Repair of Paraesophageal Hiatal Hernias—Is a Fundoplication Needed? A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial

Systematic review of the perioperative classification, diagnosis, description and repair of hiatus hernias in randomized controlled trials

Hiatus hernias (HH) are a common cause of symptoms and complications, with considerable variation in anatomy, function, diagnosis and treatment. We undertook the first systematic review to appraise how HH are diagnosed and classified in the literature, using randomized controlled trials as a sample. A search was performed in July 2021of the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and 2832 articles were identified and 64 were included. Median Jadad score was 2. Studies demonstrated considerable variation in diagnosis, classification and minimum surgical steps. The commonest classifications before surgery were axial length and the Type I-IV classification, variably assessed by endoscopy and contrast swallow. Intra-operatively, the commonest classification was type I-IV. A minority used more than one classification, or alternatives such as defect size and Hill classification. Most studies reported minimum steps, but these varied. Only a minority reported criteria for diagnosing recurrence. Using randomized controlled trials to appraise the highest quality evidence in the literature, we found considerable variation and inconsistency in the way HH are diagnosed and classified. This lack of a 'common language' has significant impacts for the generalizability of evidence, study synthesis and design. We propose the development of an internationally accepted classification. We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome. We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. We further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us.

SAGES guidelines for the surgical treatment of hiatal hernias

BACKGROUND

Hiatal hernia (HH) is a common condition. A multidisciplinary expert panel was convened to develop evidence-based recommendations to support clinicians, patients, and others in decisions regarding the treatment of HH.

METHODS

Systematic reviews were conducted for four key questions regarding the treatment of HH in adults: surgical treatment of asymptomatic HH versus surveillance; use of mesh versus no mesh; performing a fundoplication versus no fundoplication; and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) versus redo fundoplication for recurrent HH. Evidence-based recommendations were formulated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations methodology by subject experts. When the evidence was insufficient to base recommendations on, expert opinion was utilized instead. Recommendations for future research were also proposed.

RESULTS

The panel provided one conditional recommendation and two expert opinions for adults with HH. The panel suggested routinely performing a fundoplication in the repair of HH, though this was based on low certainty evidence. There was insufficient evidence to make evidence-based recommendations regarding surgical repair of asymptomatic HH or conversion to RYGB in recurrent HH, and therefore, only expert opinions were offered. The panel suggested that select asymptomatic patients may be offered surgical repair, with criteria outlined. Similarly, it suggested that conversion to RYGB for management of recurrent HH may be appropriate in certain patients and again described criteria. The evidence for the routine use of mesh in HH repair was equivocal and the panel deferred making a recommendation.

CONCLUSIONS

These recommendations should provide guidance regarding surgical decision-making in the treatment of HH and highlight the importance of shared decision-making and consideration of patient values to optimize outcomes. Pursuing the identified research needs will improve the evidence base and may allow for stronger recommendations in future evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of HH.

Management of symptomatic, asymptomatic, and recurrent hiatal hernia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The surgical management of hiatal hernia remains controversial. We aimed to compare outcomes of mesh versus no mesh and fundoplication versus no fundoplication in symptomatic patients; surgery versus observation in asymptomatic patients; and redo hernia repair versus conversion to Roux-en-Y reconstruction in recurrent hiatal hernia.

METHODS

We searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and the ClinicalTrials.gov databases between 2000 and 2022 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), observational studies, and case series (asymptomatic and recurrent hernias). Screening was performed by two trained independent reviewers. Pooled analyses were performed on comparative data. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and Newcastle Ottawa Scale for randomized and non-randomized studies, respectively.

RESULTS

We included 45 studies from 5152 retrieved records. Only six RCTs had low risk of bias. Mesh was associated with a lower recurrence risk (RR = 0.50, 95%CI 0.28, 0.88; I2 = 57%) in observational studies but not RCTs (RR = 0.98, 95%CI 0.47, 2.02; I2 = 34%), and higher total early dysphagia based on five observational studies (RR = 1.44, 95%CI 1.10, 1.89; I2 = 40%) but was not statistically significant in RCTs (RR = 3.00, 95%CI 0.64, 14.16). There was no difference in complications, reintervention, heartburn, reflux, or quality of life. There were no appropriate studies comparing surgery to observation in asymptomatic patients. Fundoplication resulted in higher early dysphagia in both observational studies and RCTs ([RR = 2.08, 95%CI 1.16, 3.76] and [RR = 20.58, 95%CI 1.34, 316.69]) but lower reflux in RCTs (RR = 0.31, 95%CI 0.17, 0.56, I2 = 0%). Conversion to Roux-en-Y was associated with a lower reintervention risk after 30 days compared to redo surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

The evidence for optimal management of symptomatic and recurrent hiatal hernia remains controversial, underpinned by studies with a high risk of bias. Shared decision making between surgeon and patient is essential for optimal outcomes.

Functional results after hiatal repair and gastropexy without fundoplication in patients with paraoesophageal hernia

PURPOSE

Paraoesophageal hernias (PEH) are associated with a high complication rate and often occur in elderly and fragile patients. Surgical gastropexy without fundoplication is an accepted alternative procedure; however, outcomes and functional results are rarely described. Our study aims to evaluate short-term outcomes and the long-term quality of life after gastropexy as treatment for PEH.

METHODS

Single center cohort analysis of all consecutive patients who underwent gastropexy for PEH without fundoplication. Postoperative outcomes and functional results were retrospectively collected. Reflux symptoms developed postoperatively were reported using the validated quality of life questionnaire: GERD-Health Related Quality of Life Qestionnaire (GERD-HRQL).

RESULTS

Thirty patients (median age: 72 years (65-80)) were included, 40% classified as ASA III. Main PEH symptoms were reflux (63%), abdominal/thoracic pain (47%), pyrosis (33%), anorexia (30%), and food blockage (26%). Twenty-six laparoscopies were performed (86%). Major complications (III-IVb) occurred in 9 patients (30%). Seven patients (23%) had PEH recurrence, all re-operated, performing a new gastropexy. Median follow-up was 38 (17-50) months. Twenty-two patients (75%) reported symptoms resolution with median GERD-HRQL scale of 4 (1-6). 72% (n = 21) reported operation satisfaction. GERD-HRQL was comparable between patients who were re-operated for recurrence and others: 5 (2-19) versus 3 (0-6), p = 0.100.

CONCLUSION

Gastropexy without fundoplication was performed by laparoscopy in most cases with acceptable complications rates. Two-thirds of patients reported symptoms resolution, and long-term quality-of-live associated to reflux symptoms is good. Although the rate of PEH recurrence requiring a new re-intervention remained increased (23%), it does not seem to affect long-term functional results.

