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Isik FB, Knight HM, Rajkumar AP. Extracellular vesicle microRNA-mediated transcriptional regulation may contribute to dementia with Lewy bodies molecular pathology. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2024; 36:29-38. [PMID: 37339939 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2023.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common dementia. Advancing our limited understanding of its molecular pathogenesis is essential for identifying novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for DLB. DLB is an α-synucleinopathy, and small extracellular vesicles (SEV) from people with DLB can transmit α-synuclein oligomerisation between cells. Post-mortem DLB brains and serum SEV from those with DLB share common miRNA signatures, and their functional implications are uncertain. Hence, we aimed to investigate potential targets of DLB-associated SEV miRNA and to analyse their functional implications. METHODS We identified potential targets of six previously reported differentially expressed miRNA genes in serum SEV of people with DLB (MIR26A1, MIR320C2, MIR320D2, MIR548BA, MIR556, and MIR4722) using miRBase and miRDB databases. We analysed functional implications of these targets using EnrichR gene set enrichment analysis and analysed their protein interactions using Reactome pathway analysis. RESULTS These SEV miRNA may regulate 4278 genes that were significantly enriched among the genes involved in neuronal development, cell-to-cell communication, vesicle-mediated transport, apoptosis, regulation of cell cycle, post-translational protein modifications, and autophagy lysosomal pathway, after Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate correction at 5%. The miRNA target genes and their protein interactions were significantly associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders and with multiple signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, and cytokine signalling pathways. CONCLUSION Our findings provide in-silico evidence that potential targets of DLB-associated SEV miRNAs may contribute to Lewy pathology by transcriptional regulation. Experimental validation of these dysfunctional pathways is warranted and could lead to novel therapeutic avenues for DLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Busra Isik
- School of Life Science, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Helen Miranda Knight
- School of Life Science, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Anto P Rajkumar
- Institute of Mental Health, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences Academic Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Mental Health Services for Older People, Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Nottingham, UK
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2
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Goddard TR, Brookes KJ, Sharma R, Moemeni A, Rajkumar AP. Dementia with Lewy Bodies: Genomics, Transcriptomics, and Its Future with Data Science. Cells 2024; 13:223. [PMID: 38334615 PMCID: PMC10854541 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a significant public health issue. It is the second most common neurodegenerative dementia and presents with severe neuropsychiatric symptoms. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses have provided some insight into disease pathology. Variants within SNCA, GBA, APOE, SNCB, and MAPT have been shown to be associated with DLB in repeated genomic studies. Transcriptomic analysis, conducted predominantly on candidate genes, has identified signatures of synuclein aggregation, protein degradation, amyloid deposition, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the upregulation of heat-shock proteins in DLB. Yet, the understanding of DLB molecular pathology is incomplete. This precipitates the current clinical position whereby there are no available disease-modifying treatments or blood-based diagnostic biomarkers. Data science methods have the potential to improve disease understanding, optimising therapeutic intervention and drug development, to reduce disease burden. Genomic prediction will facilitate the early identification of cases and the timely application of future disease-modifying treatments. Transcript-level analyses across the entire transcriptome and machine learning analysis of multi-omic data will uncover novel signatures that may provide clues to DLB pathology and improve drug development. This review will discuss the current genomic and transcriptomic understanding of DLB, highlight gaps in the literature, and describe data science methods that may advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Goddard
- Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences Academic Unit, Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK
| | - Keeley J. Brookes
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Riddhi Sharma
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- UK Health Security Agency, Radiation Effects Department, Radiation Protection Science Division, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Armaghan Moemeni
- School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK
| | - Anto P. Rajkumar
- Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences Academic Unit, Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK
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3
