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Eshaghi-Gorji R, Talebpour Amiri F, Mirzae M, Shafia S, Akhoundzadeh K. Effects of the combination of bone marrow stromal cells and exercise on corticosterone, BDNF, IGF-1, and anxiety-like behavior in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder: comparable effects of exercise. World J Biol Psychiatry 2024:1-27. [PMID: 39049204 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2024.2382693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
AIM Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) requires more effective treatment options with fewer side effects. Stem cell therapy, as a novel approach, has been investigated in the treatment of various diseases, including brain disorders. This study investigated the effects of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and the combination of BMSCs with exercise on corticosterone, BDNF and IGF-1, and anxiety-like behaviors in a male rat model of PTSD. METHODS Male adult Wistar rats were subjected to PTSD induced by the single prolonged stress (SPS) model. 7 days after SPS, BMSCs were injected intravenously. The exercise started on day 11 and continued for 4 weeks. On day 40th, anxiety behavior, corticosterone, BDNF, and IGF-1 were tested. P < 0.05 was considered as a significant level. RESULTS The study showed that a combination of BMSCs and exercise significantly reduced anxiety-related behaviors, and alterations in BDNF, IGF-1, and corticosterone levels. Also, BMSCs alone significantly reduced some of the PTSD-induced impairments. However, exercise alone showed greater efficiency in comparison with BMSCs alone. CONCLUSION According to the results, although combination therapy effectively improved PTSD-related complications, exercise had relatively comparable effects on PTSD. Exercise has the potential to enhance the efficacy of BMSC therapy. Further research is required to determine whether BMSC therapy is sufficiently efficacious and safe in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Eshaghi-Gorji
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Talebpour Amiri
- Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Mirzae
- PhD in Comparative Histology, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shafia
- Associate Professor, Immunogenetic Research Center, Department of Physiology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Kobra Akhoundzadeh
- Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
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2
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Ahmed AEA, Hassan MH, Abdelfatah AA, Bakri AH. Dysregulated Apoptosis and Autophagy in Childhood Epilepsy: Correlation to Clinical and Pharmacological Patterns. Neuropediatrics 2024. [PMID: 38964348 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1788032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the serum levels of caspase-3 as a marker of apoptosis and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (MAP1-LC3) as an autophagy marker in epileptic children with various clinical and pharmacological types. METHODS This case-control study was carried out on 90 participants (50 pediatric patients with epilepsy and 40 healthy matched children), the patients were categorized into three groups: Group (A): 25 pharmacosensitive epilepsy, Group (B): 25 pharmacoresistant epilepsy, and Group (C): 40 (age, sex, and body mass index) matched healthy children selected as controls. Serum caspase-3 and MAP1-LC3 were measured in all study groups, using commercially available ELISA kits. RESULTS Serum caspase-3 was significantly higher among epileptic children, especially in the pharmacoresistant group, cases managed with multiple antiepileptic drugs, and cases with abnormal EEG findings. Conversely, circulating MAP1-LC3 levels showed a significant reduction in epilepsy cases, particularly in pharmacoresistant cases, in cases treated with multiple antiepileptic drugs, and in cases with abnormal EEG data. A significant negative correlation between serum caspase-3 and MAP1-LC3 was found among epileptic children (r = -0.369, p = 0.0083). Serum caspase-3 was a more valid biomarker in helping diagnose childhood epilepsy, while serum MAP1-LC3 was more valid in predicting pharmacoresistant type. CONCLUSION The study reveals that serum caspase-3 levels were significantly elevated, particularly in pharmacoresistant cases and those managed with multiple drugs. Conversely, MAP1-LC3 levels were significantly reduced in epilepsy cases, suggesting potential involvement of altered apoptosis and autophagy in childhood epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Abd Ahmed
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Mohammed H Hassan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Abdelfatah
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Ali Helmi Bakri
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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Li D, Sun N, Guo Y, Huang S, Yin C, Xiao Y, Ma W. Investigating the Effects of Perampanel on Autophagy-mediated Regulation of GluA2 and PSD95 in Epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04136-1. [PMID: 38602656 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Despite various treatment approaches, a significant number of patients continue to experience uncontrolled seizures, leading to refractory epilepsy. The emergence of novel anti-epileptic drugs, such as perampanel (PER), has provided promising options for effective epilepsy treatment. However, the specific mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of PER remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the intrinsic molecular regulatory mechanisms involved in the downregulation of GluA2, a key subunit of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors, following epileptic seizures. Primary mouse hippocampal neurons were cultured and subjected to an epilepsy cell model. The expression levels of GluA2 and autophagy-related proteins were assessed using Western blotting and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry techniques were employed to investigate the nuclear translocation of CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivator 1 (CRTC1). Additionally, status epilepticus animal models were established to further validate the findings. The epilepsy cell model exhibited a significant decrease in GluA2 expression, accompanied by elevated levels of autophagy-related proteins. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed the nuclear translocation of CRTC1, which correlated with the expression of autophagy-related genes. Treatment with an autophagy inhibitor reversed the decreased expression of GluA2 in the epilepsy cell model. Furthermore, the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase inhibitor FK506 and CaN overexpression affected the dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of CRTC1, consequently influencing GluA2 expression. Animal model results further supported the involvement of these molecular mechanisms in epilepsy. Our findings suggest that the downregulation of GluA2 following epileptic seizures involves the activation of autophagy and the regulation of CRTC1 nuclear translocation. These intrinsic molecular regulatory mechanisms provide potential targets for developing novel therapeutic strategies to alleviate refractory epilepsy and preserve cognitive functions in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Na Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingying Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaoping Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunyan Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanfeng Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Weijun Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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AlRuwaili R, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Ali NH, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Saad HM, Batiha GES. The Possible Role of Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor in Epilepsy. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:533-547. [PMID: 38006577 PMCID: PMC10884085 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disease characterized by repeated seizures. Despite of that the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is implicated in the pathogenesis of epileptogenesis and epilepsy, BDNF may have a neuroprotective effect against epilepsy. Thus, the goal of the present review was to highlight the protective and detrimental roles of BDNF in epilepsy. In this review, we also try to find the relation of BDNF with other signaling pathways and cellular processes including autophagy, mTOR pathway, progranulin (PGN), and α-Synuclein (α-Syn) which negatively and positively regulate BDNF/tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) signaling pathway. Therefore, the assessment of BDNF levels in epilepsy should be related to other neuronal signaling pathways and types of epilepsy in both preclinical and clinical studies. In conclusion, there is a strong controversy concerning the potential role of BDNF in epilepsy. Therefore, preclinical, molecular, and clinical studies are warranted in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed AlRuwaili
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Naif H Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, Punjab, India
- Department of Research & Development, Funogen, Athens, Greece
- Department of Research & Development, AFNP Med, Wien, 1030, Austria
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, University of Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, 51744, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, AlBeheira, 22511, Egypt.
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Ali NH, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Alnaaim SA, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Saad HM, Batiha GES. Autophagy and autophagy signaling in Epilepsy: possible role of autophagy activator. Mol Med 2023; 29:142. [PMID: 37880579 PMCID: PMC10598971 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an explicit cellular process to deliver dissimilar cytoplasmic misfolded proteins, lipids and damaged organelles to the lysosomes for degradation and elimination. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is the main negative regulator of autophagy. The mTOR pathway is involved in regulating neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, neuronal development and excitability. Exaggerated mTOR activity is associated with the development of temporal lobe epilepsy, genetic and acquired epilepsy, and experimental epilepsy. In particular, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is mainly involved in epileptogenesis. The investigation of autophagy's involvement in epilepsy has recently been conducted, focusing on the critical role of rapamycin, an autophagy inducer, in reducing the severity of induced seizures in animal model studies. The induction of autophagy could be an innovative therapeutic strategy in managing epilepsy. Despite the protective role of autophagy against epileptogenesis and epilepsy, its role in status epilepticus (SE) is perplexing and might be beneficial or detrimental. Therefore, the present review aims to revise the possible role of autophagy in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif H Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College, Najran university, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Saud A Alnaaim
- Clinical Neurosciences Department, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia
- AFNP Med, Wien, 1030, Austria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, University of Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, Matrouh, 51744, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, AlBeheira, 22511, Egypt.