Fundoplication at the time of paraesophageal hernia repair may not reduce postoperative reflux

Hiatal hernias are observed in approximately 15% to 20% of the population in Western society. Most patients are diagnosed with a sliding-type hiatal hernia, of which gastroesophageal reflux is the predominant driving symptom. Surgical repair of these types of hernias often involves a wrap procedure during the index operation as standard of care. For type 2, 3, and 4 hernias, also known as paraesophageal hernias (PEHs), the symptom complexes vary and often involve symptoms other than reflux, including dysphagia, anemia, shortness of breath, and chest pain. We sought to evaluate whether patients who underwent PEH repair without fundoplication reported different rates of postoperative symptoms compared with those who did.

Hiatal Hernia Repair With Tension-Free Mesh or Crural Sutures Alone in Antireflux Surgery: A 13-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance

Antireflux surgery is an effective treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), but the durability of concomitant hiatal hernia repair remains challenging. Previous research reported that the use of a mesh-reinforced, tension-free technique was associated with more dysphagia for solid foods after 3 years without reducing hiatal hernia recurrence rates compared with crural sutures alone, but the long-term effects of this technique have not been assessed.

Objective

To assess the long-term anatomical and functional outcomes of using a mesh for hiatal hernia repair in patients with GERD.

Design, Setting, and Participants

A double-blind, randomized clinical trial was performed at a single center (Ersta Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden) from January 11, 2006, to December 1, 2010. A total of 159 patients were recruited and randomly assigned. Data for the current analysis were collected from September 1, 2021, to March 31, 2022. All analyses were conducted with the intention-to-treat population.

Interventions

Closure of the diaphragmatic hiatus with crural sutures alone vs a tension-free technique using a nonabsorbable polytetrafluoroethylene mesh (Bard CruraSoft).

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was radiologically verified recurrent hiatal hernia after more than 10 years. Secondary outcomes were dysphagia scores (ranging from 1 to 4, with 1 indicating no episodes of dysphagia and 4 indicating more than 3 episodes of dysphagia per day) for solid and liquid foods, generic 36-Item Short Form Health Survey and disease-specific Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale symptom assessment scores, proton pump inhibitor consumption, and reoperation rates. Intergroup comparisons of parametric data were performed using t tests; for nonparametric data, Mann-Whitney U, χ2, or Fisher exact tests were used. For intragroup comparisons vs the baseline at follow-up times, the Friedman test was used, and post hoc analysis was performed using Wilcoxon matched pairs.

Results

Of 145 available patients, follow-up data were obtained from 103 (response rate 71%; mean [SD] age at follow-up, 65 [11.3] years; 55 [53%] female), with 53 initially randomly assigned to mesh reinforcement, and 50 to crural suture alone. The mean (SD) follow-up time was 13 (1.1) years. The verified radiologic hiatal hernia recurrence rates were 11 of 29 (38%) in the mesh group vs 11 of 35 (31%) in the suture group (P = .61). However, 13 years postoperatively, mean (SD) dysphagia scores for solids remained significantly higher in the mesh group (mean [SD], 1.9 [0.7] vs 1.6 [0.9]; P = .01).

Conclusions and Relevance

Findings from this long-term follow-up of a randomized clinical trial suggest that tension-free crural repair with nonabsorbable mesh does not reduce the incidence of hiatal hernia recurrence 13 years postoperatively. This finding combined with maintained higher dysphagia scores does not support the routine use of tension-free polytetrafluoroethylene mesh closure in laparoscopic hiatal hernia repair for treatment of GERD.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05069493.

Evidence mapping on how to perform an optimal surgical repair of large hiatal hernias

BACKGROUND

Symptomatic and large hiatal hernia (HH) is a common disorder requiring surgical management. However, there is a lack of systematic, evidence-based recommendations summarizing recent reviews on surgical treatment of symptomatic HH. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to create evidence mapping on the key technical issues of HH repair based on the highest available evidence.

METHODS

A systematic review identified studies on eight key issues of large symptomatic HH repair. The literature was screened for the highest level of evidence (LE from level 1 to 5) according to the Oxford Center for evidence-based medicine's scale. For each topic, only studies of the highest available level of evidence were considered.

RESULTS

Out of the 28.783 studies matching the keyword algorithm, 47 were considered. The following recommendations could be deduced: minimally invasive surgery is the recommended approach (LE 1a); a complete hernia sac dissection should be considered (LE 3b); extensive division of short gastric vessels cannot be recommended; however, limited dissection of the most upper vessels may be helpful for a floppy fundoplication (LE 1a); vagus nerve should be preserved (LE 3b); a dorso-ventral cruroplasty is recommended (LE 1b); routine fundoplication should be considered to prevent postoperative gastroesophageal reflux (LE 2b); posterior partial fundoplication should be favored over other forms of fundoplication (LE 1a); mesh augmentation is indicated in large HH with paraesophageal involvement (LE 1a).

CONCLUSION

The current evidence mapping is a reasonable instrument based on the best evidence available to guide surgeons in determining optimal symptomatic and large HH repair.

Trends in outcomes of 862 giant hiatus hernia repairs over 30 years

PURPOSE

Laparoscopic giant hiatus hernia repair is technically difficult with ongoing debate regarding the most effective surgical technique. Repair of small hernia has been well described but data for giant hernia is variable. This study evaluated trends in outcomes of laparoscopic non-mesh repair of giant paraesophageal hernia (PEH) over 30 years.

METHODS

Retrospective analysis of a single-surgeon prospective database. Laparoscopic non-mesh repairs for giant PEH between 1991 and 2021 included. Three-hundred-sixty-degree fundoplication was performed routinely, evolving into "composite repair" (esophagopexy and cardiopexy to the right crus). Cases were chronologically divided into tertiles based on operation date (Group 1, 1991-2002; Group 2, 2003-2012; Group 3, 2012-2021) with trends in casemix, operative factors and outcomes evaluated. Hernia recurrence was plotted using weighted moving average and cumulative sum (CUSUM) analysis.

RESULTS

862 giant PEH repairs met selection criteria. There was an increasing proportion of "composite repair" after the first decade (Group 1, 2.7%; Group 2, 81.9%; Group 3, 100%; p < 0.001). There were less anatomical hernia recurrence (Group 1, 36.6%; Group 2, 22.9%; Group 3, 22.7%; p < 0.001) and symptomatic recurrence (Group 1, 34.2%; Group 2, 21.9%; Group 3, 7%; p < 0.001) over time. The incidence of anatomical recurrence declined over time, decreasing from 30.8% and plateauing below 17.6% near the study's end. Median followup (months) in the first decade was higher but followup between the latter two decades comparable (Group 1, 49 [IQR 20, 81]; Group 2, 30 [IQR 15, 65]; Group 3, 24 [14, 56]; p < 0.001). There were 10 (1.2%) Clavien-Dindo grade ≥ III complications including two perioperative deaths (0.2%).