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Del Campo M, Vermunt L, Peeters CFW, Sieben A, Hok-A-Hin YS, Lleó A, Alcolea D, van Nee M, Engelborghs S, van Alphen JL, Arezoumandan S, Chen-Plotkin A, Irwin DJ, van der Flier WM, Lemstra AW, Teunissen CE. CSF proteome profiling reveals biomarkers to discriminate dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer´s disease. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5635. [PMID: 37704597 PMCID: PMC10499811 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41122-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is challenging and specific biofluid biomarkers are highly needed. We employed proximity extension-based assays to measure 665 proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with DLB (n = 109), Alzheimer´s disease (AD, n = 235) and cognitively unimpaired controls (n = 190). We identified over 50 CSF proteins dysregulated in DLB, enriched in myelination processes among others. The dopamine biosynthesis enzyme DDC was the strongest dysregulated protein, and could efficiently discriminate DLB from controls and AD (AUC:0.91 and 0.81 respectively). Classification modeling unveiled a 7-CSF biomarker panel that better discriminate DLB from AD (AUC:0.93). A custom multiplex panel for six of these markers (DDC, CRH, MMP-3, ABL1, MMP-10, THOP1) was developed and validated in independent cohorts, including an AD and DLB autopsy cohort. This DLB CSF proteome study identifies DLB-specific protein changes and translates these findings to a practicable biomarker panel that accurately identifies DLB patients, providing promising diagnostic and clinical trial testing opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Del Campo
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Barcelonaßeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lisa Vermunt
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carel F W Peeters
- Mathematical & Statistical Methods group (Biometris), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Sieben
- Lab of neuropathology, Neurobiobank, Institute Born-Bunge, Antwerp University, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Yanaika S Hok-A-Hin
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU) - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Center of Biomedical Investigation Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU) - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
- Center of Biomedical Investigation Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mirrelijn van Nee
- Department of Epidemiology & Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Neuroprotection and Neuromodulation Research Group (NEUR), Brussels, Belgium
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Department of Neurology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Juliette L van Alphen
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanaz Arezoumandan
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alice Chen-Plotkin
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David J Irwin
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology & Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Afina W Lemstra
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sigdel S, Swenson S, Wang J. Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13161. [PMID: 37685965 PMCID: PMC10487947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of people worldwide. The likelihood of developing a neurodegenerative disease rises dramatically as life expectancy increases. Although it has drawn significant attention, there is still a lack of proper effective treatments for neurodegenerative disease because the mechanisms of its development and progression are largely unknown. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small bi-lipid layer-enclosed nanosized particles in tissues and biological fluids. EVs are emerging as novel intercellular messengers and regulate a series of biological responses. Increasing evidence suggests that EVs are involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we summarize the recent findings of EVs in neurodegenerative diseases and bring up the limitations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jinju Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA; (S.S.); (S.S.)
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Loveland PM, Yu JJ, Churilov L, Yassi N, Watson R. Investigation of Inflammation in Lewy Body Dementia: A Systematic Scoping Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12116. [PMID: 37569491 PMCID: PMC10418754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory mechanisms are increasingly recognized as important contributors to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Lewy body dementia (LBD). Our objectives were to, firstly, review inflammation investigation methods in LBD (dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia) and, secondly, identify alterations in inflammatory signals in LBD compared to people without neurodegenerative disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. A systematic scoping review was performed by searching major electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and PSYCHInfo) to identify relevant human studies. Of the 2509 results screened, 80 studies were included. Thirty-six studies analyzed postmortem brain tissue, and 44 investigated living subjects with cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and/or brain imaging assessments. Largely cross-sectional data were available, although two longitudinal clinical studies investigated prodromal Lewy body disease. Investigations were focused on inflammatory immune cell activity (microglia, astrocytes, and lymphocytes) and inflammatory molecules (cytokines, etc.). Results of the included studies identified innate and adaptive immune system contributions to inflammation associated with Lewy body pathology and clinical disease features. Different signals in early and late-stage disease, with possible late immune senescence and dystrophic glial cell populations, were identified. The strength of these associations is limited by the varying methodologies, small study sizes, and cross-sectional nature of the data. Longitudinal studies investigating associations with clinical and other biomarker outcomes are needed to improve understanding of inflammatory activity over the course of LBD. This could identify markers of disease activity and support therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M. Loveland
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3000, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3000, Australia
| | - Jenny J. Yu
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3000, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3000, Australia
