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Alzubaidi H, Saidawi W, Goldstone L, Saddik B, Abduelkarem AR, Abu-Gharbieh E, Alzoubi KH, Samorinha C. A roadmap beyond dispensing for educating and training community pharmacists on key mental health competencies: A mixed-methods national study. Res Social Adm Pharm 2024; 20:134-145. [PMID: 38503576 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Including pharmacists in collaborative mental healthcare models has yielded positive results. Establishing processes to enhance pharmacists' mental health care capabilities is crucial for addressing the increasing burden and improving access to mental health services. OBJECTIVES This study evaluated community pharmacists' mental health competencies and analyzed associated factors using a rigorous international framework. Additionally, it sought to identify pharmacists' training needs and support requirements as the first stop in creating a roadmap for enhancing mental healthcare through community pharmacies. METHODS A large-scale national study employing a mixed-methods approach was conducted with community pharmacists in United Arab Emirates. Semi-structured individual interviews and a cross-sectional survey were conducted. Pharmacists' core competencies were assessed using the Core Mental Health Competencies Framework for all Pharmacy Professionals. Generalized linear models were utilized to identify predictors of pharmacists' competency levels. Thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. RESULTS In total 650 community pharmacists completed the survey (93.7% response rate). Eight pharmacists participated in semi-structured interviews. Nearly two-thirds (63.7%) received general communication skills training, while training in motivational interviewing (44.7%), shared decision-making (37.2%), and mental illness stereotyping/stigma (23.9%) were less common. Pharmacists reported lower perceived competence in their relationship with multidisciplinary teams (M = 3.02, SD = 0.89), stigma recognition (M = 3.02, SD = 1.04), and identifying mental health crises and aiding in the person's safety (M = 3.01, SD = 1.05). Poor communication skills (p < 0.001) and working in pharmacies that do not stock psychotropic medications (p = 0.023) were associated with lower perceived competence. Qualitative analysis identified training needs in various domains, including attitudes, values, and beliefs about mental health; relationships with multidisciplinary teams; communication skills; pharmaceutical knowledge; and personal and service development. CONCLUSIONS Mental health-related training is needed for community pharmacists. Addressing these needs through an intentional roadmap approach will enable pharmacists to better engage with patients with mental illness and increase access to care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamzah Alzubaidi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, University City Road, University City, PO Box, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, University City, PO Box, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; School of Medicine, Deakin Rural Health, Deakin University Faculty of Health, Warrnambool, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Ward Saidawi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, University City, PO Box, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Lisa Goldstone
- USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.
| | - Basema Saddik
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, University City, PO Box, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Family and Community Medicine & Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Australia, Australia.
| | - Abduelmula R Abduelkarem
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, University City Road, University City, PO Box, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, University City, PO Box, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Eman Abu-Gharbieh
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, University City, PO Box, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, University City Road, University City, PO Box, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, University City, PO Box, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Catarina Samorinha
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, University City, PO Box, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Keating D, McWilliams S, Clarke M, Strawbridge J. Pharmacy student attitudes to mental illness and the provision of mental health care: a repeated cross-sectional survey. Int J Clin Pharm 2023; 45:1231-1240. [PMID: 37805530 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-023-01651-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attitudes to mental illness are an important factor in the willingness of professionals to engage in mental health care. AIM The aim of this study was to understand attitudes of undergraduate pharmacy students in Ireland to severe mental illness and the provision of medicines optimisation services as well as the variation in these attitudes throughout the undergraduate course. METHOD A survey instrument was compiled using existing published research and validated questionnaires. The survey was distributed to students in their first, third and Master of Pharmacy years annually between 2014 and 2019. Although designed as a longitudinal study, following the matching process there were a limited number of students who completed more than one survey and therefore data were treated as independent samples. RESULTS The overall average response rate was 25% per survey (n = 191 participants) Notwithstanding generally positive attitudes, a sizeable proportion of students felt people with severe depression and schizophrenia were hard to talk to (n = 48, 25.3%; n = 54, 29.2%) Less than half of MPharm students expressed confidence and competence in caring for people with more severe mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and 29% (n = 60) of students would feel awkward asking someone about their antipsychotic medication. Almost two thirds (n = 120, 63.8%) expressed an interest in a career in mental health. CONCLUSION Irish pharmacy students have generally positive attitudes towards people with severe mental illness and provision of medicines optimisation services. There is an opportunity to improve pharmacy graduates perceived competence and confidence to provide mental health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Keating
- Saint John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co Dublin, Ireland.