CONCLUSION

Hernia recurrence rates decreased with increasing case volume. This coincided with the increasing adoption of "composite repair", supporting the possible improvement in recurrence rates with this approach.

EAES Multidisciplinary Rapid Guideline: systematic review, meta-analysis, GRADE assessment and evidence-informed recommendations on the surgical management of paraesophageal hernias

BACKGROUND

New evidence has emerged since latest guidelines on the management of paraesophageal hernia, and guideline development methodology has evolved. Members of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery have prioritized the management of paraesophageal hernia to be addressed by pertinent recommendations.

OBJECTIVE

To develop evidence-informed clinical practice recommendations on paraesophageal hernias, through evidence synthesis and a structured evidence-to-decision framework by an interdisciplinary panel of stakeholders.

METHODS

We performed three systematic reviews, and we summarized and appraised the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE methodology. A panel of general and upper gastrointestinal surgeons, gastroenterologists and a patient advocate discussed the evidence in the context of benefits and harms, the certainty of the evidence, acceptability, feasibility, equity, cost and use of resources, moderated by a Guidelines International Network-certified master guideline developer and chair. We developed the recommendations in a consensus meeting, followed by a modified Delphi survey.

RESULTS

The panel suggests surgery over conservative management for asymptomatic/minimally symptomatic paraesophageal hernias (conditional recommendation), and recommends conservative management over surgery for asymptomatic/minimally symptomatic paraesophageal hernias in frail patients (strong recommendation). Further, the panel suggests mesh over sutures for hiatal closure in paraesophageal hernia repair, fundoplication over gastropexy in elective paraesophageal hernia repair, and gastropexy over fundoplication in patients who have cardiopulmonary instability and require emergency paraesophageal hernia repair (conditional recommendation). A strong recommendation means that the proposed course of action is appropriate for the vast majority of patients. A conditional recommendation means that most patients would opt for the proposed course of action, and joint decision-making of the surgeon and the patient is required. Accompanying evidence summaries and evidence-to-decision frameworks should be read when using the recommendations. This guideline applies to adult patients with moderate to large paraesophageal hernias type II to IV with at least 50% of the stomach herniated to the thoracic cavity. The full guideline with user-friendly decision aids is available in https://app.magicapp.org/#/guideline/j7q7Gn .

CONCLUSION

An interdisciplinary panel provides recommendations on key topics on the management of paraesophageal hernias using highest methodological standards and following a transparent process.

GUIDELINE REGISTRATION NUMBER

PREPARE-2023CN018.

Percentage of intrathoracic stomach predicts operative and post-operative morbidity, persistent reflux and PPI requirement following laparoscopic hiatus hernia repair and fundoplication

PURPOSE

Large hiatus hernias are relatively common and can be associated with adverse symptoms and serious complications. Operative repair is indicated in this patient group for symptom management and the prevention of morbidity. This study aimed to identify predictors of poor outcomes following laparoscopic hiatus hernia repair and fundoplication (LHHRaF) to aid in counselling potential surgical candidates.

METHODOLOGY

A retrospective analysis was performed from a prospectively maintained, multicentre database of patients who underwent LHHRaF between 2014 and 2020. Revision procedures were excluded. Hernia size was defined as the intraoperative percentage of intrathoracic stomach, estimated by the surgeon to the nearest 10%. Predictors of outcomes were determined using a prespecified multivariate logistic regression model.

RESULTS

625 patients underwent LHHRaF between 2014 and 2020 with 443 patients included. Median age was 65 years, 62.9% were female and 42.7% of patients had ≥ 50% intrathoracic stomach. In a multivariate regression model, intrathoracic stomach percentage was predictive of operative complications (P = 0.014, OR 1.05), post-operative complications (P = 0.026, OR 1.01) and higher comprehensive complication index score (P = 0.023, OR 1.04). At 12 months it was predictive of failure to improve symptomatic reflux (P = 0.008, OR 1.02) and persistent PPI requirement (P = 0.047, OR 1.02). Operative duration and blood loss were predicted by BMI (P = 0.004 and < 0.001), Type III/IV hernias (P = 0.045 and P = 0.005) and intrathoracic stomach percentage (P = 0.009 and P < 0.001). Post-operative length of stay was predicted by age (P < 0.001) and emergency presentation (P = 0.003).

CONCLUSION

In a multivariate regression model, intrathoracic stomach percentage was predictive of operative and post-operative morbidity, PPI use, and failure to improve reflux symptoms at 12 months.

Tension-free hiatal hernia repair with biological mesh: A real-world experience

Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication and esophagoplasty are the standards for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and hiatal hernia (HH) repair. Biologically derived mesh is also associated with reduced recurrence. This study attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of a biological mesh in the 4K laparoscopic repair of HH. This retrospective study reviewed patients with a severe GERD complicated with HH from August 2019 to August 2020. All patients underwent the HH repair using a biological mesh under a 4K laparoscope accompanying Nissen fundoplication. Up to 16 months postoperatively, GERD-health-related quality-of-life (GERD-HRQL) scale, radiologic studies on HH recurrence, and symptoms were recorded. The mean surgical time and postoperative hospital stay were 70.9 ± 8.72 min, 4.8 ± 0.76 days, respectively. The postoperative symptom relief rate was 96.5%, and no recurrence exhibited during follow-up. Dysphagia occurred in 10 (9.43%) patients. There were no intraoperative vagus nerve injury or postoperative complications, mesh infection, and reoperation for mesh. The tension-free repair of HH with the biological mesh is an option for clinical use, with effectiveness and few short-term complications being reported.

Minimally Invasive Abdominal Repair of a Giant Paraesophageal Hiatal Hernia with Occupation of the Right Thorax in a 53-Year-Old Man

Paraesophageal giant hiatal hernia is a rare condition associated with serious complications if not treated surgically. There are no reports of the minimally invasive abdominal repair of a giant hiatal hernia of the stomach almost entirely occupying the right thoracic cavity. The most common clinical presentation includes pathological gastroesophageal reflux, dysphagia, chest pain, or respiratory symptoms such as chronic cough or dyspnoea. Chest computed tomography, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, and high-resolution oesophageal manometry are used to indicate the best treatment. This article reports the minimally invasive abdominal repair of a case of paraesophageal giant hiatal hernia occupying the right thoracic cavity.

Is fundoplication necessary after paraesophageal hernia repair? A meta-analysis and systematic review

INTRODUCTION

Paraesophageal hernias are often asymptomatic, but when symptomatic they should be fixed laparoscopically. A cruroplasty of the diaphragmatic pillars is performed and a fundoplication is usually performed at the time. However, there are times, especially in emergency cases, where it is not always possible to perform a fundoplication. We hypothesized there would be no difference in outcomes whether or not a fundoplication is performed as part of a paraesophageal hernia repair.

