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Huang Y, Weng Y, Lan L, Zhu C, Shen T, Tang W, Lai HY. Insight in obsessive-compulsive disorder: conception, clinical characteristics, neuroimaging, and treatment. PSYCHORADIOLOGY 2023; 3:kkad025. [PMID: 38666121 PMCID: PMC10917385 DOI: 10.1093/psyrad/kkad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic disabling disease with often unsatisfactory therapeutic outcomes. The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) has broadened the diagnostic criteria for OCD, acknowledging that some OCD patients may lack insight into their symptoms. Previous studies have demonstrated that insight can impact therapeutic efficacy and prognosis, underscoring its importance in the treatment of mental disorders, including OCD. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in understanding the influence of insight on mental disorders, leading to advancements in related research. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is dearth of comprehensive reviews on the topic of insight in OCD. In this review article, we aim to fill this gap by providing a concise overview of the concept of insight and its multifaceted role in clinical characteristics, neuroimaging mechanisms, and treatment for OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqi Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Yazhu Weng
- Fourth Clinical School of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Lan Lan
- Department of Psychology and Behavior Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Ting Shen
- Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, PA, USA
| | - Wenxin Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Hsin-Yi Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310007, China
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Broekhuizen A, Vriend C, Wolf N, Koenen EH, van Oppen P, van Balkom AJLM, Visser HAD, van den Heuvel OA. Poor Insight in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder as a Multifaceted Phenomenon: Evidence From Brain Activation During Symptom Provocation. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2023; 8:1135-1144. [PMID: 37121397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor insight in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with higher symptom severity, more comorbidities, and worse response to treatment. This study aimed to elucidate underlying mechanisms of poor insight in OCD by exploring its neurobiological correlates. METHODS Using a symptom provocation task during functional magnetic resonance imaging, we compared brain activation of patients with poor insight (n = 19; 14 female, 5 male), good/fair insight (n = 63; 31 female, 32 male), and healthy control participants (n = 42; 22 female, 20 male) using a Bayesian region-of-interest and a general linear model whole-brain approach. Insight was assessed using the Overvalued Ideas Scale. RESULTS Compared with patients with good/fair insight and healthy control participants, patients with OCD and poor insight showed widespread lower task-related activation in frontal areas (subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor area, precentral gyrus), parietal areas (posterior parietal cortex, precuneus), and the middle temporal gyrus and insula. Results were not driven by interindividual differences in OCD symptom severity, medication usage, age of disorder onset, or state distress levels. CONCLUSIONS During symptom provocation, patients with OCD and poor insight show altered activation in brain circuits that are involved in emotional processing, sensory processing, and cognitive control. Future research should focus on longitudinal correlates of insight and/or use tasks that probe emotional and sensory processing and cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniek Broekhuizen
- Mental Healthcare Institute Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg (GGZ) Centraal, Amersfoort, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Compulsivity, Impulsivity & Attention, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Chris Vriend
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Compulsivity, Impulsivity & Attention, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nadja Wolf
- Mental Healthcare Institute Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg (GGZ) Centraal, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Emma H Koenen
- Mental Healthcare Institute Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg (GGZ) Centraal, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia van Oppen
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg (GGZ) in Geest Specialized Mental Healthcare, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anton J L M van Balkom
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg (GGZ) in Geest Specialized Mental Healthcare, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henny A D Visser
- Mental Healthcare Institute Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg (GGZ) Centraal, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Odile A van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Compulsivity, Impulsivity & Attention, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Wolf N, du Mortier JAM, van Oppen P, Hoogendoorn AW, van Balkom AJLM, Visser HAD. Changes in insight throughout the natural four-year course of obsessive-compulsive disorder and its association with OCD severity and quality of life. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1231293. [PMID: 37900299 PMCID: PMC10613061 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1231293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and poor insight show higher symptom severity, lower quality of life (QoL), and a reduced treatment response compared to patients with good insight. Little is known about changes in insight. This study explored the course of insight and its association with OCD severity and QoL among 253 patients with OCD participating in the prospective naturalistic Netherlands Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Association (NOCDA) Study. Results In 70% of the participants with available insight data, the level of insight changed during the four-year course. Insight was most variable in participants with poor insight. Improvement of insight scores was statistically significantly associated with improvement of Y-BOCS scores (r = 0.19), but not with changes in QoL scores. Change in insight in the first 2 years was not statistically significantly predictive of OCD severity or QoL at four-year follow-up. Conclusion These findings suggest that patients' levels of insight may change during the natural four-year course of OCD and that improvement in the level of insight have a positive association with improvement in OCD severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Wolf
