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Meisner JW, Kamran A, Staffa SJ, Mohammed S, Yasuda JL, Ngo P, Manfredi M, Zurakowski D, Jennings RW, Hamilton TE, Zendejas B. Qualitative features of esophageal fluorescence angiography and anastomotic outcomes in children. J Pediatr Surg 2022:S0022-3468(22)00455-9. [PMID: 35934523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indocyanine green (ICG) is commonly used to assess perfusion, but quality defining features are lacking. We sought to establish qualitative features of esophageal ICG perfusion assessments, and develop an esophageal anastomotic scorecard to risk-stratify anastomotic outcomes. METHODS Single institution, retrospective analysis of children with an intraoperative ICG perfusion assessment of an esophageal anastomosis. Qualitative perfusion features were defined and a perfusion score developed. Associations between perfusion and clinical features with poor anastomotic outcomes (PAO, leak or refractory stricture) were evaluated with logistic and time-to-event analyses. Combining significant features, we developed and tested an esophageal anastomotic scorecard to stratify PAO risk. RESULTS From 2019 to 2021, 53 children (median age 7.4 months) underwent 55 esophageal anastomoses. Median (IQR) follow-up was 14 (10-19.9) months; mean (SD) perfusion score was 13.2 (3.4). Fifteen (27.3%) anastomoses experienced a PAO and had significantly lower mean perfusion scores (11.3 (3.3) vs 14.0 (3.2), p = 0.007). Unique ICG perfusion features, severe tension, and primary or rescue traction-induced esophageal lengthening [Foker] procedures were significantly associated with PAO on both logistic and Cox regression. The scorecard (range 0-7) included any Foker (+2), severe tension (+1), no arborization on either segment (+1), suture line hypoperfusion >twice expected width (+2), and segmental or global areas of hypoperfusion (+1). A scorecard cut-off >3 yielded a sensitivity of 73% and specificity of 93% (AUC 0.878 [95%CI 0.777 to 0.978]) in identifying a PAO. CONCLUSIONS A scoring system comprised of qualitative ICG perfusion features, tissue quality, and anastomotic tension can help risk-stratify esophageal anastomotic outcomes accurately. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE Diagnostic - II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W Meisner
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ali Kamran
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Steven J Staffa
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Somala Mohammed
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jessica L Yasuda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Peter Ngo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael Manfredi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David Zurakowski
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Russell W Jennings
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Thomas E Hamilton
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Benjamin Zendejas
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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2
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Svetanoff WJ, Zendejas B, Hernandez K, Davidson K, Ngo P, Manfredi M, Hamilton TE, Jennings R, Smithers CJ. Contemporary outcomes of the Foker process and evolution of treatment algorithms for long-gap esophageal atresia. J Pediatr Surg 2021; 56:2180-2191. [PMID: 33766420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2021.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal growth using the Foker process (FP) for long-gap esophageal atresia (LGEA) has evolved over time. METHODS Contemporary LGEA patients treated from 2014-2020 were compared to historical controls (2005 to <2014). RESULTS 102 contemporary LGEA patients (type A 50%, B 18%, C 32%; 36% prior anastomotic attempt; 20 with esophagostomy) underwent either primary repair (n=23), jejunal interposition (JI; n = 14), or Foker process (FP; n = 65; 49 primary [p], 16 rescue [r]). The contemporary p-FP cohort experienced significantly fewer leaks on traction (4% vs 22%), bone fractures (2% vs 22%), anastomotic leak (12% vs 37%), and Foker failure (FP→JI; 0% vs 15%), when compared to historical p-FP patients (n = 27), all p ≤ 0.01. Patients who underwent a completely (n = 11) or partially (n = 11) minimally invasive FP experienced fewer median days paralyzed (0 vs 8 vs 17) and intubated (9 vs 15 vs 25) compared to open FP patients, respectively (all p ≤ 0.03), with equivalent leak rates (18% vs 9% vs 26%, p = 0.47). At one-year post-FP, most patients (62%) are predominantly orally fed. CONCLUSION With continued experience and technical refinements, the Foker process has evolved with improved outcomes, less morbidity and maximal esophageal preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Jo Svetanoff
- Boston Children's Hospital, Department of General Surgery; Children's Mercy Hospital, Department of Pediatric Surgery
| | | | - Kayla Hernandez
- Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement
| | - Kathryn Davidson
- Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement
| | - Peter Ngo
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
| | - Michael Manfredi
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
| | | | | | - C Jason Smithers
- Boston Children's Hospital, Department of General Surgery; Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery
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3
