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Wang Y, Shi H, Wang Y, Zhang X, Wang J, Sun Y, Wang J, Sun J, Cao F. The association of different parenting styles among depressed parents and their offspring's depression and anxiety: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:495. [PMID: 34627177 PMCID: PMC8502291 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenting styles play a critical role in children's development, especially for those in families with a depressed parent. To date, no study has explored whether youth perceptions of parenting style are heterogeneous in families with a depressed parent or whether heterogeneous parenting styles are associated with children's internalizing symptoms. METHODS Participants were children aged 8-16 years who had a parent with major depressive disorder; they were enrolled through their parents, who were outpatients at two hospitals in Ningxia. Parenting styles were measured using the Parental Bonding Instrument. Youth depression and anxiety were measured using the Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children and the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders, respectively. We applied latent profile analysis to identify the subtypes of parenting styles with similar patterns. Differences between subtypes in relation to demographic variables and parenting style scores were calculated using one-way ANOVAs, Wilcoxon rank sum tests, and chi-squared tests. Bivariate logistic analyses were conducted to examine the associations between parental bonding subtypes and children's depression and anxiety. RESULTS Four parenting styles were identified through latent profile analysis: care-autonomy, overprotection-indifference, indifference, and undifferentiated parenting. Youth with care-autonomy parents had a lower risk of depression (OR: 0.16; 95% CI: 0.06-0.41) and anxiety (OR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.10-0.48), while indifference parenting increased children's risk of depression (OR: 5.29; 95% CI: 1.30-21.54) more than undifferentiated parenting. CONCLUSIONS Children with a depressed parent had heterogeneous perceptions of parenting styles. Mothers' and fathers' parenting styles were largely congruent. Care-autonomy parenting (high care and high autonomy) may decrease children's risk of depression, whereas indifference parenting (low care and autonomy) may increase their risk of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Wang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province China ,grid.412194.b0000 0004 1761 9803Ningxia Medical University, No. 1106 South Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China ,grid.413385.8Mental Health Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804 South Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China
| | - Honglan Shi
- grid.413385.8Mental Health Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804 South Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China
| | - Yuan Wang
- grid.413385.8Mental Health Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804 South Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004 Ningxia China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province China
| | - Juan Wang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province China
| | - Yaoyao Sun
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province China
| | - Jianwen Wang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province China
| | - Jiwei Sun
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province China
| | - Fenglin Cao
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China.
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