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Yang B, Wen HY, Liang RS, Lu TM, Zhu ZY, Wang CH. Hippocampus protection from apoptosis by Baicalin in a LiCl-pilocarpine-induced rat status epilepticus model through autophagy activation. World J Psychiatry 2023; 13:620-629. [PMID: 37771639 PMCID: PMC10523199 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v13.i9.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is associated with hippocampal injury following status epilepticus (SE) and is considered a potential therapeutic mechanism. Baicalin, an emerging multitherapeutic drug, has shown neuroprotective effects in patients with nervous system diseases due to its antioxidant properties. AIM To investigate the potential role of autophagy in LiCl-pilocarpine-induced SE. METHODS The drugs were administered 30 min before SE. Nissl staining showed that Baicalin attenuated hippocampal injury and reduced neuronal death in the hippocampus. Western blotting and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay confirmed that Baicalin reversed the expression intensity of cleaved caspase-3 and apoptosis in hippocampal CA1 following SE. Fur-thermore, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to measure the expression of autophagy markers (p62/SQSTM1, Beclin 1, and LC3) and apoptotic pathway markers (cleaved caspase-3 and Bcl-2). RESULTS Baicalin significantly upregulated autophagic activity and downregulated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway markers. Conversely, 3-methyladenine, a commonly used autophagy inhibitor, was simultaneously administered to inhibit the Baicalin-induced autophagy, abrogating the protective effect of Baicalin on the mitochondrial apoptotic level. CONCLUSION We illustrated that Baicalin-induced activation of autophagy alleviates apoptotic death and protects the hippocampus of SE rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Han-Yu Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ri-Sheng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Neurosurgery Research Institute of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ting-Ming Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zheng-Yan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chun-Hua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China
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Alayli A, Lockard G, Gordon J, Connolly J, Monsour M, Schimmel S, Dela Peña I, Borlongan CV. Stem Cells: Recent Developments Redefining Epilepsy Therapy. Cell Transplant 2023; 32:9636897231158967. [PMID: 36919673 PMCID: PMC10021095 DOI: 10.1177/09636897231158967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of stem cell therapy is growing rapidly and hopes to offer an alternative solution to diseases that are historically treated medically or surgically. One such focus of research is the treatment of medically refractory epilepsy, which is traditionally approached from a surgical or interventional standpoint. Research shows that stem cell transplantation has potential to offer significant benefits to the epilepsy patient by reducing seizure frequency, intensity, and neurological deficits that often result from the condition. This review explores the basic science progress made on the topic of stem cells and epilepsy by focusing on experiments using animal models and highlighting the most recent developments from the last 4 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Alayli
- University of South Florida Morsani
College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gavin Lockard
- University of South Florida Morsani
College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jonah Gordon
- University of South Florida Morsani
College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jacob Connolly
- University of South Florida Morsani
College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Molly Monsour
- University of South Florida Morsani
College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Samantha Schimmel
- University of South Florida Morsani
College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ike Dela Peña
- Department of Pharmaceutical and
Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and
Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL,
USA
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8
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Research progress on oxidative stress regulating different types of neuronal death caused by epileptic seizures. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:6279-6298. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Chang BL, Chang KH. Stem Cell Therapy in Treating Epilepsy. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:934507. [PMID: 35833086 PMCID: PMC9271895 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.934507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common disabling chronic neurological disorder characterized by an enduring propensity for the generation of seizures that result from abnormal hypersynchronous firing of neurons in the brain. Over 20–30% of epilepsy patients fail to achieve seizure control or soon become resistant to currently available therapies. Prolonged seizures or uncontrolled chronic seizures would give rise to neuronal damage or death, astrocyte activation, reactive oxygen species production, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Stem cell therapy is potentially a promising novel therapeutic strategy for epilepsy. The regenerative properties of stem cell-based treatment provide an attractive approach for long-term seizure control, particularly in drug-resistant epilepsy. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and adipose-derived regenerative cells (ADRCs) are capable of differentiating into specialized cell types has been applied for epilepsy treatment in preclinical animal research and clinical trials. In this review, we focused on the advances in stem cell therapy for epilepsies. The goals of stem cell transplantation, its mechanisms underlying graft effects, the types of grafts, and their therapeutic effects were discussed. The cell and animal models used for investigating stem cell technology in epilepsy treatment were summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Luen Chang
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Bao-Luen Chang
| | - Kuo-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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Ke X, Liao Z, Luo X, Chen JQ, Deng M, Huang Y, Wang Z, Wei M. Endothelial colony-forming cell-derived exosomal miR-21-5p regulates autophagic flux to promote vascular endothelial repair by inhibiting SIPL1A2 in atherosclerosis. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:30. [PMID: 35279183 PMCID: PMC8917727 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00828-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) represents an efficient therapeutic method for atherosclerosis but conveys a risk of causing restenosis. Endothelial colony-forming cell-derived exosomes (ECFC-exosomes) are important mediators during vascular repair. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of ECFC-exosomes in a rat model of atherosclerosis and to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the ECFC-exosome-mediated effects on ox-LDL-induced endothelial injury.
Methods
The effect of ECFC-exosome-mediated autophagy on ox-LDL-induced human microvascular endothelial cell (HMEC) injury was examined by cell counting kit-8 assay, scratch wound assay, tube formation assay, western blot and the Ad-mCherry-GFP-LC3B system. RNA-sequencing assays, bioinformatic analysis and dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed to confirm the interaction between the miR-21-5p abundance of ECFC-exosomes and SIPA1L2 in HMECs. The role and underlying mechanism of ECFC-exosomes in endothelial repair were explored using a high-fat diet combined with balloon injury to establish an atherosclerotic rat model of vascular injury. Evans blue staining, haematoxylin and eosin staining and western blotting were used to evaluate vascular injury.
Results
ECFC-exosomes were incorporated into HMECs and promoted HMEC proliferation, migration and tube formation by repairing autophagic flux and enhancing autophagic activity. Subsequently, we demonstrated that miR-21-5p, which is abundant in ECFC-exosomes, binds to the 3’ untranslated region of SIPA1L2 to inhibit its expression, and knockout of miR-21-5p in ECFC-exosomes reversed ECFC-exosome-decreased SIPA1L2 expression in ox-LDL-induced HMEC injury. Knockdown of SIPA1L2 repaired autophagic flux and enhanced autophagic activity to promote cell proliferation in ox-LDL-treated HMECs. ECFC-exosome treatment attenuated vascular endothelial injury, regulated lipid balance and activated autophagy in an atherogenic rat model of vascular injury, whereas these effects were eliminated with ECFC-exosomes with knockdown of miR-21-5p.
Conclusions
Our study demonstrated that ECFC-exosomes protect against atherosclerosis- or PTCA-induced vascular injury by rescuing autophagic flux and inhibiting SIAP1L2 expression through delivery of miR-21-5p.
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Gala D, Gurusamy V, Patel K, Damodar S, Swaminath G, Ullal G. Stem Cell Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Novel Therapeutic Approach. Diseases 2021; 9:diseases9040077. [PMID: 34842629 PMCID: PMC8628773 DOI: 10.3390/diseases9040077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is a rapidly evolving field of regenerative medicine being employed for the management of various central nervous system disorders. The ability to self-renew, differentiate into specialized cells, and integrate into neuronal networks has positioned stem cells as an ideal mechanism for the treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsy is characterized by repetitive seizures caused by imbalance in the GABA and glutamate neurotransmission following neuronal damage. Stem cells provide benefit by reducing the glutamate excitotoxicity and strengthening the GABAergic inter-neuron connections. Similar to the abnormal neuroanatomic location in epilepsy, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is caused by hyperarousal in the amygdala and decreased activity of the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. Thus, stem cells could be used to modulate neuronal interconnectivity. In this review, we provide a rationale for the use of stem cell therapy in the treatment of PTSD.