METHODS

A literature review of available clinical databases was performed using PubMed, Clinical Key and Google Scholar. Our search terms were: "paraesophageal hernia" "paraesophageal hernia repair" "fundoplication" "emergency surgery" "no fundoplication" We excluded studies that were in languages other than English, abstracts and small case series.

RESULTS

Our search criteria yielded a total of 22 studies published between 1997 and 2020. There were a total of 8600 subjects enrolled into this study. The overall pooled prevalence of fundoplication were estimated as 69% (95% CI: 59%-78%). In patients who underwent fundoplication, the risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was reduced as compared to patients who did not undergo fundoplication (RR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.40-1.04, p = 0.069, I2 = 47.2%). A similar trend was also observed in recurrence (RR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.27-1.03, p = 0.061, I2 = 0.0%) and reoperations (RR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.02-2.69, p = 0.25, I2 = 56.7%). However, patients who underwent fundoplication had an increased risk of dysphagia (RR: 1.68, 95% CI: 0.59-4.81, p = 0.83, I2 = 42%).

CONCLUSIONS

There is a higher rate of recurrence of gastroesophageal reflux disease, recurrence of hernia and reoperation when no fundoplication is performed during a paraesophageal hernia repair but a lower risk of dysphagia, but none of these reached statistical significance.(Comment 1) Paraesophageal hernia repair with fundoplication should be performed, but it is acceptable to not do it in certain situations.

OUP accepted manuscript

Background

Fundoplication is an essential step in para-oesophageal hernia (POH) repair, but which type minimizes postoperative mechanical complications is controversial.

Methods

This was a randomized, double-blind clinical trial conducted between May 2009 and October 2018. Patients with symptomatic POH were allocated to either a total (Nissen) or a posterior partial (Toupet) fundoplication after hernia reduction and crural repair. The primary outcome was dysphagia (Ogilvie dysphagia scores) at 6 months postoperatively. Secondary outcomes were peri- and postoperative complications, swallowing difficulties assessed by the Dakkak dysphagia score, gastro-oesophageal reflux, quality of life (QoL), and radiologically confirmed hernia recurrence.

Results

A total of 70 patients were randomized to a Nissen (n = 32) or a Toupet (n = 38) fundoplication. Compared with baseline, Ogilvie dysphagia scores were stable at the 3- and 6-month follow-up in the Nissen group (P = 0.075 and 0.084 respectively) but significantly improved in the Toupet group (from baseline mean (s.d.): 1.4 (1.1) to 0.5 ( 0.8) at 3 months, and 0.5 (0.6) at 6 months; P = 0.003 and P = 0.001 respectively). At 6 months, Dakkak dysphagia scores were significantly higher in the Nissen group than in the Toupet group (mean (s.d.): 10.4 (7.9) versus 5.1 (7.2); P = 0.003). QoL scores improved throughout the follow-up. However, at 3 and 6 months postoperatively, the absolute median improvement (⍙) from preoperative values in the mental component scores of the Short Form-36 QoL questionnaire was significantly higher in the Toupet group (median (i.q.r.): 7.1 (−0.6 to 15.2) versus 1.0 (−5.4 to 3.3) at 3 months, and 11.2 (1.4 to 18.3) versus 0.4 (−9.4 to 7.5) at 6 months; (P = 0.010 and 0.003 respectively)). At 6 months, radiologically confirmed POH recurrence occurred in 11 of 24 patients (46 per cent) of the Nissen group and in 15 of 32 patients (47 per cent) of the Toupet group (P = 1.001).

Conclusions

A partial posterior wrap (Toupet fundoplication) showed reduced obstructive complications and improved QoL compared with a total (Nissen) fundoplication following POH repair.

Registration number: NCT04436159 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)

Paraesophageal hernia: to fundoplicate or not?

The need for an antireflux procedure during repair of a paraesophageal hernia (PEH) has been the subject of a long-standing controversy. With most centers now performing routine fundoplication during PEH repair, high-quality data on whether crural repair alone or using a mesh may provide adequate anti-reflux effect is still scarce. We sought to answer to the question: "Is fundoplication routinely needed during PEH repair?". Our endpoints were (I) rates of postoperative gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (either symptomatic or objectively assessed), (II) rates of recurrence, and (III) rates of postoperative dysphagia. We searched the MEDLINE, Cochrane, PubMed, and Embase databases for papers published between 1995 and 2019, selecting comparative cohort studies and only including papers reporting the rationale for performing or not performing fundoplication. Overall, nine papers were included for review. While four of the included studies recommended selective or no fundoplication, most of these data come from earlier retrospective studies. Higher-quality data from recent prospective studies including two randomized controlled trials recommended routine fundoplication, mostly due to a significantly lower incidence of postoperative GERD. However, only a relatively short follow-up of 12 months was presented, which we recognize as an important limitation. Fundoplication did not seem to result in reduced recurrence rates when compared to primary repair alone.

Management of paraesophageal hernia review of clinical studies: timing to surgery, mesh use, fundoplication, gastropexy and other controversies

Despite paraesophageal hernias (PEH) being a common disorder, several aspects of their management remain elusive. Elective surgery in asymptomatic patients, management of acute presentation, and other technical aspects such as utilization of mesh, fundoplication or gastropexy are some of the debated issues. The aim of this study was to review the available evidence in an attempt to clarify current controversial topics. PEH repair in an asymptomatic patient may be reasonable in selected patients to avoid potential morbidity of an emergent operation. In acute presentation, gastric decompression and resuscitation could allow to improve the patient's condition and refer the repair to a more experienced surgical team. When surgical repair is decided, laparoscopy is the optimal approach in most of the cases. Mesh should be used in selected patients such as those with large PEH or redo operations. While a fundoplication is recommended in the majority of patients to prevent postoperative reflux, a gastropexy can be used in selected cases to facilitate postoperative care.

Laparoscopic Hernia Repair and Fundoplication for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Antireflux surgery is challenging, and has become even more challenging with the introduction of alternative endoscopic and laparoscopic options for patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The Nissen fundoplication remains the gold standard for the durable relief of GERD symptoms and esophagitis. All antireflux procedures have a failure rate, and it is important to minimize factors that are associated with failure. The selection of patients for antireflux surgery as well as the choice of the procedure requires a thorough understanding of esophageal physiology and the pros and cons of various options.

Massive hiatal hernia involving prolapse of the entire stomach and pancreas resulting in pancreatitis and bile duct dilatation: a case report

Background

Hiatal hernia is defined by the permanent or intermittent prolapse of any abdominal structure into the chest through the diaphragmatic esophageal hiatus. Prolapse of the stomach, intestine, transverse colon, and spleen is relatively common, but herniation of the pancreas is a rare condition. We describe a case of acute pancreatitis and bile duct dilatation secondary to a massive hiatal hernia of pancreatic body and tail.