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Stephen McWilliams
- Saint John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mary Clarke
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- DETECT Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Blackrock, Co Dublin, Ireland
| | - Judith Strawbridge
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Zolezzi M, Ghanem R, Elamin S, Eltorki Y. Opinions and experiences on the provision of care to people with mental illnesses: a qualitative study with Doctor of Pharmacy graduates after a rotation in psychiatry. Int J Clin Pharm 2023; 45:1223-1230. [PMID: 37796362 PMCID: PMC10600030 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-023-01646-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacists are vital to optimizing therapy of people with mental illnesses. Limited knowledge, lack of confidence, and mental health-related stigma can lead to pharmacists' reluctance in the provision of pharmaceutical care to this population. Advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPE) in mental health have been reported as valuable learning opportunities to overcome these challenges. AIM This study aimed to explore PharmD graduates' perceived preparedness, attitudes, beliefs, and opinions on influencing factors for the provision of pharmaceutical care to people with mental illnesses after completing an APPE rotation in psychiatry. METHOD All PharmD graduates who had completed a rotation in psychiatry were invited to participate in semi-structured interviews. An interview guide was developed based on a literature review. A total of 11 PharmD graduates agreed to participate in the interviews, which were recorded, transcribed, and analysed inductively using thematic analysis and following a phenomenological approach. RESULTS Five themes were identified: Prior familiarity to mental health, opinions on the rotation, views on stigma, rotation's areas of improvement, and the positive impact of the rotation on practice. Although participants started the psychiatric rotation with low confidence and a sense of apprehension, they described their experience as unique, eye-opening, and insightful. Familiarity with mental health conditions before the rotation were perceived as a challenge to achieving full confidence in mental health care provision. CONCLUSION For the most part, the APPE in psychiatry was viewed as a positive opportunity for enhancing the PharmD graduates' insight, knowledge, and skills for pharmaceutical care provision to people with mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Zolezzi
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Rawan Ghanem
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahd Elamin
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yassin Eltorki
- Mental Health Services, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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Vickery PB, Wick K, McKee J. Evaluating the perceptions of a required didactic Mental Health First Aid training course among first-year pharmacy students. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2023; 15:824-828. [PMID: 37543523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2023.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) training was designed to help participants identify mental health challenges and provide support to those in need. The objective of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of a required first-year didactic MHFA course and to determine if MHFA reduces stigma and increases confidence in first-year pharmacy students' abilities to offer help to those experiencing a mental health challenge or a crisis. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING Participants were first-year doctor of pharmacy students at a single site in the United States. Methods include the utilization of a survey-based study among a single pharmacy program. Students enrolled in this required MHFA training were asked to voluntarily complete pre- and post-training surveys. FINDINGS A total of 69 first-year pharmacy students participated in the MHFA training. Results demonstrated that students agreed with being able to identify stigmatizing words associated with mental health disorders and that they will work to reduce or avoid using words that can be perceived as stigmatizing related to mental health (P < .001). Students reported increased confidence in their ability to start a conversation with someone who may need mental health help compared to their confidence level before the training (P < .001). SUMMARY Completing MHFA training during the early phases of didactic education can help reduce stigma and increase confidence in abilities to help those experiencing a mental health challenge. Programs should consider implementing MHFA or similar training early in the didactic curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brittany Vickery
- Pharmacy, Wingate University School of Pharmacy - Hendersonville Health Sciences Center, 805 6(th) Avenue West, Hendersonville, NC 28739, United States.