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Histopathological and Biochemical Assessment of Neuroprotective Effects of Sodium Valproate and Lutein on the Pilocarpine Albino Rat Model of Epilepsy. Behav Neurol 2021; 2021:5549638. [PMID: 34149964 PMCID: PMC8195670 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5549638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most frequent neurological disorders characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures. Oxidative stress is believed to directly participate in the pathways of neurodegenerations leading to epilepsy. Approximately, one-third of the epileptic patients who suffer from seizures do not receive effective medical treatment. Sodium valproate (SVP) is a commonly used antiepileptic drug (AED); however, it has toxic effects. Lutein (L), a carotenoid, has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to determine the neuroprotective effect of sodium valproate (SVP) and lutein (L) in a rat model of pilocarpine- (PLC-) induced epilepsy. To achieve this aim, fifty rats were randomly divided into five groups. Group I: control, group II: received PLC (400 mg/kg intraperitoneally), group III: received PLC + SVP (500 mg/kg orally), group IV: received PLC + SVP + L (100 mg/kg orally), and group V: received (PLC + L). Racine Scale (RC) and latency period to onset seizure were calculated. After eight weeks, the hippocampus rotarod performance and histological investigations were performed. Oxidative stress was investigated in hippocampal homogenates. Results revealed that SVP and L, given alone or in combination, reduced the RC significantly, a significant delay in latency to PLC-kindling onset, and improved rotarod performance of rats compared with the PLC group. Moreover, L was associated with a reduction of oxidative stress in hippocampal homogenate, a significant decrease in serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) level, and inhibition of cerebral injury and displayed antiepileptic properties in the PLC-induced epileptic rat model. Data obtained from the current research elucidated the prominent neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of lutein in this model. In conclusion, lutein cotreatment with AEDs is likely to be a promising strategy to improve treatment efficacy in patients suffering from epilepsy.
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Akyuz E, Doganyigit Z, Paudel YN, Koklu B, Kaymak E, Villa C, Arulsamy A, Shaikh MF, Devinsky O. Immunoreactivity of Muscarinic Acetylcholine M2 and Serotonin 5-HT2B Receptors, Norepinephrine Transporter and Kir Channels in a Model of Epilepsy. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11040276. [PMID: 33810231 PMCID: PMC8066555 DOI: 10.3390/life11040276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by an imbalance in neurotransmitter activity; an increased excitatory to an inhibitory activity. Acetylcholine (ACh), serotonin, and norepinephrine (NE) may modulate neural activity via several mechanisms, mainly through its receptors/transporter activity and alterations in the extracellular potassium (K+) concentration via K+ ion channels. Seizures may disrupt the regulation of inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir) channels and alter the receptor/transporter activity. However, there are limited data present on the immunoreactivity pattern of these neurotransmitter receptors/transporters and K+ channels in chronic models of epilepsy, which therefore was the aim of this study. Changes in the immunoreactivity of epileptogenesis-related neurotransmitter receptors/transporters (M2, 5-HT2B, and NE transporter) as well as Kir channels (Kir3.1 and Kir6.2) were determined in the cortex, hippocampus and medulla of adult Wistar rats by utilizing a Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-kindling chronic epilepsy model. Increased immunoreactivity of the NE transporter, M2, and 5-HT2B receptors was witnessed in the cortex and medulla. While the immunoreactivity of the 5-HT2B receptor was found increased in the cortex and medulla, it was decreased in the hippocampus, with no changes observed in the M2 receptor in this region. Kir3.1 and Kir6.2 staining showed increase immunoreactivity in the cerebral cortex, but channel contrasting findings in the hippocampus and medulla. Our results suggest that seizure kindling may result in significant changes in the neurotransmitter system which may contribute or propagate to future epileptogenesis, brain damage and potentially towards sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Further studies on the pathogenic role of these changes in neurotransmitter receptors/transporters and K+ channel immunoreactivity may identify newer possible targets to treat seizures or prevent epilepsy-related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enes Akyuz
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of International Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul 34668, Turkey
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (O.D.); Tel.: +90-535-7629979 (E.A.); +1-646-558-0803 (O.D.)
