Woolf B, Sallis HM, Munafò MR. Exploring the Lifetime Effect of Children on Wellbeing Using Two-Sample Mendelian Randomisation.
Genes (Basel) 2023;
14:716. [PMID:
36980988 PMCID:
PMC10048211 DOI:
10.3390/genes14030716]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Observational research implies a negative effect of having children on wellbeing.
OBJECTIVES
To provide Mendelian randomisation evidence of the effect of having children on parental wellbeing.
DESIGN
Two-sample Mendelian randomisation.
SETTING
Non-clinical European ancestry participants.
PARTICIPANTS
We used the UK Biobank (460,654 male and female European ancestry participants) as a source of genotype-exposure associations, the Social Science Genetics Consortia (SSGAC) (298,420 male and female European ancestry participants), and the Within-Family Consortia (effective sample of 22,656 male and female European ancestry participants) as sources of genotype-outcome associations.
INTERVENTIONS
The lifetime effect of an increase in the genetic liability to having children.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES
The primary analysis was an inverse variance weighed analysis of subjective wellbeing measured in the 2016 SSGAC Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS). Secondary outcomes included pleiotropy robust estimators applied in the SSGAC and an analysis using the Within-Family consortia GWAS.
RESULTS
We did not find strong evidence of a negative (standard deviation) change in wellbeing (β = 0.153 (95% CI: -0.210 to 0.516) per child parented. Secondary outcomes were generally slightly deflated (e.g., -0.049 [95% CI: -0.533 to 0.435] for the Within-Family Consortia and 0.090 [95% CI: -0.167 to 0.347] for weighted median), implying the presence of some residual confounding and pleiotropy.
CONCLUSIONS
Contrary to the existing literature, our results are not compatible with a measurable negative effect of number of children on the average wellbeing of a parent over their life course. However, we were unable to explore non-linearities, interactions, or time-varying effects.
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