Validation of the Arabic version of the center for epidemiologic studies depression-revised: A comparison of the CESD-R and CESDR-12

The effect of a mindfulness-based intervention on stress overload, depression, and mindfulness among nurses: A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Nurses experience various health-related issues due to the nature of their work.

AIM

This study aimed to examine the effect of a mindfulness-based intervention on stress overload, depression and mindfulness among nurses. A secondary objective was to examine the role of the setting (i.e., in and out of the hospital as a natural setting) on mindfulness-based intervention effectiveness.

METHODS

A randomized controlled trial with three groups' pretest-posttest design was used in this study. A total of 195 nurses were recruited-65 intervention-inside hospital, 60 intervention-outside hospital, and 63 control. The mindfulness-based intervention was delivered by a certified mindfulness practitioner over 4 weeks in Jordan. Data were collected using a demographics questionnaire, the Stress Overload Scale Short, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Revised, and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire.

RESULTS

Multivariate analysis showed a statistically significant effect of the intervention on the linear combination of the dependent variables V = 0.44, F[6, 368] = 17.56, p < .001. Follow-up analyses showed that a mindfulness-based intervention significantly decreased stress overload, depression, and increased mindfulness levels among nurses in intervention groups compared with the control group. In addition, conducting a mindfulness-based intervention outside the hospital has a better effect on mindfulness levels than the inside hospital.

LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION

The effect of a mindfulness-based intervention on stress overload, depression, and mindfulness should be considered when planning for nurses' well-being and the quality of care provided. Nurse managers are encouraged to use the study's findings to promote nurses' well-being.

Validation of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in a Moroccan sample with substance use disorder

BACKGROUND

Transcultural validation studies of depression scales are rare in Morocco. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is commonly one of the most common and frequently used screening instruments for depressive symptoms, but the scale has not, up to date, been validated in dialect of Arabic in Moroccan contexts. Given the importance of assessing and preventing depressive symptoms in our Moroccan context, this study aims to validate the CES-D, translated, and adapted to the dialect of Arabic and Moroccan culture, in a sample with substance use disorder.

METHODS

The data were analyzed in two successive phases. First, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to assess the factor structure in the pilot sample (N = 140). Then, this structure was confirmed in the validation sample (N = 205) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).

RESULTS

Exploratory factor analysis extracted three factors different from the four factors in the original version. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the structure of three factors. The fit indices level showed acceptable to good performance of the measurement model. The instrument showed sufficient reliability and convergent validity, as demonstrated by acceptable values of composite reliability (CR = 0.89-0.93) and average variance extracted (AVE = 0.64-0.66), respectively. The square roots of AVE were higher than factor-factor pairs correlations, and the Heterotrait-Monotrait ratio (HTMT) of correlations values was less than 0.85, indicating acceptable discriminant validity.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall reliability and both convergent and discriminant validity tests indicated that the Moroccan dialectal Arabic version of the CES-D had a good performance and may serve as a valid tool for measuring the severity of depression in people with substance use disorder.

Psychometric characteristics of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Revised in a population of Polish university students

The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Revised (CESD-R) has already been validated on the Polish population. However, the structure of the scale obtained at that time was not confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in subsequent studies on the Polish sample and measurement invariance for gender was not performed. The purpose of this article is to present the results of psychometric analyses to verify the structure of the CESD-R in a university student sample. An online cross-sectional study was conducted with 1519 university students (March/April 2021). The dataset was randomly divided into three subsets to perform principal component analysis (PCA, Subset 1) and CFA for CESD-R versions with different numbers of factors and items (Subsets 2 and 3). Measurement invariance for gender was verified for the whole sample. PCA pointed to a three-factor solution that was analyzed in the subsequent CFA. Due to high correlation coefficients between factors, further steps were taken using only one factor. For CFA, 20-, 18- and 9-item versions of the CESD-R were used, but the 9-item version obtained the best model fit parameters and was used to evaluate the measurement invariance for gender, which was confirmed. The 9-item CESD-R has the best model fit compared to other versions of this scale and is gender invariant. Further research is needed to verify the criterion validity of this shortened scale.

Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Arabic Self-Care Inventory

BACKGROUND

Self-care is a fundamental aspect of health and well-being for healthy individuals and those with chronic illnesses. However, the available self-care measurement instruments have limited support regarding their psychometric properties. Research about the validation of comprehensive, theory-based self-care tools in the Arabic language and culture is also limited. In addition, many self-care measurement tools are available only for people with chronic illnesses.

OBJECTIVE

To examine the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the Self-care Inventory (SCI) in the general adult population in Jordan.

METHODS

This study was conducted using a cross-sectional design. Data collection was performed using a demographics questionnaire, and Arabic versions of the SCI, Self-care Self-Efficacy, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-revised. SPSS and AMOS were used to analyze the data. Data analysis was conducted by performing confirmatory factor analysis, measurement invariance, internal consistency, and bivariate correlations.

RESULTS

The results revealed that the SCI comprises three scales: self-care maintenance, self-care monitoring, and self-care management. The goodness of mode fit indices showed that the models of these scales fit the data well by meeting the following set a priori criteria: (RMSEA < .07, CFI > .95, and X2/df < 5). The factor loadings of the individual items of the SCI provided further evidence about the factor structure of the three scales. Regarding measurement invariance, the results indicated that partial invariance across participants' sex is assumed. The values of both Cronbach's α and composite reliability showed that the internal consistency of the SCI is supported. Cronbach's α of the self-care maintenance, self-care monitoring, and self-care management were .82, .86, and .83, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the SCI demonstrate its validity and reliability as a robust assessment tool for measuring self-care in the general adult population.

