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Rahimnia R, Akbari MR, Yasseri AF, Taheri D, Mirzaei A, Ghajar HA, Farashah PD, Baghdadabad LZ, Aghamir SMK. The effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract on sensitizing prostate cancer cells to flutamide and docetaxel: an in vitro study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18940. [PMID: 37919464 PMCID: PMC10622576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide is the most widely used complementary therapy in cancer. The present study aims to investigate the possible interaction between Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide and Docetaxel (a chemotherapy drug) and the first-line medication for prostate cancer treatment (Flutamide) and sensitizing the cells to these treatments. The cytotoxic effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide in combination with Docetaxel and Flutamide on prostate cancer cells were investigated by the MTT test, Hoechst staining, and flow cytometry. In addition, the expression of genes related to apoptosis, angiogenesis, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition pathway (EMT), and prostate cancer biomarkers by Real-Time PCR was investigated. The results demonstrated that IC50 values for Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (30 μM and 20 μM), Docetaxel (10 μM and 5 μM), and Flutamide (20 μM and 12 μM) with MTT were confirmed by flow cytometry in a dose and time-dependent manner. Regarding the high efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide in combination with Flutamide and Docetaxel, 10 μM and 5 μM Flutamide were used instead of 20 μM and 12 μM and 5 μM and 2 μM Docetaxel was used instead of 10 μM and 5 μM in PC3 and LNCap, respectively. Moreover, for the first time, it was shown that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide alone and in combination with Docetaxel and Flutamide significantly augmented apoptosis, reduced cell migration and colonization, and downregulated expression of KLK2 and EMT pathway genes in both PC3 and LNCap cell line (P < 0.01). Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide synergistically increased the effect of Docetaxel and Flutamide and increased the sensitivity of the prostate cancer cell lines to these drugs. Therefore, it may provide a new therapeutic strategy against prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Rahimnia
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohmammad Reza Akbari
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Diana Taheri
- Isfahan Kidney Disease Research Center, Department of Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Mirzaei
- Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ye T, Ge Y, Jiang X, Song H, Peng C, Liu B. A review of anti-tumour effects of Ganoderma lucidum in gastrointestinal cancer. Chin Med 2023; 18:107. [PMID: 37641070 PMCID: PMC10463474 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is the most common cancer in the world and one of the main causes of cancer-related death. Clinically, surgical excision and chemotherapy are the main treatment methods for GI cancer, which is unfortunately accompanied with serious adverse reactions and drug toxicity, bringing irreversible damage to patients and seriously affecting the quality of life. Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has a long history of medicinal and edible use in China. Its bioactive compounds mainly include polysaccharides, triterpenes, and proteins, which have potential anti-tumor activities by inhibiting proliferation, inducing apoptosis, inhibiting metastasis, and regulating autophagy. Currently, there is no in-depth review on the anti-tumor effect of G. lucidum in GI cancer. Therefore, this review is an attempt to compile the basic characteristics, anti-GI caner mechanisms, and clinical application of G. lucidum, aiming to provide a reference for further research on the role of G. lucidum in the prevention and treatment of GI cancer from the perspective of traditional Chinese and western medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Yang Ge
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- Department of Technology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Hang Song
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, China.
| | - Can Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- Cancer Research Centre, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, 101149, China.
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Li K, Na K, Sang T, Wu K, Wang Y, Wang X. The ethanol extracts of sporoderm-broken spores of Ganoderma lucidum inhibit colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2803-2813. [PMID: 29048673 PMCID: PMC5780033 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.6010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has been reported to possess a variety of pharmacological activities including anticancer effects. However, the anti-colorectal cancer effects and the potential molecular mechanisms of the ethanol extracts of sporoderm-broken spores of G. lucidum (BSGLEE), which mainly contains triterpenoids, have not been reported. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anticancer effects and molecular mechanisms exerted by BSGLEE on colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo. MTT assay revealed that BSGLEE at 1.6 to 10 mg/ml significantly inhibited HCT116 cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that BSGLEE induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase, which are associated with deregulation of the expression of key genes and proteins (p21, p16, cyclin D1, Bcl-2, bax, NAG-1, PARP and caspase-3) that regulate apoptosis and cell cycle cascades. Moreover, BSGLEE significantly inhibited HCT116 cell migration via downregulating MMP-1, MMP-2 and upregulating E-cadherin expression at mRNA levels. Oral gavage of 75 and 150 mg/kg BSGLEE significantly inhibited HCT116 xenograft tumor growth in nude mice, which was accompanied by suppressed Ki-67 staining as determined by immunochemistry. Collectively, we found that BSGLEE effectively inhibits colorectal cancer carcinogenesis through induction of apoptosis, inhibition of migration and promotion of cell cycle arrest. Our results suggest that triterpenoids of sporoderm-broken spores of G. lucidum ethanol extracts may serve as a promising anticancer agent for colorectal cancer chemoprevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Kun Na
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Sang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Kaikai Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Xingya Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