| | - Kendall Wick
- Loma Linda University Health, 11157 Anderson St, Loma Linda, CA 92354, United States
| | - Jerry McKee
- Psychopharm Solutions LLC, 135 Pearson Drive, Morganton, NC 28655, United States
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Eldooma I, Maatoug M, Yousif M. Outcomes of Pharmacist-Led Pharmaceutical Care Interventions Within Community Pharmacies: Narrative Review. INTEGRATED PHARMACY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2023; 12:113-126. [PMID: 37216033 PMCID: PMC10198268 DOI: 10.2147/iprp.s408340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical care (PhC) services interventions led by pharmacists within community pharmacies (CPs) are essential in achieving optimal medication use outcomes. PhC is a concept related to medication use goals optimization through the reduction and prevention of drug-related problems (DRPs). This review paper summarized the literature on pharmacist-led PhC interventions within CPs. PubMed and Google Scholar publications were searched, identified, and summarized. Results showed that some studies handled community pharmacists' roles, and some talked about PhC interventions. However, some studies reviewed the use of medicines, adherence, and follow-up, while other groups were on counseling, patient education, and health promotion. Pharmacists integrated some studies concerning diagnosis and disease screening into community pharmacy services. Besides these studies, there were studies on system design and installation of PhC service models. Most of the identified research results showed pharmacist-led intervention benefits for patients. These benefits include reduced DRPs, clinical, economical, humane, education and knowledge, disease prevention and immunization, identification of practice process problems, and the need for current practice redesigning. In conclusion, pharmacists can help patients achieve optimal outcomes through pharmacist-led interventions. Despite mentioned results, We recommend researching comprehensively applied PhC services provision models within CPs for more pharmacists-led interventions and role activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaeil Eldooma
- Department of Planning, Research, and Information; National Health Insurance Fund, Wad-Medani, Sudan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Gezira, Wad-Medani, Sudan
| | - Maha Maatoug
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Gezira, Wad-Medani, Sudan
| | - Mirghani Yousif
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Gezira, Wad-Medani, Sudan
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Kamal L, Jacob SA. Pharmacists' Experiences, Perceptions, and Attitudes towards Suicide and Suicide Prevention: A Scoping Review. PHARMACY 2023; 11:pharmacy11010025. [PMID: 36827663 PMCID: PMC9965762 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is important to understand pharmacists' experiences, stigmas, trainings, and attitudes to suicide, as they can affect the way pharmacists interact with at-risk individuals and influence outcomes. The aim of this scoping review is to explore pharmacists' willingness, experiences, and attitudes towards suicide prevention, as well as to examine the impact of suicide prevention training programs. A systemic search was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Studies included were from database inception to 31 August 2022, in English, with full-text available. A total of 13 studies were included. Training was a key factor which had an impact on pharmacists' attitudes, experiences, and preparedness to participate in suicide care, with studies revealing the lack of training and the call for more training by pharmacists. Another key factor was closeness to mental illness, which also impacted pharmacists' attitudes and experiences with at-risk patients. More research is needed worldwide to understand the different barriers and facilitators to pharmacist involvement in suicide care. Targeted training programs should also be developed to not only increase knowledge and competence, but also to address stigma related to suicide.
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Werremeyer A, Frenzel O, Strand MA, Eukel H, Skoy E, Steig J. Improving Community Pharmacist-Delivered Care for Patients With Psychiatric Disorders Filling an Opioid Prescription. Psychiatr Serv 2022; 73:1294-1297. [PMID: 35502518 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.202100592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacists tend to provide care to patients with psychiatric disorders less frequently than to other types of patients, yet patients with psychiatric disorders experience more drug-related problems and use more opioids than those without psychiatric disorders. The Opioid and Naloxone Education (ONE) program equipped pharmacists to screen for opioid misuse and overdose risk and to implement a set of interventions for any patient filling an opioid prescription. Patients with a psychiatric disorder (N=1,980; 24.1% of those screened) were significantly more likely to receive more than one intervention from a ONE program pharmacist than were those without a psychiatric disorder. The use of an objective screening tool and training in stigma reduction and nonjudgmental communication approaches, which are part of the ONE program process, deserve further exploration as ways to increase the frequency of pharmacist-provided education and other critical interventions for patients with psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Werremeyer
- Department of Pharmacy Practice (Werremeyer, Strand, Eukel, Skoy, Steig) and Department of Public Health (Frenzel), North Dakota State University, Fargo. Marcela Horvitz-Lennon, M.D., and Kenneth Minkoff, M.D., are editors of this column
| | - Oliver Frenzel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice (Werremeyer, Strand, Eukel, Skoy, Steig) and Department of Public Health (Frenzel), North Dakota State University, Fargo. Marcela Horvitz-Lennon, M.D., and Kenneth Minkoff, M.D., are editors of this column
| | - Mark A Strand