Effect of a modified motivational interviewing intervention on university students' psychological, cognitive, and nutritional health: A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Motivational interviewing is a set of interviewing techniques that are employed to promote behavioral change. However, motivational interviewing is a costly intervention that requires training, and its effectiveness relies greatly on the skills and training of specialists. To overcome these limitations, this study developed and implemented a modified version of motivational interviewing.

AIM

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a modified motivational interviewing (MMI) intervention on university students' psychological, cognitive, and nutritional health indicators.

METHODS

This randomized controlled trial study was conducted using an experimental, repeated-measures, two-group design. The authors developed a modified version of motivational interviewing, and its effect was investigated among university students. The final sample size in this study was 94 university students (intervention = 48 and control = 46). Psychological, cognitive, and nutritional health indicators were measured at baseline and 1 month postrandomization and 3 months postrandomization. Repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.

RESULTS

The results of the multivariate analysis revealed a significant effect of the MMI intervention on the linear combination of the dependent variables: Pillai's trace = 0.28, F (9, 84) = 3.59, p = .001. The univariate analysis showed that the effect of the MMI intervention was significant on four dependent variables (namely, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating, perceived stress, and mindfulness).

CONCLUSION

The MMI intervention improved university students' perceived stress, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating, and mindfulness. Further research should be conducted to validate the results reported in this article.

Factors influencing mindfulness among Jordanian nurses: A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Mindfulness has been associated with various work-related variables. Studies examining mindfulness antecedents in nurses are scarce.

AIM

The current study aimed to examine if work-related factors, psychological variables, and selected demographics predict mindfulness among Jordanian nurses.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect data from 173 nurses currently employed in three major referral hospitals. A demographic questionnaire and instruments to collect data about nursing mindfulness, depression, stress, work-family conflict, and family-work conflict were used.

RESULTS

The bivariate analysis showed that all study variables combinations were significant except for the correlation between income and mindfulness. The best fit model showed that only four variables significantly contributed to the model: depression, stress, family-work conflict, and educational level. These variables explained 57 percent of the variance in mindfulness in our sample.

CONCLUSIONS

Depression, stress, family-work conflict, and educational levels contributed to mindfulness levels in Jordanian nurses.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT

Nurse managers should be aware of the factors that may affect their employees' mindfulness levels and target these factors through the application of evidence-based interventions to improve nurses' levels of mindfulness, which in turn will mitigate the negative impact of lower levels of mindfulness.

Validation of the Japanese Version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Revised: A Preliminary Analysis

To make the Japanese version of the CESD-R—a revised version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies depression scale (CES-D)—in the assessment of depressive symptoms in a general population. The English version of CESD-R was translated into Japanese, and back-translated into English by three native speakers of Japanese and English; then, we selected the version most completely consistent with the original items. The CESD-R was applied to 398 community-dwelling people (191 men: 48.0%, and 207 women: 52.0%) who were over 40 years old. The Japanese version of the CES-D was also carried out in the same population. Factor analysis was performed. Additionally, the correlations between the CESD-R and CES-D results were identified. The CESD-R scores showed a significantly positive correlation with CES-D scores (r = 0.74, p < 0.0005). Analysis of the CESD-R yielded a Cronbach’s alpha result of 0.90. Factor analysis revealed one principal factor in the CESD-R, whereas the original CES-D had two factors because of reversed items. The Japanese version of the CESD-R appears to have the reliability to be applicable for assessing depressive symptoms in population-based samples. However, because the Japanese expressions for some items might be unusual, our study population was also limited; further studies on other populations and on incorporating improved Japanese terminology will be needed.

An Empirical Study on Diabetes Depression over Distress Evaluation Using Diagnosis Statistical Manual and Chi-Square Method

Diabetes distress is an alternative disorder that is often associated with depression syndromes. Psychosocial distress is an alternative disorder that acts as a resistance to diabetes self-care management and compromises diabetes control. Yet, in Nigeria, the focus of healthcare centers is largely inclined toward the medical aspect of diabetes that neglects psychosocial care. In this retrospective study, specific distress was measured by the Diabetes Distress Screening (DDS) scale, and depression was analyzed by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Diagnosis Statistics Manual (DSM) criteria in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients of Northwestern Nigeria. Additionally, we applied the Chi-square test and linear regression to measure the forecast prevalence ratio and evaluate the link between the respective factors that further determine the odd ratios and coefficient correlations in five nonintrusive variables, namely age, gender, physical exercise, diabetes history, and smoking. In total, 712 sample patients were taken, with 51.68% male and 47.31% female patients. The mean age and body mass index (BMI) was 48.6 years ± 12.8 and 45.6 years ± 8.3. Based on the BDI prediction, 90.15% of patients were found depressed according to the DSM parameters, and depression prevalence was recorded around 22.06%. Overall, 88.20% of patients had DDS-dependent diabetes-specific distress with a prevalence ratio of 24.08%, of whom 45.86% were moderate and 54.14% serious. In sharp contrast, emotion-related distress of 28.96% was found compared to interpersonal (23.61%), followed by physician (16.42%) and regimen (13.21%) distress. The BDI-based matching of depression signs was also statistically significant with p < 0.001 in severe distress patients. However, 10.11% of patients were considered not to be depressed by DSM guidelines. The statistical evidence indicates that depression and distress are closely correlated with age, sex, diabetes history, physical exercise, and smoking influences. The facts and findings in this work show that emotional distress was found more prevalent. This study is significant because it considered several sociocultural and religious differences between Nigeria and large, undeveloped, populated countries with low socioeconomic status and excessive epidemiological risk. Finally, it is important for the clinical implications of T2DM patients on their initial screenings.