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Lee YH, Kim JH, Song CH, Jang KJ, Kim CH, Kang JS, Choi YH, Yoon HM. Ethanol Extract of Ganoderma lucidum Augments Cellular Anti-oxidant Defense through Activation of Nrf2/HO-1. J Pharmacopuncture 2016; 19:59-69. [PMID: 27280051 PMCID: PMC4887753 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2016.19.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The mushroom Ganoderma lucidum has been widely used as a traditional herbal medicine for many years. Although several studies have focused on the anti-oxidative activity of this mushroom, the molecular mechanisms underlying its activity have not yet been clearly established. The present study investigated the cytoprotective effect of ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum (EGL) against oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide, H2O2) and elucidated the underlying mechanisms in a C2C12 myoblast cell line. Methods: Oxidative stress markers were determined by using the comet assay to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage. Cell viability and Western blotting analyses were employed to evaluate the cellular response to EGL and H2O2 in C2C12 cells. Transfection with nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-specific small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) was conducted to understand the relationship between Nrf2 expression and H2O2-induced growth inhibition. Results: The results showed that EGL effectively inhibited H2O2-induced growth and the generation of ROS. EGL markedly suppressed H2O2-induced comet-like DNA formation and phosphorylation of histone H2AX at serine 139 (p-γH2AX), a widely used marker of DNA damage, suggesting that EGL prevented H2O2-induced DNA damage. Furthermore, the EGL treatment effectively induced the expression of Nrf2, as well as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), with parallel phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in the C2C12 myoblasts. However, zinc protoporphyrin IX, a HO-1 inhibitor, significantly abolished the protective effects of EGL against H2O2-induced accumulation of ROS and reduced cell growth. Notably, transient transfection with Nrf2-specific siRNA attenuated the cytoprotective effects and HO-1 induction by EGL, indicating that EGL induced the expression of HO-1 in an Nrf2-dependent manner. Conclusion: Collectively, these results demonstrate that EGL augments the cellular anti-oxidant defense capacity through activation of Nrf2/HO-1, thereby protecting C2C12 myoblasts from H2O2-induced oxidative cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Hwan Lee
- Departments of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dong-Eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Kim
- Departments of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dong-Eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Choon-Ho Song
- Departments of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dong-Eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Kyung-Jeon Jang
- Departments of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dong-Eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Cheol-Hong Kim
- Departments of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dong-Eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Ji-Sook Kang
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Yung-Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea; Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dong-Eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyun-Min Yoon
- Departments of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Dong-Eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, Korea
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Stojković DS, Barros L, Calhelha RC, Glamočlija J, Ćirić A, van Griensven LJLD, Soković M, Ferreira ICFR. A detailed comparative study between chemical and bioactive properties ofGanoderma lucidumfrom different origins. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013; 65:42-7. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.832173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Wu GS, Guo JJ, Bao JL, Li XW, Chen XP, Lu JJ, Wang YT. Anti-cancer properties of triterpenoids isolated from Ganoderma lucidum – a review. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:981-92. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.805202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Sheng Wu
- University of Macau, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences,
Macao, China
| | - Jia-Jie Guo
- University of Macau, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences,
Macao, China
| | - Jiao-Lin Bao
- University of Macau, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences,
Macao, China
| | - Xi-Wen Li
- University of Macau, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences,
Macao, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Chen
- University of Macau, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences,
Macao, China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- University of Macau, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences,
Macao, China
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- University of Macau, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences,
Macao, China
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Zhou K, Jin H, Luo Y. Expression and Significance of E-Cadherin and β-Catenins in Pituitary Adenoma. Int J Surg Pathol 2013; 21:363-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1066896912471850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study used immunohistochemical methods for detecting the expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin in pituitary adenoma. Specimens were collected from 91 cases. EnVision was used for immunohistochemical staining. The results were graded depending on the staining intensity and range. Associations between E-cadherin and β-catenin expression and tumor subtype, invasiveness, and postoperative recurrence were investigated. There was a significant downregulation of E-cadherin and β-catenin in growth hormone (GH)-type tumors when compared with prolactin-type tumors ( uc = 2.693 and 2.109, respectively; P < .05). E-cadherin and β-catenin were downregulated in invasive pituitary adenomas ( uc = 3.563 and 4.166, respectively; P < .05) and in clinically recurring pituitary adenomas ( uc = 2.871 and 3.866, respectively; P < .05). There was no difference in the percentage of invasive prolactin and GH secreting tumors (28.57% and 22.86%, respectively; P > .05). The expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin in pituitary adenoma was significantly downregulated and related to subtype, invasiveness, and postoperative recurrence.
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