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Overcoming Microsurgical Anastomotic Challenges in Supercharged Pedicled Jejunal Interposition for Pediatric Esophageal Reconstruction. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2021; 9:e3780. [PMID: 34667706 PMCID: PMC8517309 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000003780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Aksoyler D, Ercan A, Losco L, Chen SH, Chen HC. Experience in reconstruction of esophagus, epiglottis, and upper trachea due to caustic injuries in pediatric patients and establishment of algorithm. Microsurgery 2021; 42:125-134. [PMID: 34536298 DOI: 10.1002/micr.30805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unintentional swallowing of corrosive agents cause problems in the pediatric population. Swallowing dysfunction can be seen after injuring the pharynx and/or epiglottis which leads to the obstruction of esophagus. An algorithm was established taking into account the injury to the epiglottis and restoring gastrointestinal continuity with isolated or combine free and or supercharged jejunum flap, or supercharged colon transposition flap. METHODS Seventeen patients between the ages of 3 and 16 (mean age: 7.7) were treated between 1985 and 2019. Three different procedures were performed based on endoscopic findings; for patients with no or minimal damage to epiglottis, pedicled colon transposition was done in 12 cases. For patients with epiglottic scarring or edema, a two-stage reconstruction was performed. In the first stage, free jejunum flap was implemented to the pharynx to facilitate food passage, followed by a pedicled jejunum in two cases, or a pedicled colon transposition in two cases to provide gastrointestinal continuity. For one patient with severe epiglottic scarring, a free jejunal flap was used as a diversion conduit in the first stage, followed by supercharged colon transposition to restore gastrointestinal continuity. RESULTS Supercharged intestinal flaps were harvested with 3-4 cm of extra intestinal tissue than the measured thoracic portion in each individual in order to reach the hypopharyngeal region. The size of the free jejunal flaps were 10 cm. Oral feeding was initiated on the eighth postoperative day. Partial loss of the anterior wall of the jejunal flap was seen in one case, in which a free anterolateral thigh-vastus lateralis musculocutaneous flap was used for reconstruction. The mean follow-up time was 5.1 years and there was no stricture in the final outcome. CONCLUSION A competent epiglottis is essential for proper swallowing reflex. Meticulous microsurgical dissection and performing supercharged intestinal flaps provide a complication-free end result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicle Aksoyler
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Alp Ercan
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Atasehir Memorial Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Luigi Losco
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Shih-Heng Chen
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chi Chen
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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5
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Thompson K, Zendejas B, Svetanoff WJ, Labow B, Taghinia A, Ganor O, Manfredi M, Ngo P, Smithers CJ, Hamilton TE, Jennings RW. Evolution, lessons learned, and contemporary outcomes of esophageal replacement with jejunum for children. Surgery 2021; 170:114-125. [PMID: 33812755 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2021.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The jejunal interposition is our preferred esophageal replacement route when the native esophagus cannot be reconstructed. We report the evolution of our approach and outcomes. METHODS The study was a single-center retrospective review of children undergoing jejunal interposition for esophageal replacement. Outcomes were compared between historical (2010-2015) and contemporary cohorts (2016-2019). RESULTS Fifty-five patients, 58% male, median age 4 years (interquartile range 2.4-8.3), with history of esophageal atresia (87%), caustic (9%) or peptic (4%) injury, underwent a jejunal interposition (historical cohort n = 14; contemporary cohort n = 41). Duration of intubation (11 vs 6 days; P = .01), intensive care unit (22 vs 13 days; P = .03), and hospital stay (50 vs 27 days; P = .004) were shorter in the contemporary cohort. Anastomotic leaks (7% vs 5%; P = .78), anastomotic stricture resection (7% vs 10%; P = .74), and need for reoperation (57% vs 46%; P = .48) were similar between cohorts. Most reoperations were elective conduit revisions. Microvascular augmentation, used in 70% of cases, was associated with 0% anastomotic leaks vs 18% without augmentation; P = .007. With median follow-up of 1.9 years (interquartile range 1.1, 3.8), 78% of patients are predominantly orally fed. Those with preoperative oral intake were more likely to achieve consistent postoperative oral intake (87.5% vs 64%; P = .04). CONCLUSION We have made continuous improvements in our management of patients undergoing a jejunal interposition. Of these, microvascular augmentation was associated with no anastomotic leaks. Despite its complexity and potential need for conduit revision, the jejunal interposition remains our preferred esophageal replacement, given its excellent long-term functional outcomes in these complex children who have often undergone multiple procedures before the jejunal interposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Thompson
- Department of General Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, MA
| | - Benjamin Zendejas
- Department of General Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, MA. https://twitter.com/benzendejas
| | - Wendy Jo Svetanoff
- Department of General Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO. https://twitter.com/WJSvetanoff
| | - Brian Labow
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, MA
| | - Amir Taghinia
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, MA
| | - Oren Ganor
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, MA
| | - Michael Manfredi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, MA
| | - Peter Ngo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, MA
| | - C Jason Smithers
