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Bertollo AG, Galvan ACL, Dallagnol C, Cortez AD, Ignácio ZM. Early Life Stress and Major Depressive Disorder-An Update on Molecular Mechanisms and Synaptic Impairments. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-03983-2. [PMID: 38307968 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03983-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS), characterized as abuse, neglect, and abandonment, can cause several adverse consequences in the lives of affected individuals. ELS experiences can affect an individual's development in variable ways, persisting in the long term and promoting lasting impacts, considering that early exposure to stressors can be biologically incorporated, as prolonged stimulation of stress response systems affects the development of the brain structure and other body systems, increasing the risk of diseases associated with stress and cognitive impairment. This type of stress increases the risk of developing major depressive disorder (MDD) in a severe form that does not respond adequately to traditional antidepressant treatments. Several alterations are studied as mechanisms that relate ELS with MDD, such as epigenetic alterations, neurotransmitters, and neuronal signaling. This review discusses research that brings evidence about the ELS mechanisms involved in synaptic impairments and MDD. The processes involved in epigenetic changes and the HPA axis are highlighted, as well as changes in neurotransmitters and neuronal signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Gollo Bertollo
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, 89815-899, Brazil
| | - Agatha Carina Leite Galvan
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, 89815-899, Brazil
| | - Claudia Dallagnol
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, 89815-899, Brazil
| | - Arthur Dellazeri Cortez
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, 89815-899, Brazil
| | - Zuleide Maria Ignácio
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, 89815-899, Brazil.
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Rog J, Karakuła M, Rząd Z, Fitowska A, Brzezińska A, Karakula-Juchnowicz H. The Importance of Adverse Childhood Experiences in Depressive Symptoms and Their Biological Consequences in Healthy Adults: Results of a Polish University Student Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7093. [PMID: 38002705 PMCID: PMC10671862 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12227093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have a long-lasting effect on both physical and mental health. The aim of this study was to assess the consequences of ACEs and experienced stress on depression and the role of biological disturbances in this relationship in a student population. Potential participants filled out a screening questionnaire; 60 of 126 students met the inclusion criteria and were tested for the severity of stress and depressive symptoms, ACEs, dietary habits, and serum concentrations of biological markers. Depressive symptoms were related to a younger age (p = 0.012), a higher severity of stress (p = 0.001), ACEs (p = 0.007), and lower triglyceride (p = 0.01) and cortisol concentrations (p = 0.01). An inverse relationship between the triglyceride concentration and emotional abuse (R = -0.38) and emotional neglect (R = -0.33) was found. Occludin was positively associated with physical abuse (R = 0.31). Cortisol was inversely associated with emotional abuse (R = -0.35). Emotional neglect was associated with lipopolysaccharide binding protein (R = 0.38) and insulin levels (R = -0.31). The most promising multi-panel of biomarkers for recognizing mood symptoms included triglycerides, tight junction protein 1, and cortisol (cut-offs of ≤ 95.5 mg/dL, 0.72 ng/mL, and 134.63 ng/mL, respectively). This study confirmed the association between ACEs and depressive symptoms and the importance of psychological stress in developing mood disorders. ACEs could affect biological dysregulation. Some of the biological markers could be helpful in early detection of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rog
- Laboratory of Human Metabolism Research, Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Karakuła
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Zuzanna Rząd
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (Z.R.); (A.B.); (H.K.-J.)
| | - Aleksandra Fitowska
- Department of General and Coordination Chemistry and Crystallography, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Brzezińska
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (Z.R.); (A.B.); (H.K.-J.)
| | - Hanna Karakula-Juchnowicz
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (Z.R.); (A.B.); (H.K.-J.)
