in employee daily physical activity (summation of all activity per minute) and a decrease in daily sedentary time (zero activity). Employees (n = 36; 25 women, 11 men) with sedentary jobs (87 ± 27 kg, BMI 29 ± 7 kg/m(2) , n = 10 Lean BMI < 25 kg/m(2) , n = 15 Overweight 25 < BMI < 30 kg/m(2) , n = 11 Obese BMI > 30 kg/m(2) ) volunteered to have their traditional desk replaced with a treadmill desk to promote physical activity for 1 year. RESULTS Daily physical activity (using accelerometers), work performance, body composition, and blood variables were measured at Baseline and 6 and 12 months after the treadmill desk intervention. Subjects who used the treadmill desk increased daily physical activity from baseline 3,353 ± 1,802 activity units (AU)/day to, at 6 months, 4,460 ± 2,376 AU/day (P < 0.001), and at 12 months, 4,205 ± 2,238 AU/day (P < 0.001). Access to the treadmill desks was associated with significant decreases in daily sedentary time (zero activity) from at baseline 1,020 ± 75 min/day to, at 6 months, 929 ± 84 min/day (P < 0.001), and at 12 months, 978 ± 95 min/day (P < 0.001). For the whole group, weight loss averaged 1.4 ± 3.3 kg (P < 0.05). Weight loss for obese subjects was 2.3 ± 3.5 kg (P < 0.03). Access to the treadmill desks was associated with increased daily physical activity compared to traditional chair-based desks; their deployment was not associated with altered performance. For the 36 participants, fat mass did not change significantly, however, those who lost weight (n = 22) lost 3.4 ± 5.4 kg (P < 0.001) of fat mass. Weight loss was greatest in people with obesity. CONCLUSIONS Access to treadmill desks may improve the health of office workers without affecting work performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Koepp
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Morelli JN. Radiologist, walk thyself. J Am Coll Radiol 2012; 9:309-10. [PMID: 22554625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John N Morelli
- Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Department of Radiology, Temple, TX 76508, USA.
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Abstract
There is growing interest in the role of sedentary behavior as a risk factor for poor health, independent of physical activity (PA). To guide the spectrum of descriptive, analytic, and intervention studies on sedentary behavior, the authors advocate a behavioral epidemiology framework. This 5-phase framework is useful because it outlines a series of sequential stages important for developing, evaluating, and diffusing interventions to reduce sedentary behavior and improve population health. Studies of sedentary behavior and health outcomes (phase I) have found consistent evidence that excessive use of screen-based media is linked to overweight and obesity in children, and there is some evidence among adults that overall sedentary time is associated with risk factors for cardiometabolic disease, some cancers, and mortality. Biological mechanisms to explain possible relationships have started to emerge but are mostly based on animal models. Obtaining valid and reliable measurements of sedentary behavior (phase II) remains a research priority because self-reports are prone to recall bias, and it appears that sedentary habits do not appear to be well represented by measures of individual behaviors such as TV viewing. Studies have identified few modifiable correlates of sedentary behavior (phase III), although research appears to be limited to studies of TV viewing or to scenarios in which sedentary behavior is defined as an absence of PA. Rigorous intervention research (phase IV) has focused almost exclusively on reducing self-reported TV viewing among children and adolescents, and there is consistent evidence that these interventions are efficacious. There appear to be no interventions focused exclusively on reducing sedentary behavior of adults. Translation studies (phase V) are absent because the underlying evidence is still emerging. Future research should focus on examining causal associations between sedentary behavior and health, developing objective measures of domain-specific sitting time, and identifying modifiable correlates of sedentary behavior that can be used as leverage points for behavioral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. Marshall
- School of Exercise & Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University (SJM)
- Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego (ER), San Diego, California
| | - Ernesto Ramirez
- School of Exercise & Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University (SJM)
- Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego (ER), San Diego, California
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Flying in the plane you service: patient-centered radiology. J Am Coll Radiol 2010; 7:216-21. [PMID: 20193928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2009.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
If you were about to undergo a radiologic procedure, what 5 things would you want? The authors propose a construct for patient-centered radiology. Five wishes of a prospective radiology patient are described: 1) the information to choose, 2) the right examination, 3) a safe examination, 4) effective communication of correctly interpreted results, and 5) a fair price. The authors posit that the American practice of radiology would be considerably different if our profession practiced patient-centered radiology.
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Carnethon M, Whitsel LP, Franklin BA, Kris-Etherton P, Milani R, Pratt CA, Wagner GR. Worksite wellness programs for cardiovascular disease prevention: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2009; 120:1725-41. [PMID: 19794121 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.192653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Feld R. Re: “Walking Workstations: Ambulatory Medicine Redefined”. J Am Coll Radiol 2009; 6:213; author reply 213-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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