| | - Leonid Churilov
- Department of Neurology, Melbourne Brain Centre, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3000, Australia
- Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3000, Australia
| | - Nawaf Yassi
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3000, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3000, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Melbourne Brain Centre, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3000, Australia
| | - Rosie Watson
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3000, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3000, Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dementia is a syndrome with several possible pathologies. To date, definitive methods for diagnosis and treatment of sub-types of dementia have not been established. Emerging evidence suggests that exosomes can provide important information for the diagnosis and treatment of several subtypes of dementia. This article reviews recent studies on the application of exosomes in dementia. RECENT FINDINGS Exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) through transporting toxic proteins such as amyloid beta (Aβ), tau, and α-synuclein. Exosomal microRNAs (miR) and proteins reflect the disease state, and therefore, exosomes can be used as diagnostic markers for diseases such as AD, PD, Huntington's disease (HD), vascular dementia (VaD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes have been shown to ameliorate disease pathology, and improve cognitive function in AD, PD, and VAD. SUMMARY Recent studies have shown that exosomes could be novel diagnostic agents for dementia because they contain molecules that could be potential biomarker candidates indicative of the type and stage of dementia. Therapeutic application of exosomes in dementia has revealed that exosomes only, or exosomes loaded with an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), ameliorate disease phenotype of dementia. Further work is needed to exploit this potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Su Joo
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang
| | - Ha Yeong Jeon
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang
| | - Eun Be Hong
- INEXOPLAT, Inc. M2704, 32, Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Young Kim
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang
| | - Jung Min Lee
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang
- INEXOPLAT, Inc. M2704, 32, Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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7
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Rommer PS, Bsteh G, Zrzavy T, Hoeftberger R, Berger T. Immunosenescence in Neurological Diseases-Is There Enough Evidence? Biomedicines 2022; 10:2864. [PMID: 36359383 PMCID: PMC9687682 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging of the immune system has recently attracted a lot of attention. Immune senescence describes changes that the immune system undergoes over time. The importance of immune senescence in neurological diseases is increasingly discussed. For this review, we considered studies that investigated cellular changes in the aging immune system and in neurological disease. Twenty-six studies were included in our analysis (for the following diseases: multiple sclerosis, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and dementia). The studies differed considerably in terms of the patient groups included and the cell types studied. Evidence for immunosenescence in neurological diseases is currently very limited. Prospective studies in well-defined patient groups with appropriate control groups, as well as comprehensive methodology and reporting, are essential prerequisites to generate clear insights into immunosenescence in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulus S Rommer
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriel Bsteh
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Zrzavy
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Hoeftberger
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Comprohensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Donaghy PC, Cockell SJ, Martin-Ruiz C, Coxhead J, Kane J, Erskine D, Koss D, Taylor JP, Morris CM, O'Brien JT, Thomas AJ. Blood mRNA Expression in Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia With Lewy Bodies. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2022; 30:964-975. [PMID: 35283023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of genes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), both at the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia stages, to improve our understanding of disease pathophysiology and investigate the potential for diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers based on mRNA expression. DESIGN Cross-sectional observational study. SETTING University research center. PARTICIPANTS People with MCI with Lewy bodies (MCI-LB, n=55), MCI-AD (n=19), DLB (n=38), AD (n=24) and a cognitively unimpaired comparison group (n=28). MEASUREMENTS Ribonucleic acid sequencing of whole blood. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and gene set enrichment analysis was carried out. RESULTS Compared with the cognitively unimpaired group, there were 22 DEGs in MCI-LB/DLB and 61 DEGs in MCI-AD/AD. DEGS were also identified when comparing the two disease groups. Expression of ANP32A was associated with more rapid cognitive decline in MCI-AD/AD. Gene set enrichment analysis identified downregulation in gene sets including MYC targets and oxidative phosphorylation in MCI-LB/DLB; upregulation of immune and inflammatory responses in MCI-AD/AD; and upregulation of interferon-α and -γ responses in MCI-AD/AD compared with MCI-LB/DLB. CONCLUSION This study identified multiple DEGs in MCI-LB/DLB and MCI-AD/AD. One of these DEGs, ANP32A, may be a prognostic marker in AD. Genes related to mitochondrial function were downregulated in MCI-LB/DLB. Previously reported upregulation of genes associated with inflammation and immune responses in MCI-AD/AD was confirmed in this cohort. Differences in interferon responses between MCI-AD/AD and MCI-LB/DLB suggest that there are key differences in peripheral immune responses between these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Donaghy
