1
|
Nan S, Wan J, Lei Q, Wang X, Ma N, Yin R, Zhu J, Ding M, Ding Y. The involvement of the primo vascular system in local enteritis and its modification by electroacupuncture. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1072996. [PMID: 36713388 PMCID: PMC9874324 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1072996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The primo vascular system (PVS), an intensive network structure, has been claimed to be representative of the acupuncture meridian. Here, we explored the role of the PVS in local enteritis and its modification by acupuncture. Methods Chronic cecitis in rabbits was induced by 2,4,6-trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid (TNBS). The PVS on the cecum was visualized with trypan blue staining, and collected with the help of microsurgical forceps under an optical stereomicroscope. Results The increased primo vessels (PVs) and primo nodes (PNs) of the PVS on the surface of the cecum were induced by local inflammation, which was positively correlated with the inflammatory cells in the cecal mucosa. Tandem mass tag (TMT) based proteomic analysis revealed that 110 differentiated proteins of the PVS existed between TNBS-treated and control rabbits; 65 proteins were upregulated, while 45 proteins were downregulated. These proteins were mainly enriched in inflammation- and immunity-related processes, such as inflammatory cell proliferation, antigen presentation, and cell adhesion in the proliferated PVS (data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifiers PXD034280). Importantly, TNBS-induced cecitis, the proliferated PVS and inflammation response-related proteins (CD40, CD45, HLA-DRA1, LAMP1, JAGN1 and FGL1) in the PVS were alleviated or reversed by repetitive electroacupuncture (EA) stimulations. Conclusion These results suggest that the proliferated PVS and its active inclusions were related to the inflammatory process, which was modified by EA. Our study provides a new avenue for further exploration of the mechanism by which EA exerts anti-inflammatory effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Nan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Gannan Innovation and Transformation Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Qianghui Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinya Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruiling Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiandi Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Yi Ding,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Engineering of ultrasound contracts agents-focused cabazitaxel-loaded microbubbles nanomaterials induces cell proliferation and enhancing apoptosis in cancer cells. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
3
|
Kim HG. Achievements of PVS (Primo Vascular System) Research from a Historical Perspective. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2022; 15:50-60. [DOI: 10.51507/j.jams.2022.15.1.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hoon-Gi Kim
- College of Liberal Arts, Hongik University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mustafa FEZA. The Cellular Architecture of the Primo Vascular System. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2022; 15:4-11. [DOI: 10.51507/j.jams.2022.15.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
|
5
|
Chikly B, Roberts P, Quaghebeur J. Primo Vascular System: A Unique Biological System Shifting a Medical Paradigm. J Osteopath Med 2016; 116:12-21. [PMID: 26745560 DOI: 10.7556/jaoa.2016.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The primo vascular system has a specific anatomical and immunohistochemical signature that sets it apart from the arteriovenous and lymphatic systems. With immune and endocrine functions, the primo vascular system has been found to play a large role in biological processes, including tissue regeneration, inflammation, and cancer metastases. Although scientifically confirmed in 2002, the original discovery was made in the early 1960s by Bong-Han Kim, a North Korean scientist. It would take nearly 40 years after that discovery for scientists to revisit Kim's research to confirm the early findings. The presence of primo vessels in and around blood and lymph vessels, nerves, viscera, and fascia, as well as in the brain and spinal cord, reveals a common link that could potentially open novel possibilities of integration with cranial, lymphatic, visceral, and fascial approaches in manual medicine.
Collapse
|
6
|
Park SY, Jung SJ, Bae KH, Soh KS. Protocol for Detecting the Primo Vascular System in the Lymph Ducts of Mice. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2016; 8:321-8. [PMID: 26742917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The primo vascular system (PVS), which is the proposed conduit for the acupuncture Qi, is a complex network distributed throughout an animal's body. However, even with a microscope, it is not easily detectable because of its transparency. Thus, its existence is largely unknown in current anatomy. A convincing demonstration of its existence is needed. The lymph-primo vessel (PV), which is a subsystem of the PVS, is a very effective visual demonstration of the PVS. The lymph-PVS is a mobile threadlike structure floating in lymph ducts that has been observed in rabbits, rats, and mice by several independent teams. The involved techniques are novel and rather complicated; therefore, we have already provided detailed protocols for the surgery; for the injection of the staining dye; and for the detection, extraction, and identification of the PVS in rabbits and rats. However, the mouse is one of the most important laboratory animals used for various biomedical research purposes. For the convenience of researchers who wish to initiate the PVS experiments in mice, we provide a shortened version of the protocol, despite many similarities with previously published protocols. Thus, researcher can easily obtain the samples of the lymph-PVS of mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Youn Park
- Nano Primo Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea; Physics Department, Gachon University, Sungnam, South Korea
| | - Sharon Jiyoon Jung
- Nano Primo Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea; Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hee Bae
- Nano Primo Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea.
