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Skaggs CM, Ryu DC, Bhandari H, Xin Y, Kang CJ, Lapidus SH, Siegfried PE, Ghimire NJ, Tan X. IrGe 4: A Predicted Weyl-Metal with a Chiral Crystal Structure. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:19395-19403. [PMID: 37983308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Polycrystalline IrGe4 was synthesized by annealing elements at 800 °C for 240 h, and the composition was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. IrGe4 adopts a chiral crystal structure (space group P3121) instead of a polar crystal structure (P31), which was corroborated by the convergent-beam electron diffraction and Rietveld refinements using synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction data. The crystal structure features layers of IrGe8 polyhedra along the b axis, and the layers are connected by edge- and corner-sharing. Each layer consists of corner-shared [Ir3Ge20] trimers, which are formed by three IrGe8 polyhedra connected by edge-sharing. Temperature-dependent resistivity indicates metallic behavior. The magnetoresistance increases with increasing applied magnetic field, and the nonsaturating magnetoresistance reaches 11.5% at 9 T and 10 K. The Hall resistivity suggests that holes are the majority carrier type, with a carrier concentration of 4.02 × 1021 cm-3 at 300 K. Electronic band structures calculated by density functional theory reveal a Weyl point with a chiral charge of +3 above the Fermi level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callista M Skaggs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Dong-Choon Ryu
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hari Bhandari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
- Quantum Science and Engineering Center, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Yan Xin
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Chang-Jong Kang
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Saul H Lapidus
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Peter E Siegfried
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
- Quantum Science and Engineering Center, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Nirmal J Ghimire
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Stavropoulos Center for Complex Quantum Matter, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
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Wang L, Yao X, Sun Y, Wu W, He A, Liu Y, Zhang X. Robust ferromagnetism and Weyl half-semimetal in a two-dimensional vanadium boride monolayer. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:12491-12497. [PMID: 35983780 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03236h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Topological and ferromagnetic features in two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted considerable interest due to their excellent physical properties. 2D Weyl half-semimetals (WHSMs) are excellent platforms to study both properties. In this study, we predicted a 2D ferromagnetic WHSM, VB28, via first-principles calculations. The VB28 monolayer displays ultra-high thermodynamic stability. It has a couple of fully spin-polarized Weyl nodal points in the spin-down channel. The Weyl points are found to be protected by vertical mirror and antiunitary C2zT symmetries, which are robust against spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and in-plane strains. Our study not only discovers an intrinsic ferromagnetic 2D WSHM material with Weyl points around the Fermi level but also provides a potential candidate with good stability for spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licheng Wang
- College of Physics Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China.
| | - Xiaojing Yao
- College of Physics and Hebei Advanced Thin Films Laboratory, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Yi Sun
- College of Physics Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China.
| | - Weikang Wu
- Research Laboratory for Quantum Materials, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China.
| | - Ailei He
- College of Physics Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China.
| | - Yongjun Liu
- College of Physics Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China.
| | - Xiuyun Zhang
- College of Physics Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China.
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3
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Liu W, Zhang X, Meng W, Liu Y, Dai X, Liu G. Theoretical realization of hybrid Weyl state and associated high catalytic performance for hydrogen evolution in NiSi. iScience 2022; 25:103543. [PMID: 34977505 PMCID: PMC8683596 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), developing high-performance catalysts without containing precious metals have been a major research focus in the present. Herein, we show the feasibility of HER catalytic enhancement in Ni-based materials based on topological engineering from hybrid Weyl states. Via a high-throughput computational screening from ∼140,000 materials, we identify that a chiral compound NiSi is a hybrid Weyl semimetal (WSM) showing bulk type-I and type-II Weyl nodes and long surface Fermi arcs near the Fermi level. Sufficient evidences verify that topological charge carriers participate in the HER process, and make the certain surface of NiSi highly active with the Gibbs free energy nearly zero (0.07 eV), which is even lower than Pt and locates on the top of the volcano plots. This work opens up a new routine to develop no-precious-metal-containing HER catalysts via topological engineering, rather than traditional defect engineering, doping engineering, or strain engineering. A new designation to catalytic enhancement via topological engineering is constructed An ideal hybrid Weyl catalyst NiSi is identified by a high-throughput material screening Sufficient evidences verify topological charge participates in catalytic enhancement NiSi has a higher theoretical hydrogen evolution activity than precious-metal Pt
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Weizhen Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Xuefang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
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4