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute (PCD, DE, DK, JPT, CMM, AJT), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Simon J Cockell
- School of Biomedical, Nutrition and Sports Sciences (SJC), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Martin-Ruiz
- Biosciences Institute (CMR, JC), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Coxhead
- Biosciences Institute (CMR, JC), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Kane
- Centre for Public Health (JK), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Erskine
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute (PCD, DE, DK, JPT, CMM, AJT), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David Koss
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute (PCD, DE, DK, JPT, CMM, AJT), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute (PCD, DE, DK, JPT, CMM, AJT), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Morris
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute (PCD, DE, DK, JPT, CMM, AJT), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry (JTO), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J Thomas
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute (PCD, DE, DK, JPT, CMM, AJT), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Rajkumar AP. Progressing Towards Blood Based Diagnostic RNA Biomarkers for Dementia With Lewy Bodies. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2022; 30:976-978. [PMID: 35370081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anto P Rajkumar
- Institute of Mental Health, Mental health and clinical neurosciences academic unit, Jubilee Campus, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK; Mental health services of older people, Nottinghamshire healthcare NHS foundation trust, Nottingham, NG3 6AA, UK.
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Exosomes in Alpha-Synucleinopathies: Propagators of Pathology or Potential Candidates for Nanotherapeutics? Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070957. [PMID: 35883513 PMCID: PMC9313025 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological accumulation of alpha-synuclein governs the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy, collectively termed alpha-synucleinopathies. Alpha-synuclein can be released in the extracellular space, partly via exosomes, and this extracellular protein pool may contribute to disease progression by facilitating the spread of pathological alpha-synuclein or activating immune cells. The content of exosomes depends on their origin and includes specific proteins, lipids, functional mRNAs and various non-coding RNAs. Given their ability to mediate intercellular communication via the transport of multilevel information, exosomes are considered to be transporters of toxic agents. Beyond neurons, glial cells also release exosomes, which may contain inflammatory molecules and this glia-to-neuron or neuron-to-glia transmission of exosomal alpha-synuclein may contribute to the propagation of pathology and neuroinflammation throughout the brain. In addition, as their content varies as per their originating and recipient cells, these vesicles can be utilized as a diagnostic biomarker for early disease detection, whereas targeted exosomes may be used as scaffolds to deliver therapeutic agents into the brain. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the role of exosomes in the progression of alpha-synuclein-related pathology and their potential use as biomarkers and nanotherapeutics in alpha-synucleinopathies.
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Small but Mighty-Exosomes, Novel Intercellular Messengers in Neurodegeneration. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030413. [PMID: 35336787 PMCID: PMC8945199 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Exosomes are biological nanoparticles recently recognized as intercellular messengers. They contain a cargo of lipids, proteins, and RNA. They can transfer their content to not only cells in the vicinity but also to cells at a distance. This unique ability empowers them to modulate the physiology of recipient cells. In brain, exosomes play a role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Abstract Exosomes of endosomal origin are one class of extracellular vesicles that are important in intercellular communication. Exosomes are released by all cells in our body and their cargo consisting of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids has a footprint reflective of their parental origin. The exosomal cargo has the power to modulate the physiology of recipient cells in the vicinity of the releasing cells or cells at a distance. Harnessing the potential of exosomes relies upon the purity of exosome preparation. Hence, many methods for isolation have been developed and we provide a succinct summary of several methods. In spite of the seclusion imposed by the blood–brain barrier, cells in the CNS are not immune from exosomal intrusive influences. Both neurons and glia release exosomes, often in an activity-dependent manner. A brief description of exosomes released by different cells in the brain and their role in maintaining CNS homeostasis is provided. The hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases is the accumulation of protein aggregates. Recent studies implicate exosomes’ intercellular communicator role in the spread of misfolded proteins aiding the propagation of pathology. In this review, we discuss the potential contributions made by exosomes in progression of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Understanding contributions made by exosomes in pathogenesis of neurodegeneration opens the field for employing exosomes as therapeutic agents for drug delivery to brain since exosomes do cross the blood–brain barrier.
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