Case presentation

An 86-year-old woman with hiatal hernia who complained of epigastric pain and vomiting was admitted to our hospital. Blood tests revealed a hyperamylasemia and abnormal liver function test. Computed tomography revealed prolapse of the massive hiatal hernia, containing the stomach and pancreatic body and tail, with peripancreatic fluid in the posterior mediastinal space as a sequel to pancreatitis. In addition, intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts were seen to be dilated and deformed. After conservative treatment for pancreatitis, an elective operation was performed. There was a strong adhesion between the hernial sac and the right diaphragmatic crus. After the stomach and pancreas were pulled into the abdominal cavity, the hiatal orifice was closed by silk thread sutures (primary repair), and the mesh was fixed in front of the hernial orifice. Toupet fundoplication and intraoperative endoscopy were performed. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course post-procedure.

Conclusion

A rare massive hiatal hernia, involving the stomach and pancreatic body and tail, can cause acute pancreatitis with bile duct dilatation. The etiology can be flexure of the main pancreatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. Symptomatic herniation is best treated with surgery. Elective surgery is thought to be safer than emergent surgery in patients with serious complications.

Large paraesophageal hernia in elderly patients: Two case reports of laparoscopic posterior cruroplasty and anterior gastropexy

BACKGROUND

Paraesophageal hernia (PEH) is a rare form of hiatal hernia, which commonly occurs in elderly people. Although asymptomatic, it can be associated with severe life-threatening complications, such as gastric volvulus. Surgical treatment is reserved for symptomatic patients. Herein, we present two cases of complicated PEH that were treated with laparoscopic posterior cruroplasty and anterior gastropexy.

CASE SUMMARY

An 88-year old woman presented with epigastric pain, hematemesis and food intolerance for the last two days. Physical exam revealed mild abdominal distention. Chest X-ray showed a left thoracic opacity, and barium swallow images showed a mixed type III PEH. Abdominal CT-scan images confirmed the diagnosis of incomplete gastric volvulus. The patient underwent a laparoscopic hernia reduction with sac excision, posterior cruroplasty and anterior gastropexy with continuous barbed suturing. The postoperative course was uneventful, and follow-up showed complete resolution of her symptoms. A 91-year old patient was admitted for dyspnea and fever, with vomiting and food intolerance for the last 7 days. Physical exam revealed absent sounds on both lungs. Chest X-ray showed a large left opacity. CT-scan images revealed a giant PEH with complete gastric volvulus. The patient underwent emergency laparoscopic hernia reduction and sac excision, with re-inforced posterior cruroplasty, and anterior gastropexy with continuous barbed suturing. There were no surgical complications, but the patient died on the 4^th day postoperatively due to respiratory failure.

CONCLUSION

Early laparoscopic posterior cruroplasty and anterior gastropexy is a safe and effective surgical alternative for elderly patients with comorbidities, presenting with symptomatic PEH.

How to select patients for antireflux surgery? The ICARUS guidelines (international consensus regarding preoperative examinations and clinical characteristics assessment to select adult patients for antireflux surgery)

OBJECTIVE

Antireflux surgery can be proposed in patients with GORD, especially when proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use leads to incomplete symptom improvement. However, to date, international consensus guidelines on the clinical criteria and additional technical examinations used in patient selection for antireflux surgery are lacking. We aimed at generating key recommendations in the selection of patients for antireflux surgery.

DESIGN

We included 35 international experts (gastroenterologists, surgeons and physiologists) in a Delphi process and developed 37 statements that were revised by the Consensus Group, to start the Delphi process. Three voting rounds followed where each statement was presented with the evidence summary. The panel indicated the degree of agreement for the statement. When 80% of the Consensus Group agreed (A+/A) with a statement, this was defined as consensus. All votes were mutually anonymous.

RESULTS

Patients with heartburn with a satisfactory response to PPIs, patients with a hiatal hernia (HH), patients with oesophagitis Los Angeles (LA) grade B or higher and patients with Barrett's oesophagus are good candidates for antireflux surgery. An endoscopy prior to antireflux surgery is mandatory and a barium swallow should be performed in patients with suspicion of a HH or short oesophagus. Oesophageal manometry is mandatory to rule out major motility disorders. Finally, oesophageal pH (±impedance) monitoring of PPI is mandatory to select patients for antireflux surgery, if endoscopy is negative for unequivocal reflux oesophagitis.

CONCLUSION

With the ICARUS guidelines, we generated key recommendations for selection of patients for antireflux surgery.

Minimally invasive surgery for large hiatal hernia

The majority of large hiatal hernias are paraesophageal hiatal hernias (PEH). Once prolapse of the stomach to the chest cavity reaches a high degree, it is called an intrathoracic stomach. More than 25 years have elapsed since laparoscopic surgery was carried out as minimally invasive surgery for PEH. The feasibility and safety thereof has nearly been established. PEH may cause serious complications such as strangulation and perforation. The outcome of elective repair of PEH is better than emergent repair, so we should carry out elective repair as much as possible. Although not a major clinical problem, following PEH repair the rate of anatomical recurrence increases with age. In order to reduce the recurrence rate, mesh reinforcement by crural repair has been widely performed. Although this improves the short-term outcomes, the long-term outcomes are unclear. For PEH repair, fundoplication and gastropexy are believed desirable. We should select the procedure associated with a lower incidence of dysphagia and so on following surgery. While relaxing incision is useful for primary tension-free closure, it has not contributed to improvement in the recurrence rate.

Role of fundoplication in treatment of patients with symptoms of hiatal hernia

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is often associated with hiatal hernia (HH). However, the need for fundoplication during hiatal hernia repair (HHR) remains controversial. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of HHR with concomitant laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (HHR-LNF) in HH patients. A total of 122 patients with symptomatic HH were randomized to receive either HHR (n = 61) or HHR-LNF (n = 61). The measures of evaluating outcomes included DeMeester scores (DMS), complications, Reflux Diagnostic Questionnaire and patients' satisfaction 24 months following surgery. Despite comparable values in both groups at randomization, the DMS, total numbers of reflux episodes and percentage of time with pH < 4 were significantly higher in HHR group than in HHR-LNF group (P = 0.017, P = 0.002 and P = 0.019, respectively) at 6 months after surgery. One months postoperatively, complications were higher in the HHR-LNF group than in the HHR group (all P < 0.001), and there was no difference between the two groups at 6 months. By the end of the 2-year follow-up, HHR-LNF group showed a significantly lower reflux syndrome frequency-intensity score and greater percentage of satisfaction compared with HHR group (all P < 0.001). Laparoscopic HHR should be combined with a fundoplication in GERD patients with HH. HHR-LNF is safe and effective, not only improve reflux-related symptom, but also reduce the incidence of complications.