| | - Kwang-Sup Soh
- Nano Primo Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Carlson E, Perez-Abadia G, Adams S, Zhang JZ, Kang KA, Maldonado C. A Novel Technique for Visualizing the Intralymphatic Primo Vascular System by Using Hollow Gold Nanospheres. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2016; 8:294-300. [PMID: 26742913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, the primo vascular system (PVS) has been unnoticed by most anatomists due to the small diameter and translucent features of the threadlike network. These properties make primo vessels (PVs) difficult to visualize for harvest and for further characterization. One particular PVS subtype that is located within the lymphatic vessels (LVs) is of strong interest because with a proper contrast, these long PVs can be visualized through the transparent LV wall and can be harvested to provide sufficient sample material for analysis. The most common method to visualize this PVS subtype utilizes Alcian blue as the contrast agent. This technique is effective, but tedious, and has relatively low repeatability. The purpose of this study was to develop a new technique that allows reliable visualization of the intralymphatic PVS (IL-PVS) in a user-friendly manner. The method was designed to provide optical contrast to the PVS by taking advantage of the porous nature of the PV's external wall and interstitial matrix. Turquoise-green-colored hollow gold nanospheres (HGNs) in the size range of 50-125 nm were found to provide excellent optical contrast for the IL-PVS in rats. The PVS was visualized within 10 minutes after HGN administration at a 95% success rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Carlson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA
| | - Gustavo Perez-Abadia
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA
| | - Staci Adams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and W. M. Keck Center for Nanoscale Optofluidics, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA
| | - Jin Z Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and W. M. Keck Center for Nanoscale Optofluidics, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA
| | - Kyung A Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA.
| | - Claudio Maldonado
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Comparison of Alcian Blue, Trypan Blue, and Toluidine Blue for Visualization of the Primo Vascular System Floating in Lymph Ducts. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:725989. [PMID: 26379749 PMCID: PMC4562098 DOI: 10.1155/2015/725989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The primo vascular system (PVS), floating in lymph ducts, was too transparent to be observed by using a stereomicroscope. It was only detectable with the aid of staining dyes, for instance, Alcian blue, which was injected into the lymph nodes. Some dyes were absorbed preferentially by the PVS than the lymph wall. It remains a standing problem to know what dyes are absorbed better by the PVS than the lymph walls. Such information would be useful to unravel the biochemical properties of the PVS that are badly in need for obtaining large amount of PVS specimens. In the current work we tried two other familiar dyes which were used in PVS research before. We found that Trypan blue and toluidine blue did not visualize the PVS. Trypan blue was cleared by the natural washing. Toluidine blue did not stain the PVS, but it did leave stained spots in the lymph wall and its surrounding tissues, and it leaked out of the lymph wall to stain surrounding connective tissues. These completely different behaviors of the three dyes were found for the first time in the current work and provide valuable information to elucidate the mechanism through which some special dyes stained the PVS preferentially compared to the lymphatic wall.
Collapse
|
9
|
Jung SJ, Lee SH, Bae KH, Kwon HM, Song YK, Soh KS. Visualization of the primo vascular system afloat in a lymph duct. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2014; 7:337-45. [PMID: 25499568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the potential roles of the primo vascular system (PVS) in cancer metastasis, immune function, and regeneration, understanding the molecular biology of the PVS is desirable. The current state of PVS research is comparable to that of lymph research prior to the advent of Lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE-1). There is very little knowledge of the molecular biology of the PVS due to difficulties in identifying and isolating primo endothelial cells. Present investigations rely on the morphology and the use of differential staining procedures to identify the PVS within tissues, making detailed molecular studies all but impossible. To overcome such difficulties, one may emulate the explosive development of lymph molecular biology. For this purpose, there is a need for a reliable method to obtain PVS specimens to initiate the molecular investigation. One of the most reliable methods is to detect the primo vessels and primo nodes afloat in the lymph flow. The protocols for observation of the PVS in the large lymph ducts in the abdominal cavity and the thoracic cavity were reported earlier. These methods require a laparectomy and skillful techniques. In this work, we present a protocol to identify and harvest PVS specimens from the lymph ducts connecting the inguinal and the axillary nodes, which are located entirely in the skin. Thus, the PVS specimen is more easily obtainable. This method is a stepping-stone toward development of a system to monitor migration of cancer cells in metastasis from a breast tumor to the axillary nodes, where cancer cells use the PVS as a survival rope in hostile lymph flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Jiyoon Jung
- Nano Primo Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Nano Primo Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hee Bae
- Nano Primo Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee Min Kwon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyu Song
- Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Sup Soh
- Nano Primo Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Park DY, Lee HR, Rho MS, Lee SS. Effective Isolation of Primo Vessels in Lymph Using Sound- and Ultrasonic-wave Stimulation. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2014; 7:298-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