- Department of General Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
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7
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Double Supercharged Jejunal Interposition for Late Salvage of Long-gap Esophageal Atresia. Ann Plast Surg 2018; 81:553-559. [DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000001520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Abstract
Esophagectomy for benign disease is uncommonly used but it is an important option to consider in those patients who have lost function of this organ. Esophageal resection is, in fact considered as a last resort for benign disease, after multiple failed conservative treatments, when the primary disease is not amenable to other treatments and the esophagus has become non-functional leading to very poor quality of life. The indications for esophagectomy for benign diseases can be divided into three major categories: obstruction, perforation and dysmotility. The process leading to organ failure and the need for resection for each specific disease will be discussed in an attempt to provide guidance as to when an esophagectomy is appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mormando
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arianna Barbetta
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniela Molena
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Powell L, Frawley J, Crameri J, Teague WJ, Frawley GP. Oesophageal atresia: Are "long gap" patients at greater anesthetic risk? Paediatr Anaesth 2018; 28:249-256. [PMID: 29399924 DOI: 10.1111/pan.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long gap oesophageal atresia occurs in approximately 10% of all oesophageal atresia infants and surgical repair is often difficult with significant postoperative complications. Our aim was to describe the perioperative course, morbidity, and early results following repair of long gap oesophageal atresia and to identify factors which may be associated with complications. METHODS This is a single center retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients with oesophageal atresia undergoing surgical repair at The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne from January 2006 to June 2017. RESULTS Two hundred and thirty-nine consecutive oesophageal atresia infants included 44 long gap oesophageal atresia infants and 195 non-long gap infants. A high rate of prematurity (24.7%), major cardiac (17%), and other surgically relevant malformations (12.6%) was found in both groups. The median age at oesophageal anastomosis surgery was 65.5 days for the long gap group vs 1 day for the oesophageal atresia group (mean difference 56.8 days, 95% CI 48.1-65.5 days, P < .01). Surgery for long gap oesophageal atresia included immediate primary anastomosis (n = 10), delayed primary anastomosis (n = 11), oesophageal lengthening techniques (n = 12) and primary oesophageal replacement (n = 6). Long gap oesophageal atresia was not associated with an increased incidence of difficult intubation (OR 2.8, 95% CI 0.6-22.1, P = .17), intraoperative hypoxemia (OR 1.6, 95% CI 0.6-4.5, P = .32), or hypotension (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.5-1.8, P = .81). The surgical duration (177.7 vs 202.1 minute, mean difference [95% CI], 28 [5.5-50.4 minutes], P = .04) and mean duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation (107 vs 199.8 hours, mean difference [95% CI], 91.8 [34.5-149.1 hours], P < .01) were shorter for the non-long gap group. Overall in-hospital mortality was 7.5% (15.9% long gap vs 5.6% non-long gap oesophageal atresia OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.4-3.4, P = .85). CONCLUSION Long gap oesophageal atresia infants have a similar incidence of perioperative complications to other infants with oesophageal atresia. Current surgical approaches to long gap repair, however, are associated with longer anesthetic exposures and require multiple procedures in infancy to achieve oesophageal continuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Powell
- Department of Paediatric Anaesthesia and Pain Management, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Jacinta Frawley
- Department of Paediatric Anaesthesia and Pain Management, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Joe Crameri
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Warwick J Teague
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Surgical Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Geoff P Frawley
- Department of Paediatric Anaesthesia and Pain Management, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Critical Care and Neuroscience Group, Murdoch Children's Research institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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10
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van der Zee DC, van Herwaarden MYA, Hulsker CCC, Witvliet MJ, Tytgat SHA. Esophageal Atresia and Upper Airway Pathology. Clin Perinatol 2017; 44:753-762. [PMID: 29127957 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal atresia is an anomaly with frequently occurring sequelae requiring lifelong management and follow-up. Because of the complex issues that can be encountered, patients with esophageal atresia preferably should be managed in centers of expertise that have the ability to deal with all types of anomalies and sequelae and can perform rigorous lifelong follow-up. Tracheomalacia is an often-occurring concurrent anomaly that may cause acute life-threatening events and may warrant immediate management. In the past, major thoracotomies were necessary to carry out the aortopexy. Nowadays, aortopexy and posterior tracheopexy can both be performed thoracoscopically with quick recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C van der Zee
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, KE. 04.140.5, PO Box 85090, Utrecht 3508 AB, The Netherlands.