- Department of Pharmacy Practice (Werremeyer, Strand, Eukel, Skoy, Steig) and Department of Public Health (Frenzel), North Dakota State University, Fargo. Marcela Horvitz-Lennon, M.D., and Kenneth Minkoff, M.D., are editors of this column
| | - Heidi Eukel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice (Werremeyer, Strand, Eukel, Skoy, Steig) and Department of Public Health (Frenzel), North Dakota State University, Fargo. Marcela Horvitz-Lennon, M.D., and Kenneth Minkoff, M.D., are editors of this column
| | - Elizabeth Skoy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice (Werremeyer, Strand, Eukel, Skoy, Steig) and Department of Public Health (Frenzel), North Dakota State University, Fargo. Marcela Horvitz-Lennon, M.D., and Kenneth Minkoff, M.D., are editors of this column
| | - Jayme Steig
- Department of Pharmacy Practice (Werremeyer, Strand, Eukel, Skoy, Steig) and Department of Public Health (Frenzel), North Dakota State University, Fargo. Marcela Horvitz-Lennon, M.D., and Kenneth Minkoff, M.D., are editors of this column
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Brouwer JMJL, Risselada AJ, de Wit M, Lubberts J, Westerhuis H, Doornbos B, Mulder H. Lithium surveillance by community pharmacists and physicians in ambulatory patients: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Clin Pharm 2022; 44:975-984. [PMID: 35831730 PMCID: PMC9393139 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-022-01420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shared care agreements between clinical pharmacists and physicians can improve suboptimal lithium monitoring in in- and outpatient settings. However, it is unknown whether incorporating community pharmacists in such agreements can also improve lithium monitoring in an outpatient setting. AIM To assess the necessity for a shared care agreement for lithium monitoring in our region by investigating: intervention rates by community pharmacists and whether those are sufficient; lithium monitoring by physicians in ambulatory patients; the extent of laboratory parameter exchange to community pharmacists. METHOD Patient files of lithium users were surveyed in a retrospective cohort study among 21 community pharmacies in the Northern Netherlands. Outcome was the intervention rate by community pharmacists and whether those were deemed sufficient by an expert panel. Additionally, we investigated both the percentages of patients monitored according to current guidelines and of laboratory parameters exchanged to community pharmacists. RESULTS 129 patients were included. Interventions were performed in 64.4% (n = 29), 20.8% (n = 5), and 25.0% (n = 1) of initiations, discontinuations, and dosage alterations of drugs interacting with lithium, respectively. The expert panel deemed 40.0% (n = 14) of these interventions as "insufficient". Physicians monitored 40.3% (n = 52) of the patients according to current guidelines for lithium serum levels and kidney functions combined. Approximately half of the requested laboratory parameters were available to the community pharmacist. CONCLUSION Intervention rates by community pharmacists and lithium monitoring by physicians can be improved. Therefore, a shared care agreement between community pharmacists, clinical pharmacists, and physicians is needed to improve lithium monitoring in ambulatory patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurriaan M. J. L. Brouwer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Wilhelmina Hospital Assen, Mailbox: 30.001, 9400 RA Assen, The Netherlands ,grid.468637.80000 0004 0465 6592GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Services Drenthe, Assen, The Netherlands ,grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Department of Psychiatry, Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arne J. Risselada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Wilhelmina Hospital Assen, Mailbox: 30.001, 9400 RA Assen, The Netherlands
| | - Marinka de Wit
- grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Department of Pharmacotherapy, -Epidemiology and -Economics, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janniek Lubberts
- grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Department of Pharmacotherapy, -Epidemiology and -Economics, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henrieke Westerhuis
- grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Department of Pharmacotherapy, -Epidemiology and -Economics, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bennard Doornbos
- grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Lentis Research, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Mulder
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Wilhelmina Hospital Assen, Mailbox: 30.001, 9400 RA, Assen, The Netherlands. .,Dutch Academic Network of Northern Pharmacies (ANNA), Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Harris SC, Bostwick JR, Werremeyer AB, Goldstone LW, Cates ME, Caley CF. Addressing the Conflict Between Promoting Wellness, Perpetuating Mental Illness Stigma and Making Psychiatric Pharmacy Education Less Intense. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2021; 85:8354. [PMID: 34544737 PMCID: PMC8499653 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
One in five Americans has a diagnosable mental illness, and pharmacists encounter these patients daily. This commentary addresses the conflict between the profession's wellness movement and its ongoing contribution to mental illness stigma. The need for improved pharmacist wellness is based on the profession's risk for burnout and development of related mental illness. The presence of stigma towards patients with mental illness among pharmacists is multi-factorial and complex. Risk of those within the profession perpetuating mental illness stigma could be diminished by developing pharmacy curricula that provide greater opportunities for students to learn more completely about mental illness, how to effectively engage persons with mental illness, and how to take care of themselves, express vulnerability, and talk about mental illness. While reducing mental illness stigma through curricular revision is best achieved through in-person learning experiences, elective coursework and cocurricular activities may also help achieve this goal. Examples of evidence-based best practices are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne C Harris