- Mental Health Care Institute Geestelijke gezondheidszorg (GGZ) Centraal, Amersfoort, Netherlands
| | - Johanna A. M. du Mortier
- Mental Health Care Institute Geestelijke gezondheidszorg (GGZ) Centraal, Amersfoort, Netherlands
| | - Patricia van Oppen
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Geestelijke gezondheidszorg (GGZ) inGeest, Specialized Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adriaan W. Hoogendoorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anton J. L. M. van Balkom
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Geestelijke gezondheidszorg (GGZ) inGeest, Specialized Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henny A. D. Visser
- Mental Health Care Institute Geestelijke gezondheidszorg (GGZ) Centraal, Amersfoort, Netherlands
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Gan J, Liu W, Fan J, Yi J, Tan C, Zhu X. Correlates of poor insight: A comparative fMRI and sMRI study in obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizo-obsessive disorder. J Affect Disord 2023; 321:66-73. [PMID: 36162685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the several researches on the correlates of insight in psychosis, less is known regarding the specificity of disease diagnosis on the relationship between insight and the correlates. The current study sought to explore the effects of insight and disease diagnosis on those in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and patients with schizo-obsessive disorder (SOD). METHODS We evaluated clinical symptoms and neurocognitions among 111 patients (including 41 OCD with good insight, 40 OCD with poor insight, 14 SOD with good insight and 16 SOD with poor insight. Gray matter volume and spontaneous neural activity were also examined by analyzing the voxel-based morphometry and amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF), respectively. RESULTS Interactive effects of insight and diagnosis was found on working memory and the gray matter volume in right superior and middle temporal gyrus. Main effect of insight was found on working and visual memory, compulsion and obsession, and ALFF in right middle and superior occipital cortex. Main effect of diagnosis was found on severity of compulsion, relative verbal IQ, executive function, verbal and visual memory, working memory and ALFF in precuneus, medial superior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate and paracingulate gyri, and inferior parietal, postcentral gyrus, paracentral lobule. CONCLUSIONS As a common feature in mental disorders, insight has its own special influence on neurocognition and possible structural/functional alterations in brain, and the influence is partly dependent of disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gan
- Medical Psychological center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; College of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Wanting Liu
- Medical Psychological center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Medial Psychological institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Medical Psychological center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Medial Psychological institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinyao Yi
- Medical Psychological center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Medial Psychological institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Changlian Tan
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
| | - Xiongzhao Zhu
- Medical Psychological center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Medial Psychological institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Ozel P, Olamat A, Akan A. A Diagnostic Strategy via Multiresolution Synchrosqueezing Transform on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Int J Neural Syst 2021; 31:2150044. [PMID: 34514974 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065721500441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This research presents a new method for detecting obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) based on time-frequency analysis of multi-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) signals using the multi-variate synchrosqueezing transform (MSST). With the evolution of multi-channel sensor implementations, the employment of multi-channel techniques for the extraction of features arising from multi-channel dependency and mono-channel characteristics has become common. MSST has recently been proposed as a method for modeling the combined oscillatory mechanisms of multi-channel signals. It makes use of the concepts of instantaneous frequency (IF) and bandwidth. Electrophysiological data, like other nonstationary signals, necessitates both joint time-frequency analysis and independent time and frequency domain studies. The usefulness and effectiveness of a multi-variate, wavelet-based synchrosqueezing algorithm paired with a band extraction method are tested using electroencephalography data obtained from OCD patients and control groups in this research. The proposed methodology yields substantial results when analyzing differences between patient and control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Ozel
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Nevsehir HBV University, 50300 Nevsehir, Turkey
| | - Ali Olamat
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Yildiz Technical University, 34349 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aydin Akan
- Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Izmir University of Economics, 35330 Izmir, Turkey