| | - Zuleyha Doganyigit
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat 66100, Turkey; (Z.D.); (E.K.)
| | - Yam Nath Paudel
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (Y.N.P.); (A.A.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Betul Koklu
- Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat 66100, Turkey;
| | - Emin Kaymak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat 66100, Turkey; (Z.D.); (E.K.)
| | - Chiara Villa
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Alina Arulsamy
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (Y.N.P.); (A.A.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Mohd. Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (Y.N.P.); (A.A.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (O.D.); Tel.: +90-535-7629979 (E.A.); +1-646-558-0803 (O.D.)
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14
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Sadanandan N, Saft M, Gonzales-Portillo B, Borlongan CV. Multipronged Attack of Stem Cell Therapy in Treating the Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Epilepsy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:596287. [PMID: 33815100 PMCID: PMC8010689 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.596287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy stands as a life-threatening disease that is characterized by unprovoked seizures. However, an important characteristic of epilepsy that needs to be examined is the neuropsychiatric aspect. Epileptic patients endure aggression, depression, and other psychiatric illnesses. Therapies for epilepsy can be divided into two categories: antiepileptic medications and surgical resection. Antiepileptic drugs are used to attenuate heightened neuronal firing and to lessen seizure frequency. Alternatively, surgery can also be conducted to physically cut out the area of the brain that is assumed to be the root cause for the anomalous firing that triggers seizures. While both treatments serve as viable approaches that aim to regulate seizures and ameliorate the neurological detriments spurred by epilepsy, they do not serve to directly counteract epilepsy's neuropsychiatric traits. To address this concern, a potential new treatment involves the use of stem cells. Stem cell therapy has been employed in experimental models of neurological maladies, such as Parkinson's disease, and neuropsychiatric illnesses like depression. Cell-based treatments for epilepsy utilizing stem cells such as neural stem cells (NSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and interneuron grafts have been explored in preclinical and clinical settings, highlighting both the acute and chronic stages of epilepsy. However, it is difficult to create an animal model to capitalize on all the components of epilepsy due to the challenges in delineating the neuropsychiatric aspect. Therefore, further preclinical investigation into the safety and efficacy of stem cell therapy in addressing both the neurological and the neuropsychiatric components of epilepsy is warranted in order to optimize cell dosage, delivery, and timing of cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
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15
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Zhang LN, Zhang XW, Li CQ, Guo J, Chen YP, Chen SL. Vagal Nerve Stimulation Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats by Inhibiting Autophagy and Apoptosis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:905-913. [PMID: 33790559 PMCID: PMC8008252 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s300535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cumulative evidence suggests that neuronal death including autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis is closely related to the occurrence and development of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Moreover, vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) is involved in many different neuroprotective and neuroplasticity pathways. Thus, VNS may be a novel approach for treating various neurodegenerative diseases. The present study aims to determine whether VNS protects against cerebral I/R injury in rats by inhibiting autophagy and apoptosis. METHODS Cerebral I/R injury is induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and VNS is carried out. Infarct volume, neurological deficit, autophagy, and apoptosis are examined 24 h after reperfusion. RESULTS Vagal nerve stimulation decreases infarct volume and suppresses neurological deficit. Moreover, obvious autophagy and apoptosis are detected in rats that have undergone I/R, and VNS inhibits autophagy and apoptosis. CONCLUSION Vagal nerve stimulation exerts neuroprotective effects following I/R injury by inhibiting autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, 404000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, 404000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Qing Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, 404000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ping Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, 404000, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Li Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, 404000, People's Republic of China
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16