- University of North Carolina, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Amy B Werremeyer
- North Dakota State University, School of Pharmacy, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Lisa W Goldstone
- University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California
| | - Marshall E Cates
- Samford University, McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Charles F Caley
- Western New England University, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Springfield, Massachusetts
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Blebil A, Dujaili J, Shuang AT, Ying TP. Malaysian Pharmacy Students’ Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions on Mental Health: a Cross-sectional Study. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Werremeyer A, Mosher S, Eukel H, Skoy E, Steig J, Frenzel O, Strand MA. Pharmacists' stigma toward patients engaged in opioid misuse: When "social distance" does not mean disease prevention. Subst Abus 2021; 42:919-926. [PMID: 33750283 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2021.1900988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Health professionals may stigmatize and prefer social distance from patients with opioid misuse, leading to poorer quality of care provided. The degree to which pharmacists prefer social distance from patients with opioid misuse and opioid use disorder (OUD) is not known. Methods: Pharmacists (n = 187) completed a survey comprised of demographics, attitudinal, and Social Distance Scale (SDS) questions based on a vignette patient who displayed opioid misuse. SDS question responses and total scores (maximum of 30; higher scores representing great preference for social distance) were tallied and associations with attitudes and demographics were examined. Results: Mean SDS total score was 16.32 (range 9-23). More than 59% of respondents had an SDS score >15, indicating overall lack of willingness to interact with the vignette patient. Females had a higher mean SDS score vs male pharmacists (16.58 vs. 15.36, respectively; p = 0.023). Pharmacists were more likely to prefer social distance from the vignette patient in personal situations (i.e. renting a room) than work-related interactions (i.e. providing patient education). Pharmacists with >10 years of experience, those without personal experience with a substance use disorder, those who strongly agreed that patients with OUD require excessive time and effort, and those who agreed that some people lack self-discipline to use prescription pain medication without becoming addicted had significantly higher SDS scores than pharmacists without these characteristics. Conclusions: Pharmacists expressed significant preference for social distance indicating stigmatization of patients with opioid misuse. Pharmacists were comfortable performing pharmacy tasks with patients with opioid misuse, but were less comfortable forming therapeutic relationships, an important tenet of patient-centered care. Efforts are needed to examine contributions to social distance preferences and implement measures to reduce them. Targeting of pharmacists with >10 years' experience and without personal experience with OUD may also be most beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Werremeyer
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Sydney Mosher
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Heidi Eukel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Elizabeth Skoy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Jayme Steig
- Quality Health Associates of North Dakota, Minot, North Dakota, USA
| | - Oliver Frenzel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Mark A Strand
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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Psychosocial factors associated with pharmacists' end-of-life medication counseling and dispensing. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 61:308-315. [PMID: 33568269 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In 2015, California legalized physician-assisted suicide through passing the End of Life Option Act (ELOA). This study aimed to identify and describe the psychosocial factors associated with pharmacists' intention to counsel and dispense end-of-life medications. METHODS Data were collected using a 51-item questionnaire that was mailed to 2,000 registered community pharmacists in California. The study collected data on TPB constructs (attitude, subjective norm [SN], and perceived behavioral control [PBC]), behavioral and control beliefs, perceived obligation, and demographic and practice characteristics. Hierarchical linear regression was used to identify the factors associated with the pharmacists' intention. RESULTS A total of 353 responses (19.4% response rate) were received from respondents with an average age of 50.4 ± 14.8 years. Most of the respondents were women (53.1%) and religious (56.4%). Most pharmacies did not currently stock ELOA medications (n = 197, 56.1%), and most pharmacists had never been presented with an ELOA prescription in their practice (n = 319, 90.4%). The pharmacists had a positive intention (mean = 8.24 ± 4.6, range: 2-14), attitude (mean = 17.15 ± 6.9, range: 4-28), SN (mean = 1.1 ± 4.5; range: -9 to 9), and PBC (mean = 1.85 ± 3.5; range: -6 to 6) to dispense ELOA medications. Attitude (β = 0.570, P < 0.001), SN (β = 0.238, P < 0.001), and perceived obligation were statistically significant predictors of the pharmacists' intention to dispense ELOA medications for patients with a valid prescription but PBC (β = 0.022, P = 0.531) was not. CONCLUSION Interventions to promote pharmacists' counseling and dispensing of ELOA medications should focus on developing strong intention. Improving pharmacists' attitude, SN, and perceived obligation is critical to increasing their willingness to dispense ELOA medications.