Laparoscopic Hiatal Hernia Repair Followed by Transoral Incisionless Fundoplication With EsophyX Device (HH + TIF): Efficacy and Safety in Two Community Hospitals

The TIF (transoral incisionless fundoplication) 2.0 procedure is indicated for patients with a hiatal hernia less than 2 cm. Many patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) require hiatal hernia repair. This study examined the safety and efficacy when repairing defects in 2 anatomical structures (hiatus and lower esophageal sphincter) in a concomitant set of procedures in patients with hiatal hernias between 2 and 5 cm. Methods. Prospective data were collected from 99 patients who underwent hiatal hernia repair followed immediately by the TIF procedure (HH + -TIF). GERD-HRQL (Health-Related Quality of Life), RSI (Reflux Symptom Index), and GERSS (Gastroesophageal Reflux Symptom Score) questionnaires were administered before the procedure and mailed at 6 and 12 months. Results. Ninety-nine patients were enrolled, and all were symptomatic on PPI medications with hiatal hernias between 2 and 5 cm. Overall baseline GERD-HRQL scores indicated daily bothersome symptoms. At 12-month follow-up, median GERD-HRQL scores improved by 17 points, indicating that subjects had no bothersome symptoms. The median GERSS scores decreased from 25.0 at baseline to 1.0 and 90% of subjects reported having effective symptom control (score <18) at 12 months. Seventy-seven percent of subjects reported effective control of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) symptoms at 12 months with an RSI score of 13 or less. At 12 months, 74% of subjects reported that they were not using proton pump inhibitors. All measures were statistically improved at P < .05. There were no adverse effects reported. Conclusion. HH + TIF provides significant symptom control for heartburn and regurgitation with no long-term dysphagia or gas bloat normally associated with traditional antireflux procedures. Most patients reported durable symptom control and satisfaction with health condition at 12 months.

Laparoscopic anti-reflux procedures with hepatic shoulder technique in the surgical management of large hiatal hernias and paraesophageal hernias: a follow-up study

BACKGROUND

Numerous techniques have been historically proposed in the management of gastroesophageal reflux and paraesophageal hernias (PEH). A follow-up study (Quilici et al. in Surg Endosc 23(11):2620-2623, 2009) to a novel laparoscopic approach introduced in 2009 and performed in 49 patients is presented.

METHODS

All procedures were performed via laparoscopy. Thirty-two patients underwent a Nissen Fundoplication, eleven a reduction of the PEH with a Nissen fundoplication, two without a fundoplication, and four with a Collis-Nissen fundoplication. In all patients, the left hepatic lobe was freed, repositioned, and anchored under and inferior to the gastroesophageal junction, propping the gastroesophageal junction anteriorly. This maneuver entirely covers and closes the diaphragmatic defect.

RESULTS

At the time of laparoscopy, several patients were found not to be suitable candidates for this procedure (morphology of the left hepatic lobe). Forty-nine procedures were completed. One patient was re-explored on POD 2 for a tight hiatus post-Collis fundoplication. Post-operatively, all other patients did well without notable, unusual complaints. The average length of stay was 2.2 days. Although not statistically significant, 43 patients had no recurrence of symptoms with the longest follow-up at 10 years, two patients were lost to follow-up, one patient had a recurrence of the PEH and three patients stated they were experiencing some form of gastroesophageal reflux requiring medical management.

CONCLUSION

In selected patients, patients with an "at-risk" crural closure during a laparoscopic anti-reflux procedure or PEH can safely be managed via a laparoscopic anti-reflux procedure with the hepatic shoulder technique. This technique has shown good early post-operative results and could be used as an alternative to a laparoscopic mesh-reinforced fundoplication in difficult crural closures or in the management of large paraesophageal hernias.

[Hiatus hernia : Standards and controversies in diagnostics and treatment]

A hiatus hernia is defined as a transdiaphragmatic protrusion/migration of the intrabdominal contents through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm. The classification of hiatus hernias is based on anatomical morphological differentiation (types I-IV). The leading symptoms and psychological stress vary with respect to the symptoms, e. g. reflux and compression symptoms. Gastroscopy and multichannel intraluminal impedance pH measurement are obligatory preoperative functional diagnostics. A distinction is made between frequent type I hernia (antireflux surgery), symptomatic paraesophageal, thoracic and mixed hernia types (II-IV). Surgical indications exist in symptomatic type II-IV hernias. Hiatal mesh augmentation reduces recurrences. The complication potential of synthetic meshes must be taken into account. Biological implants show no advantages.

Beyond Belsey: complex laparoscopic hiatus and diaphragmatic hernia repair

BACKGROUND

Diaphragmatic and hiatus hernias can cause mild chronic symptoms or have an acute presentation with gastric volvulus and obstruction. Elective or emergency surgery is indicated in symptomatic patients and nowadays is generally performed laparoscopically.

METHODS

We report four different types of hernias: a giant hiatus hernia following a gastric pull-up for recurrent congenital diaphragmatic hernia; a Bochdalek hernia in a pregnant young woman; concomitant hiatus and Morgagni hernias; and a giant hiatus hernia occupying the right chest. All were approached laparoscopically, either electively or as an emergency.

RESULTS

Surgery led to a resolution of symptoms in all the cases. We had no any intraoperative complications. Two patients developed minor postoperative complications (chest infection). No recurrences were found during a mean follow-up of 18 months.

CONCLUSIONS

Transabdominal laparoscopic approach is a safe and feasible approach to all cases of symptomatic hiatus and diaphragmatic hernia.

[Treatment of reflux esophagitis in patients with cardiofundal, subtotal and total hiatal hernias]

AIM

To analyze treatment of patients with reflux esophagitis and large hiatal hernia.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

There were 85 patients with reflux esophagitis and large hiatal hernia. Laparoscopic repair was performed in 33 patients, laparotomy - in 52 cases. All patients underwent fundo- or gastroplication by A.F. Chernousov, correction of large defect of hiatal orifice by cruroraphy was applied in 55 (64.7%) patients.

RESULTS

Postoperative morbidity was near 10% after laparoscopic and conventional surgery despite more difficult video-assisted endoscopic technique. Complications Clavien-Dindo grade I-II were noted in 4 (12.1%) patients after laparoscopic treatment and in 6 (11.5%) patients after laparotomy. Medication was effective in all cases. Two patients with subtotal hernias had complications Clavien-Dindo grade IIIB after endoscopic surgery: recurrent hiatal hernia followed by severe reflux esophagitis and dysphagia. These complications required redo surgery. Repair of hiatal orifice is always possible without mesh reinforcement. Posterior cruroraphy is feasible and effective in all patients. Incidence of intraoperative and postoperative complications is comparable in both approaches (p<0.05). Mean hospital-stay after laparotomy was 7.3 days, after laparoscopy - 5.8 days.