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Mechanisms of the Effects of Parental Emotional Warmth on Extraversion in Children and Adolescents. Neuroscience 2021; 467:134-141. [PMID: 34038771 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to probe into the influence mechanism of parental emotional warmth (PEW) on extraversion for children and adolescents, as well as the moderating and mediating role of brain functional activity. Thirty-two children and adolescents underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans and completed Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran (EMBU) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). Small-worldness (SW) of brain networks, fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF), and region-of-interest to region-of-interest (ROI-ROI) functional connectivity were calculated to study intrinsic neuronal activity. We found that PEW had a positive direct effect on extraversion, and all participants in the current study showed an efficient small-world structure. The positive association between PEW and extraversion was mediated by SW. Furthermore, the fALFF and extraversion were significantly and negatively correlated in the right precuneus and dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus. The mediating effect of SW was moderated by the functional connectivity between the right precuneus and the right dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus. The indirect effect was significant with lower level of the functional connectivity between the right precuneus and the right dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus. These findings indicate that SW of brain networks may be a key factor that accounts for the positive association between PEW and extraversion in children and adolescents and the level of the functional connectivity between the right precuneus and the right dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus could moderate the relationship.
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Manarte L, Andrade AR, do Rosário L, Sampaio D, Figueira ML, Morgado P, Sahakian BJ. Executive functions and insight in OCD: a comparative study. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:216. [PMID: 33926404 PMCID: PMC8082868 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03227-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around 25 to 30% of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) do not respond to treatment. These patients have the longest duration of disease and the worst prognosis. Following years of research on this topic, insight has emerged as a potential explanation for this therapeutic resistance. Therefore, it has become important to characterize OCD patients with poor insight. Few studies have focused on the neuropsychological and cognitive characteristics of these patients. METHODS To help fill this gap, we divided 57 patients into two groups, one with good insight and the other with poor insight, assessed their neuropsychological functions-through a Rey's figure test, a California verbal learning test, a Toulouse-Piéron test and a Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)-and compared the results with those of a paired control group. RESULTS The statistical analysis, with a significance level of 95%, revealed differences in the executive function tests, and particularly in the WCST (p ≤ 0.001) and trail-making-test (TMT A/B) (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS These differences suggest that the neuropsychological profile of poor-insight patients is different from their good-insight counterparts, emphasize the role played by the executive functions in insight and highlights the need for more accurate neurocognitive research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Manarte
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - António R Andrade
- IDMEC. Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Linete do Rosário
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel Sampaio
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Luísa Figueira
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Morgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, R. da Universidade, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain & Mind Sciences, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
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Szalisznyó K, Silverstein DN. Computational Predictions for OCD Pathophysiology and Treatment: A Review. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:687062. [PMID: 34658945 PMCID: PMC8517225 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.687062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) can manifest as a debilitating disease with high degrees of co-morbidity as well as clinical and etiological heterogenity. However, the underlying pathophysiology is not clearly understood. Computational psychiatry is an emerging field in which behavior and its neural correlates are quantitatively analyzed and computational models are developed to improve understanding of disorders by comparing model predictions to observations. The aim is to more precisely understand psychiatric illnesses. Such computational and theoretical approaches may also enable more personalized treatments. Yet, these methodological approaches are not self-evident for clinicians with a traditional medical background. In this mini-review, we summarize a selection of computational OCD models and computational analysis frameworks, while also considering the model predictions from a perspective of possible personalized treatment. The reviewed computational approaches used dynamical systems frameworks or machine learning methods for modeling, analyzing and classifying patient data. Bayesian interpretations of probability for model selection were also included. The computational dissection of the underlying pathology is expected to narrow the explanatory gap between the phenomenological nosology and the neuropathophysiological background of this heterogeneous disorder. It may also contribute to develop biologically grounded and more informed dimensional taxonomies of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Szalisznyó
- Department of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.,Theoretical Neuroscience Group, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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