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Lauzier S, Guillaumie L, Humphries B, Grégoire JP, Moisan J, Villeneuve D. Reprint of: Psychosocial factors associated with pharmacists' antidepressant drug treatment monitoring. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020; 60:S34-S43. [PMID: 32977929 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients undergoing antidepressant drug treatment (ADT) may face challenges regarding its adverse effects, adherence, and efficacy. Community pharmacists are well positioned to manage ADT-related problems. Little is known about the factors influencing pharmacists' ADT monitoring. This study aimed to identify the psychosocial factors associated with pharmacists' intention to perform systematic ADT monitoring and report on this monitoring. DESIGN Cross-sectional study based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Community pharmacists in the province of Quebec, Canada. OUTCOME MEASURES Pharmacists completed a questionnaire on their performance of ADT monitoring, TPB constructs (intention; attitude; subjective norm; perceived behavioral control; and attitudinal, normative, and control beliefs), and professional identity. Systematic ADT monitoring was defined as pharmacists' reporting 4 or more consultations with each patient during the first year of ADT to address adverse effects, adherence, and efficacy. Hierarchical linear regression models were used to identify the factors associated with the intention and reporting of systematic ADT monitoring and Poisson working models to identify the beliefs associated with intention. RESULTS A total of 1609 pharmacists completed the questionnaire (participation = 29.6%). Systematic ADT monitoring was not widely reported (mean score = 2.0 out of 5.0), and intention was moderate (mean = 3.2). Pharmacists' intention was the sole psychosocial factor associated with reporting systematic ADT monitoring (P < 0.0001; R2 = 0.370). All TPB constructs and professional identity were associated with intention (P < 0.0001; R2 = 0.611). Perceived behavioral control had the strongest association. CONCLUSION Interventions to promote systematic ADT monitoring should focus on developing a strong intention among pharmacists, which could, in turn, influence their practice. To influence intention, priority should be given to ensuring that pharmacists feel capable of performing this monitoring. The main barriers to overcome were the presence of only 1 pharmacist at work and limited time. Other factors identified offer complementary intervention targets.
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14
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El-Den S, McMillan SS, Wheeler AJ, Ng R, Roennfeldt H, O'Reilly CL. Pharmacists' roles in supporting people living with severe and persistent mental illness: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e038270. [PMID: 32665350 PMCID: PMC7359051 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) can significantly impact a person's social, personal and professional life. Previous studies have demonstrated pharmacists' roles in mental healthcare; however, limited studies to date have focused on pharmacists' roles in providing healthcare services, specifically, to people living with SPMI. The aim of this systematic review is to explore the pharmacists' roles in providing support to people living with SPMI. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A systematic search will be conducted in Medline, Embase (Ovid), PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses to identify potentially relevant primary research for inclusion. This will be guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols checklist for systematic reviews. All primary research publications regardless of study design exploring or reporting on pharmacists' involvement in supporting people living with SPMI will be considered for inclusion. A tabular summary will be completed using data extracted from each included publication. Data synthesis and quality assessment methods will be chosen based on included study designs. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and used to inform the development of a pharmacist-specific training package to support people living with SPMI. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020170711.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarira El-Den
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sara S McMillan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda J Wheeler
- Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ricki Ng
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helena Roennfeldt
- Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Melbourne Centre for Psychiatric Nursing, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claire L O'Reilly
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Mospan CM, Gillette C. Student Pharmacists' Attitudes Toward Suicide and the Perceived Role of Community Pharmacists in Suicidal Ideation Assessment. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2020; 84:7588. [PMID: 32577030 PMCID: PMC7298224 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To determine first-year Doctor of Pharmacy students' attitudes toward suicide and perceptions of the role of the pharmacist in assessing patients for suicidal ideation, and whether their previous pharmacy work experience influences these attitudes and perceptions. Methods. An anonymous online survey was administered to first-year student pharmacists at one school of pharmacy in North Carolina. Measures included gender, previous community pharmacy work experience, personal contact with suicide, and score on the Attitudes Toward Suicide (ATTS) scale. Results. Seventy-three student pharmacists (75%) completed the survey. The vast majority (92%) agreed or strongly agreed that suicide was a real disease. Similarly, most students (79%) agreed or strongly agreed that pharmacists have a professional responsibility to assess for suicidal ideation. There was not a significant association between ATTS score and previous community pharmacy work experience nor the perceived pharmacist's role in assessing for suicidal ideation. Additionally, there was no association between ATTS score and personal contact with suicide. Conclusion. First-year student pharmacists, while undecided on their personal attitudes toward suicide, overwhelmingly agreed that suicide is a disease and that pharmacists have an important role in assessing patients for suicidal ideation. Pharmacy schools should implement training programs to prepare student pharmacists to identify suicidal ideation, design interventions to address student pharmacists' personal beliefs that may impact their ability to provide patient care, and provide students with adequate support skills to care for patients experiencing mental health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris Gillette