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Xie X, Shi Y, Ma L, Yang W, Pu J, Shen Y, Liu Y, Zhang H, Lv F, Hu L. Altered neurometabolite levels in the brains of patients with depression: A systematic analysis of magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies. J Affect Disord 2023; 328:95-102. [PMID: 36521666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies have reported metabolic abnormalities in the brains of patients with depression, although inconsistent results have been reported. The aim of this study was to explore changes in neurometabolite levels in patients with depression across large-scale MRS studies. METHOD A total of 307 differential metabolite entries associated with depression were retrieved from 180 MRS studies retrieved from the Metabolite Network of Depression Database. The vote-counting method was used to identify consistently altered metabolites in the whole brain and specific brain regions of patients with depression. RESULTS Only few differential neurometabolites showed a stable change trend. The levels of total choline (tCho) and the tCho/N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) ratio were consistently higher in the brains of patients with depression, and that the levels of NAA, glutamate and glutamine (Glx), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were lower. For specific brain regions, we found lower Glx levels in the prefrontal cortex and lower GABA concentrations in the occipital cortex. We also found lower concentrations of NAA in the anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex. The levels of tCho were higher in the prefrontal cortex and putamen. CONCLUSION Our results revealed that most altered neurometabolites in previous studies lack of adequate reproducibility. Through vote-counting method with large-scale studies, downregulation of glutamatergic neurometabolites, impaired neuronal integrity, and disturbed membrane metabolism were found in the pathobiology of depression, which contribute to existing knowledge of neurometabolic changes in depression. Further studies based on a larger dataset are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Xie
- Department of Radiology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Radiology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Radiology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenqin Yang
- Department of Radiology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juncai Pu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiqing Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiyun Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hanping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fajin Lv
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Liangbo Hu
- Department of Radiology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Maes M, Almulla AF. Research and Diagnostic Algorithmic Rules (RADAR) and RADAR Plots for the First Episode of Major Depressive Disorder: Effects of Childhood and Recent Adverse Experiences on Suicidal Behaviors, Neurocognition and Phenome Features. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13050714. [PMID: 37239186 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have proposed valid precision models and valid Research and Diagnostic Algorithmic Rules (RADAR) for recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD). The aim of the current study was to construct precision models and RADAR scores in patients experiencing first-episode MDD and to examine whether adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and negative life events (NLE) are associated with suicidal behaviors (SB), cognitive impairment, and phenome RADAR scores. This study recruited 90 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) in an acute phase, of whom 71 showed a first-episode MDD (FEM), and 40 controls. We constructed RADAR scores for ACE; NLE encountered in the last year; SB; and severity of depression, anxiety, chronic fatigue, and physiosomatic symptoms using the Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Rating Scales and the FibroFatigue scale. The partial least squares analysis showed that in FEM, one latent vector (labeled the phenome of FEM) could be extracted from depressive, anxiety, fatigue, physiosomatic, melancholia, and insomnia symptoms, SB, and cognitive impairments. The latter were conceptualized as a latent vector extracted from the Verbal Fluency Test, the Mini-Mental State Examination, and ratings of memory and judgement, indicating a generalized cognitive decline (G-CoDe). We found that 60.8% of the variance in the FEM phenome was explained by the cumulative effects of NLE and ACE, in particular emotional neglect and, to a lesser extent, physical abuse. In conclusion, the RADAR scores and plots constructed here should be used in research and clinical settings, rather than the binary diagnosis of MDD based on the DSM-5 or ICD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Cognitive Fitness and Technology Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute, Medical University Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Abbas F Almulla
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf 54001, Iraq
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Similarities and differences in working memory and neurometabolism of obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2022; 311:556-564. [PMID: 35588910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) both showed cognitive impairment, and the altered neurometabolic may associate with cognitive impairment. However, there are limited comparative working memory (WM) and neuroimaging studies on these two disorders. Therefore, we investigated the characteristics of WM and neurometabolic changes in patients with OCD and MDD. METHODS A total of 64 unmedicated patients (32 OCD and 32 MDD), and 33 healthy controls (HC) were included to conduct WM assessment comprising Digit Span Test (DST), 2-back task and Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT). Additionally, all subjects underwent protons magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) to collect neurometabolic ratios of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) and choline-containing compounds (Cho) to creatine (Cr) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and lentiform nucleus (LN). Finally, differential and correlation analysis were conducted to investigate their characteristics and relationships. RESULTS Compared with HC, both OCD and MDD patients exhibited a lower accuracy rate in the 2-back task, and only MDD patients performed worse in DST scores and longer reaction times in SCWT (all p < 0.05). Both OCD and MDD patients had lower NAA/Cr ratios in bilateral PFC (all p < 0.05). And the decreased NAA/Cr ratios in right PFC were positively correlated to DST scores in MDD group (r = 0.518, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Both OCD and MDD showed WM impairment and neurometabolic alterations in PFC. Besides, MDD performed more severe and broader WM impairment compared to OCD. Moreover, the dysfunction of PFC may underlie the neural basis of WM impairment in MDD.
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Depression and suicide attempts in Chinese adolescents with mood disorders: the mediating role of rumination. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022:10.1007/s00406-022-01444-2. [PMID: 35763221 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mood disorders (MD) are often associated with a higher incidence of suicidal behavior, especially in adolescent patients. However, the mechanisms by which depression affects suicide attempts in adolescents with MD remain poorly elucidated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the incidence, risk factors, and clinical correlates of suicide attempts in Chinese adolescent patients with MD, as well as the inter-relationship between depressive symptoms, rumination, and suicide attempts, and the role of rumination in mediating depression and suicide attempts. A total of 331 MD adolescent patients aged 11 ~ 18 years were recruited from a psychiatric hospital. Suicide attempts were assessed with the MINI Suicide Scale. Depressed symptoms were measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). To assess rumination, we used the 21-item Chinese version of the Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS). Overall, the percentage of suicide attempts among MD adolescents was 51.96%, with a higher percentage of females (58.62%) than males (36.36%). Compared to non-suicide attempters, suicide attempters had higher scores on PHQ-9, RRS, depression-related, brooding, and reflective pondering. Gender and RRS were independently associated with suicide attempts. Rumination played a fully mediating role between depression and suicide attempts. In addition, the mediating effect of depression between rumination and suicide attempts was not significant. The incidence of suicide attempts was higher in MD adolescents than in general adolescents. Gender and rumination were associated with suicide attempts in MD adolescents. Moreover, rumination mediated the correlation between depressive symptoms and suicide attempts, suggesting that rumination may be an important intervention component for clinical staff to prevent suicidal behavior in adolescents with MD.