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Chang Y, Wang X, Na S, Zhang W. Computational Simulation of the Electronic State Transition in the Ternary Hexagonal Compound BaAgBi. Front Chem 2021; 9:796323. [PMID: 34858952 PMCID: PMC8631810 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.796323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Topological properties in metals or semimetals have sparked tremendous scientific interest in quantum chemistry because of their exotic surface state behavior. The current research focus is still on discovering ideal topological metal material candidates. We propose a ternary compound with a hexagonal crystal structure, BaAgBi, which was discovered to exhibit two Weyl nodal ring states around the Fermi energy level without the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) effect using theoretical calculations. When the SOC effect is considered, the topological phases transform into two Dirac nodal line states, and their locations also shift from the Weyl nodal rings. The surface states of both the Weyl nodal ring and Dirac nodal lines were calculated on the (001) surface projection using a tight-binding Hamiltonian, and clear drumhead states were observed, with large spatial distribution areas and wide energy variation ranges. These topological features in BaAgBi can be very beneficial for experimental detection, inspiring further experimental investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chang
- Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
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Jin L, Wang L, Zhang X, Liu Y, Dai X, Gao H, Liu G. Fully spin-polarized Weyl fermions and in/out-of-plane quantum anomalous Hall effects in a two-dimensional d 0 ferromagnet. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:5901-5909. [PMID: 33725053 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07556f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) in intrinsic ferromagnets has attracted considerable attention recently. Previously, studies of the QAHE have mostly focused on the default assumption of out-of-plane magnetization. In fact, the QAHE can also be achieved via in-plane magnetization, but such candidate materials are very scarce. Here, we find that two-dimensional (2D) YN2 not only possesses the previously reported out-of-plane QAHE, but it also possesses a tunable in-plane QAHE. More importantly, unlike the previously reported in-plane QAHE in d/f-type ferromagnets, here we report the effect in a 2D d0 ferromagnet, namely YN2, for the first time. In the ground state, a YN2 monolayer has a half-metal band structure, and manifests six pairs of fully spin-polarized Weyl points at the Fermi level. When spin-orbit coupling is included, the YN2 monolayer can realize multiple topological phases, determined based on the magnetization direction. Under in-plane magnetization, the YN2 monolayer shows either the Weyl state or in-plane QAHE state. Remarkably, the Chern number (±1) and the propagating direction of QAHE edge channels can be continuously switched via shifting the direction of the in-plane magnetic field. When magnetization is applied out-of-plane, the YN2 monolayer realizes an out-of-plane QAHE phase with a high Chern number of 3. The nontrivial edge states for all the topological phases in the YN2 monolayer have been clearly identified. This work suggests that 2D YN2 is an excellent candidate for investigating in-plane QAHE phases in d0 ferromagnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
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Meng W, Liu W, Zhang X, Liu Y, Dai X, Liu G. Novel topological states of nodal points and nodal rings in 2D planar octagon TiB 4. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:3194-3200. [PMID: 33527968 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08015b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Topological states of matter in two-dimensional (2D) materials have received increasing attention due to their potential applications in nanoscale spintronics. Here, we report the presence of unique topological electronic properties in a 2D planar octagon TiB4 compound. Particularly, without considering the spin-orbit coupling (SOC), we found that the material showed a coexistence of novel quadratic node (QN), and two different types of nodal rings (NRs), namely type-I and type-II. The protection mechanism of fermions has been fully clarified in this study. Furthermore, these fermions showed clear edge states. It is worth noting that QN had a topological charge of 2 since it is different from linear nodes and exhibit clear Fermi arc edge states. Under lattice strain, we found that the system could further exhibit rich topological phase transition. When SOC was included, we determined that these crossing points open very tiny energy gaps, which were smaller than previously reported 3D and 2D examples. These results show that monolayer TiB4 is an excellent nodal point and nodal ring semimetal, which also provides a feasible member for studying potential entanglements among multiple fermions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
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Xu H, Xi H, Gao YC. Hexagonal Zr 3X (X = Al, Ga, In) Metals: High Dynamic Stability, Nodal Loop, and Perfect Nodal Surface States. Front Chem 2020; 8:608398. [PMID: 33330404 PMCID: PMC7710705 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.608398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, topological semimetals/metals, including nodal point, nodal line, and nodal surface semimetals/metals, have been studied extensively because of their potential applications in spintronics and quantum computers. In this study, we predict a family of materials, Zr3X (X = Al, Ga, In), hosting the nodal loop and nodal surface states in the absence of spin–orbit coupling. Remarkably, the energy variation of the nodal loop and nodal surface states in Zr3X are very small, and these topological signatures lie very close to the Fermi level. When the effect of spin–orbit coupling is considered, the nodal loop and nodal surface states exhibit small energy gaps (<25 and 35 meV, respectively) that are suitable observables that reflect the spin-orbit coupling response of these topological signatures and can be detected in experiments. Moreover, these compounds are dynamically stable, and they consequently form potential material platforms to study nodal loop and nodal surface semimetals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heju Xu
- College of Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Hailong Xi
- College of Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yong-Chun Gao
- College of Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
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Tian L, Liu Y, Meng W, Zhang X, Dai X, Liu G. Spin-Orbit Coupling-Determined Topological Phase: Topological Insulator and Quadratic Dirac Semimetals. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:10340-10347. [PMID: 33232150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Our work reveals a class of three-dimensional materials whose main features are dominated by d-orbital states. Their unique properties are derived from the low-energy states t2g. Without spin-orbital coupling (SOC), we find a triple degenerate point with a quadratic dispersion, demonstrated by an effective Hamiltonian. When SOC is included, the sign of SOC could determine the topological phases of materials: a negative SOC contributes a Dirac semimetal phase with a quadratic energy dispersion, whereas a positive SOC leads to a strong topological insulator phase. There exist clear surface states for the corresponding topological phases. Very interestingly, by application of a triaxial strain, the sequence of bands can be exchanged, as do the topological phases. In particular, there exists a 6-fold degenerate point under a critical strain. Furthermore, we use a uniaxial compressive/tensile strain, changing the quadratic Dirac point into a linear Dirac/strong topological insulator phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Weizhen Meng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Xuefang Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