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Lauzier S, Guillaumie L, Humphries B, Grégoire JP, Moisan J, Villeneuve D. Psychosocial factors associated with pharmacists' antidepressant drug treatment monitoring. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020; 60:548-558. [PMID: 32173335 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients undergoing antidepressant drug treatment (ADT) may face challenges regarding its adverse effects, adherence, and efficacy. Community pharmacists are well positioned to manage ADT-related problems. Little is known about the factors influencing pharmacists' ADT monitoring. This study aimed to identify the psychosocial factors associated with pharmacists' intention to perform systematic ADT monitoring and report on this monitoring. DESIGN Cross-sectional study based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Community pharmacists in the province of Quebec, Canada. OUTCOME MEASURES Pharmacists completed a questionnaire on their performance of ADT monitoring, TPB constructs (intention; attitude; subjective norm; perceived behavioral control; and attitudinal, normative, and control beliefs), and professional identity. Systematic ADT monitoring was defined as pharmacists' reporting 4 or more consultations with each patient during the first year of ADT to address adverse effects, adherence, and efficacy. Hierarchical linear regression models were used to identify the factors associated with the intention and reporting of systematic ADT monitoring and Poisson working models to identify the beliefs associated with intention. RESULTS A total of 1609 pharmacists completed the questionnaire (participation = 29.6%). Systematic ADT monitoring was not widely reported (mean score = 2.0 out of 5.0), and intention was moderate (mean = 3.2). Pharmacists' intention was the sole psychosocial factor associated with reporting systematic ADT monitoring (P < 0.0001; R2 = 0.370). All TPB constructs and professional identity were associated with intention (P < 0.0001; R2 = 0.611). Perceived behavioral control had the strongest association. CONCLUSION Interventions to promote systematic ADT monitoring should focus on developing a strong intention among pharmacists, which could, in turn, influence their practice. To influence intention, priority should be given to ensuring that pharmacists feel capable of performing this monitoring. The main barriers to overcome were the presence of only 1 pharmacist at work and limited time. Other factors identified offer complementary intervention targets.
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17
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Perception of Community Pharmacists in Malaysia About Mental Healthcare and Barriers to Providing Pharmaceutical Care Services to Patients with Mental Disorders. Community Ment Health J 2020; 56:88-98. [PMID: 31667692 PMCID: PMC6942006 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-019-00496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess community pharmacists' (CPs) perceptions toward mental healthcare, and the barriers faced in providing pharmaceutical care (PC) services to these patients. A 40-item survey was posted to CPs. Ninety-six pharmacists participated. The majority (84.2%) agreed there is a role for CPs to play in mental health care, while approximately 60% agreed it is their responsibility to provide PC to these patients. The biggest barrier to providing this service is the lack of knowledge, cited by close to 50% of respondents. This corresponds with the revelation that close to 60% believe that they have a poor or fair understanding of mental disorders. About 30% of respondents said they do not stock psychotropic drugs at all, mainly due to medico-legal reasons, and low prescription requests. Our findings highlight the need for more training of CPs in managing patients with mental disorders.
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Gillette C, Mospan CM, Benfield M. North Carolina community pharmacists' attitudes about suicide and willingness to conduct suicidal ideation assessment: A cross-sectional survey study. Res Social Adm Pharm 2019; 16:727-731. [PMID: 31416756 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is a major and growing public health problem. Pharmacists are one of the most accessible members of the health care team. Due to their unique place in the health care system, pharmacists may be an ideal resource for monitoring patients at risk of suicide. The objectives of this study were to: (1) investigate community pharmacists' attitudes toward suicide; (2) identify pharmacist-reported barriers to suicidal ideation assessment; and (3) evaluate facilitators and barriers to pharmacists conducting suicidal ideation assessment. METHODS An anonymous questionnaire was distributed to North Carolina (NC) community pharmacists. Measures included contact with suicide, perceived role in suicidal ideation assessment, Attitudes Towards Suicide (ATTS), and barriers in suicidal ideation assessment. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the data. RESULTS There were usable and complete data for 225 participants (3.52% response rate). The median ATTS score was 70 (IQR = 7). Community pharmacists were significantly more likely to perform a suicidal ideation assessment at least sometimes when (s)he reported a lower number of barriers (OR = 0.70, 99.5% CI = 0.51-0.98) and when (s)he agreed or strongly agreed that they knew how to help someone who was suicidal (OR = 6.63, 99.5% CI = 1.74, 25.23). The most common barrier to suicidal ideation assessment was lack of education in mental health screening (n = 176). CONCLUSIONS Suicide prevention education programs for pharmacists may need to address reducing barriers, increasing knowledge about suicide, and improving self-efficacy. Targeting these areas may lead more pharmacists conducting these assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Gillette
- Department of PA Studies, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, USA.