CONCLUSION

Endoscopic formation of antireflux cuff by A.F. Chernousov is appropriate and effective in patients with reflux esophagitis and large/giant hiatal hernias.

Evidence-Based Practice Guideline for Surgical Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 2018

The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is increasing in Korea, and physicians, including surgeons, have been focusing on its treatment. Indeed, in Korea, medical treatment using a proton pump inhibitor is the mainstream treatment for GERD, while awareness of surgical treatment is limited. Accordingly, to promote the understanding of surgical treatment for GERD, the Korean Anti-Reflux Surgery Study Group published the Evidence-Based Practice Guideline for the Surgical Treatment of GERD. The guideline consists of 2 sections: fundamental information such as the definition, symptoms, and diagnostic tools of GERD and a recommendation statement about its surgical treatment. The recommendations presented 5 debates regarding fundoplication: 1) comparison of the effectiveness of medical and surgical treatments, 2) effectiveness of surgical treatment in cases of refractory GERD, 3) effectiveness of surgical treatment of extraesophageal symptoms, 4) comparison of effectiveness between total and partial fundoplication, and 5) effectiveness of fundoplication in cases of hiatal hernia. The present guideline is the first to demonstrate the efficacy of the surgical treatment GERD in Korea.

Treatment of paraesophageal hiatal hernia in octogenarians: a systematic review and retrospective cohort study

Over the coming years octogenarians will make up an increasingly large proportion of the population. With the rise in octogenarians more paraesophageal hiatal hernias may be identified. In research for the optimal treatment for paraesophageal hiatal hernias, octogenarians are often omitted and the optimal surgical strategy for this patient group remains unclear. A systematic search in PubMed, Embase, and The Cochrane Library was conducted, including articles compromising 'surgery,' 'paraesophageal hiatal hernia,' and 'octogenarians.' Selection of articles was based on independent review by two authors. Alongside, a retrospective cohort study was conducted including all type II-IV hiatal hernia repairs performed in the VU Medical Center in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, from 2005 to 2015. A total of 486 papers were eligible for selection. After careful selection, a total of eight articles were included. All articles were retrospective cohort studies describing different proportions of octogenarians. The populations and surgical techniques were very heterogeneous. Elective paraesophageal hiatal hernia repair was performed safely in symptomatic octogenarians in all studies. Additional analysis of 84 patients, of which 9.5% octogenarians, was performed at our tertiary referral center. A larger hernia type, more acute interventions and a higher morbidity and mortality rate was observed in octogenarians compared to patients aged <80 years. In conclusion, elective paraesophageal hiatal hernia repair can be performed in octogenarians, especially in patients without comorbidity. Findings suggest improvement in symptoms in short-term follow up, with minimal morbidity and mortality. With regard to surgical techniques, laparoscopy and fundoplication were performed safely. Octogenarians need to be included in future clinical trials to further evaluate the optimal surgical intervention. Preoperative risk assessment by clinical prediction rules should guide operative intervention, in order to evaluate risks and benefits in this challenging population.

Paraesophageal Hernia and Reflux Prevention: Is One Fundoplication Better than the Other?

BACKGROUND

The management of paraesophageal hernia (PEH) is one of the most debated in surgery. Trends regarding indications, approach (open, laparoscopic, thoracoscopic), sac excision, mesh placement, and routine performance of fundoplication have changed over time. Today, most surgeons tend to perform a laparoscopic PEH repair that entails the excision of the sac, liberal use of a mesh to buttress the hiatus, and the addition of an anti-reflux procedure. Nevertheless, very little has been written on which type of fundoplication should be performed in these patients. Therefore, the goal of our study was to provide an evidence-based overview of which type of fundoplication should be performed during a PEH repair and the role of preoperative function tests in the decision-making METHODS: We searched the MEDLINE, Cochran, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase databases for papers published between 1996 and 2016 pertaining to the surgical treatment of PEH. We hand-searched the bibliographies of included studies and we excluded all reviews and case reports. We selected clinical studies and technical reports. We only considered papers stating rationales for the type of fundoplication performed.

RESULTS

Our search yielded 24 articles: 17 clinical studies and 7 technical reports. In five of the clinical studies, a fundoplication was added only to patients with reflux symptoms. In all clinical studies, the most performed procedure was a total fundoplication (Nissen or Nissen-Rossetti), whereas a partial fundoplication (Toupet more frequently than Dor) or no fundoplication was reserved to those with impaired esophageal motility. All seven technical reports recommended a tailored approach and suggested adding a partial fundoplication (mainly Toupet) when the manometric findings showed esophageal dismotility.

CONCLUSION

The argument of whether or not a fundoplication should be added to a PEH repair in patients without evidence of reflux still persists. However, this review highlights that, when a fundoplication is performed, a tailored approach based on preoperative function tests is almost always preferred.

Primary paraesophageal hernia repair with Gore® Bio-A® tissue reinforcement: long-term outcomes and association of BMI and recurrence

BACKGROUND

Laparoscopic repair remains the gold-standard treatment for paraesophageal hernia (PEH). We analyzed long-term symptomatic outcomes and surgical reintervention rates after primary PEH repair with onlay synthetic bioabsorbable mesh (W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc., Flagstaff, AZ) and examined body mass index (BMI) as a possible risk factor for poor outcomes and for recurrence.

METHODS

We queried a prospectively maintained database to identify patients who underwent laparoscopic primary PEH repair with onlay patch of a bioprosthetic absorbable mesh (Bio-A® Gore®) between 05/28/2009 and 12/31/2013. Electronic health records were accessed to record demographic and operative data and were reviewed up to the present to identify any repeat procedures. Patients were grouped according to preoperative BMI (A: BMI < 25; B: BMI = 25-29.9; C: BMI = 30-34.9; D: BMI ≥ 35). Patients completed standardized satisfaction and symptom surveys.

RESULTS

In total, 399 patients were included. Most patients (n = 261; 65.4%) were women. Mean age was 59.6 ± 13.4 years; mean BMI was 29.9 ± 5.0 kg/m². The patients were grouped as follows: A, 53 patients (13.3%); B, 166 (41.6%); C, 115 (28.8%); D: 65 (16.3%). Four procedures (1.0%) were converted from laparoscopy to open procedures. All patients underwent an antireflux procedure (225 Nissen, 170 Toupet, 4 Dor). A mean follow-up of 44.7 ± 22.8 months was available for 305 patients (76.4%). 24/305 patients (7.9%) underwent reoperation, and the number of reoperations did not differ among groups (P = 0.64). Long-term symptomatic outcomes were available for 217/305 patients (71.1%) at a mean follow-up of 54.0 ± 13.1  months; no significant difference was observed among groups. 194/217 patients (89.4%) reported good to excellent satisfaction, with no significant differences among the groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Laparoscopic primary PEH repair with onlay Bio-A® mesh is a safe and feasible procedure with excellent long-term patient-centered outcomes and acceptable symptomatic recurrence rate. BMI does not appear to be related to the need for surgical reintervention.