| | - Maud Y A van Herwaarden
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, KE. 04.140.5, PO Box 85090, Utrecht 3508 AB, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline C C Hulsker
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, KE. 04.140.5, PO Box 85090, Utrecht 3508 AB, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke J Witvliet
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, KE. 04.140.5, PO Box 85090, Utrecht 3508 AB, The Netherlands
| | - Stefaan H A Tytgat
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, KE. 04.140.5, PO Box 85090, Utrecht 3508 AB, The Netherlands
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11
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Tam PKH, Chung PHY, St Peter SD, Gayer CP, Ford HR, Tam GCH, Wong KKY, Pakarinen MP, Davenport M. Advances in paediatric gastroenterology. Lancet 2017; 390:1072-1082. [PMID: 28901937 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in paediatric gastrointestinal surgery have focused on minimally invasive surgery, the accumulation of high-quality clinical evidence, and scientific research. The benefits of minimally invasive surgery for common disorders like appendicitis and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis are all supported by good clinical evidence. Although minimally invasive surgery has been extended to neonatal surgery, it is difficult to establish its role for neonatal disorders such as oesophageal atresia and biliary atresia through clinical trials because of the rarity of these disorders. Advances in treatments for biliary atresia and necrotising enterocolitis have been achieved through specialisation, multidisciplinary management, and multicentre collaboration in research; similarly robust clinical evidence for other rare gastrointestinal disorders is needed. As more neonates with gastrointestinal diseases survive into adulthood, their long-term sequelae will also need evidence-based multidisciplinary care. Identifying cures for long-term problems of a complex developmental anomaly such as Hirschsprung's disease will rely on unravelling its pathogenesis through genetics and the development of stem-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K H Tam
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Patrick H Y Chung
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Shawn D St Peter
- Department of General & Thoracic Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Christopher P Gayer
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Henri R Ford
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Greta C H Tam
- School of Public Health, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kenneth K Y Wong
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Mikko P Pakarinen
- Paediatric Surgery and Paediatric Liver and Gut Research Group, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Mark Davenport
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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12
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Abstract
The management of long-gap esophageal atresia remains challenging with limited consensus on the definition, evaluation, and surgical approach to treatment. Efforts to preserve the native esophagus have been successful with delayed primary anastomosis and tension-based esophageal growth induction processes. Esophageal replacement is necessary in a minority of cases, with the conduit of choice and patient outcomes largely dependent on institutional expertise. Given the complexity of this patient population with significant morbidity, treatment and long-term follow-up are best done in multidisciplinary esophageal and airway treatment centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester F Shieh
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Fegan 3, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Russell W Jennings
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Fegan 3, Boston, MA 02115.
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13
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Abstract
This article focuses on esophageal replacement as a surgical option for pediatric patients with end-stage esophageal disease. While it is obvious that the patient׳s own esophagus is the best esophagus, persisting with attempts to retain a native esophagus with no function and at all costs are futile and usually detrimental to the overall well-being of the child. In such cases, the esophagus should be abandoned, and the appropriate esophageal replacement is chosen for definitive reconstruction. We review the various types of conduits used for esophageal replacement and discuss the unique advantages and disadvantages that are relevant for clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M Kunisaki
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, C.S. Mott Children׳s Hospital, University of Michigan Medical School, 1540 E. Hospital Dr, SPC 4211, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Arnold G Coran
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, C.S. Mott Children׳s Hospital, University of Michigan Medical School, 1540 E. Hospital Dr, SPC 4211, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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