Problems with DICE and BPSD

Staff Reports of Behavioral Expressions of Persons with Dementia in 250 Assisted Living Communities

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Assisted living (AL) residents with dementia commonly exhibit behavioral expressions (BEs), yet no study has examined how AL staff perceive of and respond to BEs in terms of the "ABC" model of antecedents, behaviors and consequences, or how perceptions relate to organizational characteristics. Understanding staff perceptions may inform interventions.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A convergent, mixed-methods design was used in a study of health care supervisors from 250 AL communities in seven states who reported 366 cases of resident BEs (one successful and one unsuccessful case). Qualitative analysis identified antecedents, BEs, staff responses, resident outcomes, and disposition (aging in place or discharge). Content analysis identified themes and compared case types. Descriptive statistics examined organizational characteristics associated with identifying antecedents.

RESULTS

One-quarter of cases recognized antecedents; slightly more were identified in successful (28%) compared to unsuccessful cases (20%); staff in dementia-only and smaller communities identified antecedents more often. Combativeness and anxiety were the most frequently reported BEs. The majority of both types of cases reported staff responses. Medication management was enacted as a response in 40% of cases compared to psychiatric assessment in 33% of cases.

DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS

Staff training is indicated to increase AL staff recognition of antecedents; doing so might reduce use of antipsychotic medications. Psychiatric assessment plays an important role in dementia care in AL and warrants further examination. Results could be helpful for applied behavioral researchers interested in developing ways to improve identification of antecedents of BEs of persons with dementia.