Treatment of giant paraesophageal hernia: pro laparoscopic approach

PURPOSE

Giant paraesophageal hernias (GPEH) are relatively uncommon and account for less than 5% of all primary hiatal hernias. Giant Secondary GPEH can be observed after surgery involving hiatal orifice opening, such as esophagectomy, antireflux surgery, and hiatal hernia repair. Surgical treatment is challenging, and there are still residual controversies regarding the laparoscopic approach, even though a reduced morbidity and mortality, as well as a shorter hospital stay have been demonstrated.

METHODS

A Pubmed electronic search of the literature including articles published between 1992 and 2016 was conducted using the following key words: hiatal hernia, paraesophageal hernias, mesh, laparoscopy, intrathoracic stomach, gastric volvulus, diaphragmatic hernia.

RESULTS

Given the risks of non-operative management, GPEH surgical repair is indicated in symptomatic patients. Technical steps for primary hernia repair include hernia reduction and sac excision, correct repositioning of the gastroesophageal junction, crural repair, and fundoplication. For secondary hernias, the surgical technique varies according to hernia type and components and according to the approach used during the first surgery. There is an ongoing debate regarding the best and safest method to close the hiatal orifice. The laparoscopic approach has demonstrated a lower postoperative morbidity and mortality, and a shorter hospital stay as compared to the open approach. A high recurrence rate has been reported for primary GPEH repair. However, recent studies suggest that recurrence does not reduce symptomatic outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

The laparoscopic treatment of primary and secondary GPEH is safe and feasible in elective and emergency settings, especially in high-volume centers. The procedure is still challenging. The main steps are well defined. However, there is still room for improvement to lower the recurrence rate.

Favorable results from a prospective evaluation of 200 patients with large hiatal hernias undergoing LINX magnetic sphincter augmentation

Introduction

Magnetic sphincter augmentation (MSA) of the lower esophageal sphincter restores the antireflux barrier in patients with hiatal hernias ≤3 cm. We performed a prospective study in patients undergoing MSA with the LINX device during repair of paraesophageal and hernias over 3 cm axial component.

Methods and procedures

Multicenter, prospective study of consecutive patients treated with MSA at the time of repair of hiatal hernias >3 cm.

Results

200 patients (110 female) were treated between March 2014 and February 2017 via laparoscopic hernia repair and MSA. Mean age was 59.5 years, mean BMI 29.4. 40% had esophagitis, 20% intestinal metaplasia, 72 of 77 tested had abnormal pH studies. Preoperative PPI use was reported by 87%. Eighteen patients had prior hiatal hernia/fundoplication. All had normal function. 78% of patients had axial hiatal hernia ≥5 cm or large paraesophageal component. Mean operative time was 81 min (38–193), EBL was 10 cc. Non-permanent mesh reinforcement of hiatal repair was performed in 83% of the patients. There were two readmissions for dehydration; 2 patients with pulmonary embolism, and 1 patient with cardiac ischemia. Nineteen patients required dilation. 156 pts were followed at a median of 8.6 months. GERD-HRQL scores improved from 26 preoperatively to 2 postoperatively. Complete PPI independence was achieved in 94% (147/156). Videoesophagram in 51 patients at median 11 months found 3 asymptomatic hernias <3 cm. One symptomatic patient underwent successful repair of the hernia without MSA manipulation. There have been no device explants, erosions, or migrations to date.

Conclusions

This prospective study of 200 patients with >3 cm hernias undergoing MSA with hiatoplasty resulted in favorable outcomes with median of 9 months follow-up. Comparing this to published reports of MSA in patients with <3 cm hernias, the safety and clinical efficacy of MSA are independent of initial hernia size.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of laparoscopic mesh versus suture repair of hiatus hernia: objective and subjective outcomes

Background

Hiatus hernia (HH) contributes to the pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Mesh-augmentation of surgical repair might be associated with a reduced risk of recurrence and GERD. However, recurrence rates, mesh-associated complications and quality of life (QOL) after mesh versus suture repair are debated. The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine HH recurrence following mesh-augmentation versus suture repair. Secondary aims were to compare complications, mortality, QOL and GERD symptoms following different repair techniques.

Methods

A systematic literature search of the PubMed, Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Springer database was performed to identify relevant studies comparing mesh-augmentation versus suture repair of the esophageal hiatus. Data pertinent to the benefit versus risk outcomes for these techniques were extracted and compared by meta-analysis. The odd ratio (OR) and mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated.

Results

Eleven studies (4 randomized, 9 non-randomized) comparing mesh (n = 719) versus suture (n = 755) repair were identified. Mesh-augmentation was associated with a reduced overall recurrence rate compared to suture repair [2.6 vs. 9.4%, OR 0.23 (95% CI 0.14–0.39), P < 0.00001]. There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications (P = 0.400) between groups. Improvement in QOL measured by SF-36 was greater following biological mesh-augmentation compared to suture repair (MD = 13.68, 95% CI 2.51–24.85, P = 0.020), as well as GERD-HRQL. No differences were seen for the GIQLI scores with permanent mesh (P = 0.530). Dysphagia improvements were better following suture repair (MD = 1.47, 95% CI 0.20–2.74, P = 0.020).

Conclusions

Mesh repair of HH conferred some advantages and disadvantages at short-term follow-up. Compared to a suture repair alone, mesh-augmentation might be associated with less short-term recurrences, and biological mesh was associated with improved short-term QOL. However, these advantages were offset by more dysphagia. Long-term outcomes are still needed to determine the place of mesh repair of HH.

Laparoscopic hernioplasty of hiatal hernia

Laparoscopic surgery is a good choice for surgical treatment of hiatal hernia because of its mini-invasive nature and intraperitoneal view and operating angle. This article will talk about the surgical procedures, technical details, precautions and complications about laparoscopic hernioplasty of hiatal hernia.

Surgical Treatment of Paraesophageal Hernias: A Review

The management of paraesophageal hernia (PEH) can be challenging due to the lack of consensus regarding indications and principles of operative treatment. In addition, data about the pathophysiology of the hernias are scant. Therefore, the goal of this review is to shed light and describe the classification, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and indications for treatment of PEHs, and provide an overview of the surgical management and a description of the technical principles of the repair.