11
|
Jung SJ, Bae KH, Nam MH, Kwon HM, Song YK, Soh KS. Primo vascular system floating in lymph ducts of rats. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2013; 6:306-18. [PMID: 24290795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An epoch-making development in the gross anatomy of the lymph system has emerged: the observation of the primo vascular system (PVS), which is a threadlike structure floating in lymph ducts. The PVS, which was proposed as the conduit for the acupuncture Qi, is a complex network distributed throughout an animal's body. The lymph-PVS, which is a subsystem of the PVS, is one of the most convincing visual demonstrations of the PVS. Because its existence is not easily demonstrated, even with a microscope, due to its transparency, in current anatomy its existence is largely unknown despite its potential significance in physiology and medicine. The lymph-PVS has been observed in rabbits, rats, and mice by several independent teams. Because the involved techniques are rather complicated, we provide detailed protocols for surgery, for injection of the staining dye, and for detection, extraction, and identification of the PVS in a rat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Jiyoon Jung
- Nano Primo Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea; Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
50 years of bong-han theory and 10 years of primo vascular system. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:587827. [PMID: 23983793 PMCID: PMC3747427 DOI: 10.1155/2013/587827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The primo vascular system (PVS) was first introduced by Bong-Han Kim via his five research reports. Among these the third report was most extensive and conclusive in terms of the PVS anatomy and physiology relating to the acupuncture meridians. His study results, unfortunately, were not reproduced by other scientists because he did not describe the materials and methods in detail. In 2002, a research team in Seoul National University reinitiated the PVS research, confirmed the existence of PVS in various organs, and discovered new characteristics of PVS. Two important examples are as follows: PVS was found in the adipose tissue and around cancer tissues. In parallel to these new findings, new methods for observing and identifying PVS were developed. Studies on the cell and material content inside the PVS, including the immune function cells and stem cells, are being progressed. In this review, Bong-Han Kim's study results in his third report are summarized, and the new results after him are briefly reviewed. In the last section, the obstacles in finding the PVS in the skin as an anatomical structure of acupuncture meridian are discussed.
Collapse
|
13
|
A method for the observation of the primo vascular system in the thoracic duct of a rat. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:536560. [PMID: 23840257 PMCID: PMC3694377 DOI: 10.1155/2013/536560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Even though the primo vascular system (PVS) has been observed in large caliber lymph vessels by several independent teams, the presence of the PVS in the thoracic duct has been reported by only one team, probably because reproducing the experiment is technically difficult. This brief report presents a new, relatively straightforward method, which is a simple modification of the previous method of dye injection into the lumbar node, to observe the PVS in a thoracic duct of a rat by injecting Alcian blue into the renal node. When this new method was applied to a rat, the branching of the primo vessel in the thoracic duct was clearly displayed. Thus, this new method is expected to extend the network of the PVS from abdominal lymph ducts to thoracic ones.
Collapse
|
14
|
Heo JY, Chung JH, Choi DH, Lee HR, Noh YI, Han MY, Jeong YC, Lee JY, Seo KJ, Park JS, Kim NR, Lee KH, Bae YM, Lee ES, Lee SS. Isolation and Yield Enhancement of Primo Vessels Inside of Rabbit Lymph Vessels by Using Sound Wave Vibration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.14406/acu.2013.30.2.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
15
|
Review and Comment on the Relationship between Primo Vascular System and Meridians. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:279176. [PMID: 23762119 PMCID: PMC3666320 DOI: 10.1155/2013/279176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to summarize the recent progress of researches on the primo vascular system (PVS) and to analyze characteristics between PVS and traditional Chinese meridians. With the distribution, position features, identification and origin of PVS, and its function related to meridians elaborated on, we propose that there is still a lack of enough evidence to support the correlation between PVS and traditional Chinese meridians.
Collapse
|
16
|
Historical Review about Research on "Bonghan System" in China. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:636081. [PMID: 23861708 PMCID: PMC3687598 DOI: 10.1155/2013/636081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The meridian-collateral theory is the theoretical basis of acupuncture-moxibustion therapy. Professor Bonghan Kim, a professor of the Pyongyang Medical University of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, claimed that he found the anatomical structure of meridian-collaterals, named Bonghan corpuscles (BHCs) and Bonghan ducts (BHDs) system or primo vascular system (PVS), in 1962. From 1963 to 1965, researchers from our institute conducted a series of comparative anatomical experiments, trying to reproduce the so-called BHC- and BHD-like structures in different strains of animals. In the present paper, the authors introduced their research findings about BHC- and BHD-like structures in the young rabbit's umbilicus including its external appearance, ectoplasm and endoplasm, and about strip-like and node-like objects in the blood vessels and lymph vessels near the larger abdominal and cervical blood vessels and chromaffin tissue in the back wall of the rabbit's abdominal cavity and between the bilateral kidneys. In spite of existence of the BHC- and BHD-like structures in the rabbit, there has been no proved evidence for their association with the meridian-collateral system described in acupuncture medicine. In the present historical review, the authors also make a discussion about the significance of those findings.
Collapse
|