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9
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Xu H. Realization of Opened and Closed Nodal Lines and Four- and Three-fold Degenerate Nodal Points in XPt (X = Sc, Y, La) Intermetallic Compound: A Computational Modeling Study. Front Chem 2020; 8:609118. [PMID: 33251188 PMCID: PMC7674926 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.609118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Realizing rich topological elements in topological materials has attracted increasing attention in the fields of chemistry, physics, and materials science. Topological semimetals/metals are classified into three main types: nodal-point, nodal-line, and nodal-surface types with zero-, one-, and two-dimensional topological elements, respectively. This study reports that XPt (X = Sc, Y, La) intermetallic compounds are topological metals with opened and closed nodal lines, and triply degenerate nodal points (TNPs) when the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) is ignored. Based on the calculated phonon dispersions, one can find that ScPt and YPt are dynamically stable whereas LaPt is not. When SOC is added, the one-dimensional nodal line and zero-dimensional TNPs disappear. Interestingly, a new zero-dimensional topological element, that is, Dirac points with 4-fold degenerate isolated band crossings with linear band dispersion appear. The proposed materials can be considered a good platform to realize zero- and one-dimensional topological elements in a single compound and to study the relationship between zero- and one-dimensional topological elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heju Xu
- College of Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
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Meng W, Liu Y, Zhang X, Dai X, Liu G. A nonsymmorphic-symmetry-protected hourglass Weyl node, hybrid Weyl node, nodal surface, and Dirac nodal line in Pd 4X (X = S, Se) compounds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:22399-22407. [PMID: 32996503 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03686b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nonsymmorphic symmetry has been proved to protect band crossings in topological semimetals/metals. In this work, based on the symmetry analysis and first-principles calculations, we reveal rich topological phases in compounds Pd4X (X = S, Se), which are protected by nonsymmorphic symmetry. In the absence of spin-orbit coupling (SOC), it shows the coexistence of the type-I Weyl point and type-II Weyl point. Here, due to the screw rotation, the type-I Weyl point takes an hourglass form. However, this hourglass Weyl point can be gapped in the presence of SOC. Furthermore, a combination of nonsymmorphic twofold screw-rotational symmetry and time-reversal symmetry protects a nodal surface. Particularly, this nodal surface is robust against SOC. In addition, a combination of the glide mirror and time-reversal symmetry contributes a nodal line of double degeneracy. In the presence of SOC, there emerges hybridization of type-I and type-II Weyl points. Meanwhile, there also appears a Dirac nodal line-a fourfold degenerate nodal line under SOC, which is protected by nonsymmorphic symmetries. Our works suggest realistic materials to study Weyl nodes of type-I and type-II, and their hybridization, as well as symmetry-protected nodal surfaces and Dirac nodal lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Meng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
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Jia T, Meng W, Zhang H, Liu C, Dai X, Zhang X, Liu G. Weyl Fermions in VI 3 Monolayer. Front Chem 2020; 8:722. [PMID: 33005602 PMCID: PMC7479203 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the presence of a Weyl fermion in VI3 monolayer. The material shows a sandwich-like hexagonal structure and stable phonon spectrum. It has a half-metal band structure, where only the bands in one spin channel cross the Fermi level. There are three pairs of Weyl points slightly below the Fermi level in spin-up channel. The Weyl points show a clean band structure and are characterized by clear Fermi arcs edge state. The effects of spin-orbit coupling, electron correlation, and lattice strain on the electronic band structure were investigated. We find that the half-metallicity and Weyl points are robust against these perturbations. Our work suggests VI3 monolayer is an excellent Weyl half-metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoyuan Jia
- School of Material Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Weizhen Meng
- School of Material Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Haopeng Zhang
- School of Material Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunhai Liu
- School of Material Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuefang Dai
- School of Material Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- School of Material Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- School of Material Sciences and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
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Xu L, Meng W, Zhang X, Dai X, Liu Y, Wang L, Liu G. Palladium oxide: an excellent topological electronic material with 0-D and 1-D band crossings and definite nontrivial surface states. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:18447-18453. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02446e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PdO is an excellent topological semimetal with coexisting 0-D and 1-D band crossings and clear surface states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin 300130
- China
- School of Material Sciences and Engineering
| | - Weizhen Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin 300130
- China
- School of Material Sciences and Engineering
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin 300130
- China
- School of Material Sciences and Engineering
| | - Xuefang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin 300130
- China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin 300130
- China
| | - Liying Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparation Technology
- School of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300354
- People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin 300130
- China
- School of Material Sciences and Engineering
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