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19
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Ballou JM, Chapman AR, Roark AM, Huie CH, McKee J, Marciniak MW. Conducting depression screenings in a community pharmacy: A pilot comparison of methods. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M. Ballou
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill North Carolina
- Brame Huie Pharmacy; North Wilkesboro North Carolina
| | | | | | - Cathy H. Huie
- Brame Huie Pharmacy; North Wilkesboro North Carolina
| | - Jerry McKee
- Community Care of North Carolina; Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Macary W. Marciniak
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill North Carolina
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Murphy AL, Gardner DM. Pharmacists' acceptability of a men's mental health promotion program using the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability. AIMS Public Health 2019; 6:195-208. [PMID: 31297404 PMCID: PMC6606526 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2019.2.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Community pharmacists are accessible, knowledgeable, and capable of providing mental health promotion and care in communities. This may not be a role that is recognized by the public, and men in particular. Differences between men and women exist in help seeking practices. Headstrong-Taking Things Head-On is a men's mental health promotion program for community pharmacies that was designed to increase the capacity of community pharmacists in caring for men with lived experience of mental illness and addictions. The program's core components included signage in pharmacies, education and training for pharmacists, and a website for use with patients. METHODS We applied the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability as the coding scheme to pharmacists' qualitative interviews to examine the acceptability of Headstrong for pharmacists. RESULTS Nine pharmacists consented to participate and all chose telephone interviews. With the exceptions of ethicality, affective attitude, and opportunity costs, all components from the TFA were coded in each of the nine transcripts. The most frequently coded constructs were perceived effectiveness of the intervention, burden, and self-efficacy. These were coded at least 20 times. The remaining categories ethicality, intervention coherence, affective attitude, and opportunity costs were coded between 11 to 17 times. Pharmacists' perceptions of the effectiveness of the program was mixed. The overall burden was perceived to be low, but opportunity costs appear to have limited the participation of some pharmacists in the program. CONCLUSION Use of the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability as a coding scheme for qualitative data from community pharmacists in a men's mental health program was helpful for identifying issues with the program that may require redesign (e.g., signage). Program design should consider how services are advertised in the pharmacy setting, how personal values of pharmacists influence intervention coherence, and whether minimizing the burden of an intervention negates issues related to opportunity costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lynn Murphy
- College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, 5968 College Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - David Martin Gardner
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, Halifax, NS B3H 2E2, Canada
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Hindi AMK, Jacobs S, Schafheutle EI. Solidarity or dissonance? A systematic review of pharmacist and GP views on community pharmacy services in the UK. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2019; 27:565-598. [PMID: 30047617 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There has been a strong policy emphasis over the past decade on optimising patient-centred care and reducing general practitioners' (GPs') workload by extending community pharmacy services and collaboration between pharmacists and GPs. Our aim was to review current evidence of pharmacists' and GPs' views of extended community pharmacy services and pharmacists' roles in the United Kingdom (UK). A systematic review was undertaken looking at UK studies investigating pharmacists' and/or GPs' views of community pharmacy services or roles from 2005 to 2017. A range of databases were searched including EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA), PsycINFO, Science Direct and The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL). In addition, reference lists of included studies were screened and grey literature was searched. Following the application of inclusion/exclusion criteria, the quality of papers was critically analysed, findings were extracted into a grid and subjected to narrative synthesis following thematic analysis. The search strategy yielded a total of 4,066 unique papers from which 60 were included. Forty-seven papers covered pharmacists' views, nine combined both pharmacists' and GPs' views and four covered GPs' views. Study designs included interviews (n = 31, 52%), questionnaire surveys (n = 17, 28%) and focus groups (n = 7, 12%). Three main themes emerged from the data: "attitudes towards services/roles", "community pharmacy organisations" and "external influences". Pharmacists and GPs perceived a number of barriers to successful implementation and integration of pharmacy services. Moreover, collaboration between pharmacists and GPs remains poor despite the introduction of extended services. Overall, extending community pharmacy services require quality-driven incentives and joint working between community pharmacists and GPs to achieve better integration within the patient's primary care pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M K Hindi
- Centre for Pharmacy Workforce Studies, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sally Jacobs
- Centre for Pharmacy Workforce Studies, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ellen I Schafheutle
- Centre for Pharmacy Workforce Studies, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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The mental health community: An underserved and undertreated population: Encouraging research but challenges remain. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2017; 57:650-652. [PMID: 29092763 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Heaton PC. Community-based pharmacy residents: Engaged at the intersection of health and medication needs. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2017; 57:S189-S190. [PMID: 28506376 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2017.04.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela C Heaton
- Chair and Professor, Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267
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