Quantitative determination of alginic acid in pharmaceutical formulations using capillary electrophoresis

Recent advances in production of sustainable and biodegradable polymers from agro-food waste: Applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicines

Agro-food waste is a rich source of biopolymers such as cellulose, chitin, and starch, which have been shown to possess excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low toxicity. These properties make biopolymers from agro-food waste for its application in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Thus, this review highlighted the properties, processing methods, and applications of biopolymers derived from various agro-food waste sources. We also highlight recent advances in the development of biopolymers from agro-food waste and their potential for future tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications, including drug delivery, wound healing, tissue engineering, biodegradable packaging, excipients, dental applications, diagnostic tools, and medical implants. Additionally, it explores the challenges, prospects, and future directions in this rapidly evolving field. The review showed the evolution of production techniques for transforming agro-food waste into valuable biopolymers. However, these biopolymers serving as the cornerstone in scaffold development and drug delivery systems. With their role in wound dressings, cell encapsulation, and regenerative therapies, biopolymers promote efficient wound healing, cell transplantation, and diverse regenerative treatments. Biopolymers support various regenerative treatments, including cartilage and bone regeneration, nerve repair, and organ transplantation. Overall, this review concluded the potential of biopolymers from agro-food waste as a sustainable and cost-effective solution in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, offering innovative solutions for medical treatments and promoting the advancement of these fields.

A validated HPLC assay method for the determination of sodium alginate in pharmaceutical formulations

A high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector method was developed and validated for the quantification of sodium alginate in antacid oral suspension using a phenyl stationary phase and buffer solution at pH 7.0 as a mobile phase. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, range, accuracy, precision and robustness. The method was specific for the determination of sodium alginate in the bulk drug, pharmaceutical dosage form and under stress degradation. The method was linear over the range of 600 to 1,400 µg/mL with r(2) = 0.9999, and accuracy and precision were acceptable with relative standard deviation < 2.0%. The described method is simple, specific, precise, accurate, robust and stability-indicating, and can be successfully applied for the routine analysis of sodium alginate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage form.

Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography determination of alginic acid in pharmaceutical formulations after treatment with alginate lyase and UV detection

A new highly specific and sensitive capillary electrophoresis method (electrokinetic chromatography with SDS) for the determination of the total alginic acid (AA) content in pharmaceutical formulations is described by means of capillary electrophoresis at 230 nm after treatment with alginate lyase [4.2.2.3] and separation of unsaturated products, Delta-oligomers (DeltaHexA-[HexA](n)), in particular, DP3 (DeltaHexA-HexA-HexA) and DP4 (DeltaHexA-HexA-HexA-HexA). Using a buffer constituted with 10 mM sodium borate and 50 mM SDS at pH 9.0, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography was able to determine with very high resolution the AA Delta-oligomers produced by the action of the lyase (mainly DP3 and DP4) as one single species. The intra- and inter-day variations (CV%) were between 6.3 and 9.1 for migration time and between 2.5 and 5.7 for peak area, respectively. The calibration curve showed good linearity for the examined concentration range (60-360 ng) with an average correlation coefficient greater than 0.980. The lowest detection limit and the lowest quantitation limit of the method were 15 ng (0.25 mg/mL) and 40 ng (0.67 mg/mL), respectively. The intra- and inter-day variations in terms of CV% were 5.5 and 8.6%, respectively, and the intra- and inter-day accuracy was estimated to range from 4.1 to 8.9%, while the percent recoveries of AA were calculated to be 102, 97 and 93% for different AA amounts. Variations in temperatures, voltage and buffer composition in comparison with adopted conditions within a 10% limit do not modify the electrophoresis results. The evaluation of AA was performed in both solid and liquid pharmaceutical formulations also in the presence of other ingredients, in particular, aluminium, sodium and potassium bicarbonate, and emulsifying and flavouring agents. The quantitative results obtained were 101.2+/-3.4% of AA content in tablets and 98.4+/-2.8% in liquid formulation, in total conformity with the label claims.

Determination of alginate copolymer in pharmaceutical formulations by micellar electrokinetic chromatography

A micellar electrokinetic chromatography method was developed for the determination and quantification of sodium alginate. The alginate peak migrated in the very short time of 1.33 min and calibrated easily though the polydisperse properties of alginates. The minimum detection limit (LOD) of the method was calculated as 0.393 mg/ml. This analysis method was successfully applied to the alginate quantification in an antacid pharmaceutical formulation. Precise and reproducible analysis results were obtained, with liquid formulations injected directly without any pre-separation process.

Capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of small-molecule pharmaceuticals

This paper reviews the application of CE to the analysis of small-molecule pharmaceuticals. The areas of pharmaceutical analysis covered are enantiomer separation, the analysis of small molecules such as amino acids or drug counter-ions, pharmaceutical assay, determination of related substances and physicochemical measurements such as log P and pK(a) of compounds. The different electrophoretic modes available and their advantages for pharmaceutical analysis are described. Recent applications of CE for each subject area are tabulated with electrolyte details.