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Safar MM, Shahin NN, Mohamed AF, Abdelkader NF. Suppression of BACE1 and amyloidogenic/RAGE axis by sitagliptin ameliorates PTZ kindling-induced cognitive deficits in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 328:109144. [PMID: 32653415 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The debilitating nature of cognitive impairment in epilepsy and the potential of some traditional antiepileptics to further deteriorate cognitive function are areas of growing concern. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) deficiency has been linked to reduced seizure threshold as well as cognitive dysfunction. Here, we tested whether sitagliptin (SITA), by virtue of its neuroprotective properties, could alleviate both epilepsy and associated cognitive dysfunction in a rat model of kindling epilepsy. Chemical kindling was induced by subconvulsive doses of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) (30 mg/kg; i.p). SITA (50 mg/kg; p.o) was administered 1 h before PTZ injections. SITA conceivably attenuated PTZ hippocampal histological insult, preserved neuronal integrity and amended neurotransmitter perturbations in rat hippocampi paralleled with enhanced hippocampal GLP-1 levels as well as the downstream cAMP content and protein kinase A (PKA) activity. Moreover, SITA improved cognitive functioning of rats in the Morris water maze which was coupled with hampered hippocampal p(Ser404)-tau and β-amyloid proteins. SITA replenished p(Ser9)-glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). It also opposed the boosted matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels associated with PTZ administration along with mitigation of both β-secretase-1 (BACE1) immunoreactivity and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) protein level in rat hippocampi. In conclusion, SITA subdues epileptic and cognitive upshots of PTZ kindling in rats, which might correspond to the modulation of BACE1, amyloidogenic/RAGE axis as well as GSK-3β/MMP-9/BDNF signaling cascade. SITA effects are probably mediated via boosting GLP-1 and subsequently enhancing GLP-1/GLP-1R signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Safar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Pharmacology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nancy N Shahin
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F Mohamed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Noha F Abdelkader
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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17
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mTOR-Related Cell-Clearing Systems in Epileptic Seizures, an Update. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051642. [PMID: 32121250 PMCID: PMC7084443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that autophagy impairment is implicated in the epileptogenic mechanisms downstream of mTOR hyperactivation. This holds true for a variety of genetic and acquired epileptic syndromes besides malformations of cortical development which are classically known as mTORopathies. Autophagy suppression is sufficient to induce epilepsy in experimental models, while rescuing autophagy prevents epileptogenesis, improves behavioral alterations, and provides neuroprotection in seizure-induced neuronal damage. The implication of autophagy in epileptogenesis and maturation phenomena related to seizure activity is supported by evidence indicating that autophagy is involved in the molecular mechanisms which are implicated in epilepsy. In general, mTOR-dependent autophagy regulates the proliferation and migration of inter-/neuronal cortical progenitors, synapse development, vesicular release, synaptic plasticity, and importantly, synaptic clustering of GABAA receptors and subsequent excitatory/inhibitory balance in the brain. Similar to autophagy, the ubiquitin–proteasome system is regulated downstream of mTOR, and it is implicated in epileptogenesis. Thus, mTOR-dependent cell-clearing systems are now taking center stage in the field of epilepsy. In the present review, we discuss such evidence in a variety of seizure-related disorders and models. This is expected to provide a deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying seizure activity.
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18
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Rajabi H, Aslani S, Abhari A, Sanajou D. Expression Profiles of MicroRNAs in Stem Cells Differentiation. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:906-918. [PMID: 32072899 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200219092520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells and have a great potential in multilineage differentiation. These cells are classified into adult stem cells like Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) and Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs). Stem cells also have potential therapeutic utility due to their pluripotency, self-renewal, and differentiation ability. These properties make them a suitable choice for regenerative medicine. Stem cells differentiation toward functional cells is governed by different signaling pathways and transcription factors. Recent studies have demonstrated the key role of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of various diseases, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, aging, cell fate decisions. Several types of stem cells have different and unique miRNA expression profiles. Our review summarizes novel regulatory roles of miRNAs in the process of stem cell differentiation especially adult stem cells into a variety of functional cells through signaling pathways and transcription factors modulation. Understanding the mechanistic roles of miRNAs might be helpful in elaborating clinical therapies using stem cells and developing novel biomarkers for the early and effective diagnosis of pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Rajabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Aslani
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Abhari
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Davoud Sanajou
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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