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Maes M, Rachayon M, Jirakran K, Sodsai P, Klinchanhom S, Debnath M, Basta-Kaim A, Kubera M, Almulla AF, Sughondhabirom A. Adverse Childhood Experiences Predict the Phenome of Affective Disorders and These Effects Are Mediated by Staging, Neuroimmunotoxic and Growth Factor Profiles. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091564. [PMID: 35563878 PMCID: PMC9105661 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) enhance pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant responses. In affective disorders, recent precision nomothetic psychiatry studies disclosed new pathway phenotypes, including an ROI—reoccurrence of illness (ROI)—oxidative stress latent construct. The aim of the present study is to delineate a) whether ACEs sensitize the M1 macrophage, the T helper cells (Th)1, Th2, and Th17, the IRS (immune-inflammatory-responses system), the CIRS (compensatory immunoregulatory system), and the neuroimmunotoxic and growth factor (GF) profiles and whether they are associated with ROI and the phenome of affective disorders and b) the molecular pathways underpinning the effects of the ACEs. We collected supernatants of stimulated (5 μg/mL of PHA and 25 μg/mL of LPS) and unstimulated diluted whole blood in 20 healthy controls and 30 depressed patients and measured a panel of 27 cytokines/GF using a Luminex method. ACEs (comprising mental and physical trauma, mental neglect, domestic violence, family history of mental disease, and parent loss) are accompanied by the increased stimulated, but not unstimulated, production of M1, Th1, Th2, Th17, IRS, neuroimmunotoxic, and GF profiles and are strongly correlated with ROI and the phenome. A latent vector extracted from the ROI features (recurrent episodes and suicidal behaviors) and the IRS/neuroimmunotoxic/GF profiles explains 66.8% of the variance in the phenome and completely mediates the effects of ACEs on the phenome. Enrichment analysis showed that the ACE-associated sensitization of immune/GF profiles involves JAK-STAT, nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor-α, G-protein coupled receptor, PI3K/Akt/RAS/MAPK, and hypoxia signaling. In summary, the ACE-induced sensitization of immune pathways and secondary immune hits predicts the phenome of affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University and The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.R.); (K.J.); (A.F.A.); (A.S.)
- IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Barwon Health, Geelong 3220, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Correspondence:
| | - Muanpetch Rachayon
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University and The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.R.); (K.J.); (A.F.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Ketsupar Jirakran
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University and The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.R.); (K.J.); (A.F.A.); (A.S.)
- Maximizing Thai Children’s Developmental Potential Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pimpayao Sodsai
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.S.); (S.K.)
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Klinchanhom
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.S.); (S.K.)
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Monojit Debnath
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560 029, India;
| | - Agnieska Basta-Kaim
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (A.B.-K.); (M.K.)
| | - Marta Kubera
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (A.B.-K.); (M.K.)
| | - Abbas F. Almulla
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University and The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.R.); (K.J.); (A.F.A.); (A.S.)
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf 54001, Iraq
| | - Atapol Sughondhabirom
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University and The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (M.R.); (K.J.); (A.F.A.); (A.S.)
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Wang K, Tan F, Zhu Z, Kong L. Exploring changes in depression and radiology-related publications research focus: A bibliometrics and content analysis based on natural language processing. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:978763. [PMID: 36532194 PMCID: PMC9748702 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.978763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to construct and use natural language processing and other methods to analyze major depressive disorder (MDD) and radiology studies' publications in the PubMed database to understand the historical growth, current state, and potential expansion trend. METHODS All MDD radiology studies publications from January 2002 to January 2022 were downloaded from PubMed using R, a statistical computing language. R and the interpretive general-purpose programming language Python were used to extract publication dates, geographic information, and abstracts from each publication's metadata for bibliometric analysis. The generative statistical algorithm "Latent Dirichlet allocation" (LDA) was applied to identify specific research focus and trends. The unsupervised Leuven algorithm was used to build a network to identify relationships between research focus. RESULTS A total of 5,566 publications on MDD and radiology research were identified, and there is a rapid upward trend. The top-cited publications were 11,042, and the highly-cited publications focused on improving diagnostic performance and establishing imaging standards. Publications came from 76 countries, with the most from research institutions in the United States and China. Hospitals and radiology departments take the lead in research and have an advantage. The extensive field of study contains 12,058 Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms. Based on the LDA algorithm, three areas were identified that have become the focus of research in recent years, "Symptoms and treatment," "Brain structure and imaging," and "Comorbidities research." CONCLUSION Latent Dirichlet allocation analysis methods can be well used to analyze many texts and discover recent research trends and focus. In the past 20 years, the research on MDD and radiology has focused on exploring MDD mechanisms, establishing standards, and constructing imaging methods. Recent research focuses are "Symptoms and sleep," "Brain structure study," and "functional connectivity." New progress may be made in studies on MDD complications and the combination of brain structure and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangtao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fengbo Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiming Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lingyu Kong
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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