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Cancho-Gonzalez S, Ferguson P, Herniman JM, Langley GJ. Dispersity determination of poly(ethylene glycol)s using supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry and different mass analysers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9765. [PMID: 38742369 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dispersity values are considered critical quality attributes for the quality control of poly(ethylene glycol) formulations due to the direct impact on drug performance. However, when these polymers are analysed using mass spectrometry, the design of the mass analyser can impact the oligomer response and affect the obtained dispersity values, so further understanding is needed. METHODS The deconvoluted electrospray ionisation mass spectra of poly(ethylene glycol)s obtained using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) hyphenated to different mass analysers were compared, and visualisation diagrams were used to understand the differences in the dispersity value calculations. Five calibration approaches based on a surrogate single oligomer that represents the whole distribution, or the whole distribution itself, for response selection, were used to evaluate ionisation efficiency prior to quantitation. The impact of using an internal standard (ISTD) on the expanded uncertainty was also assessed. RESULTS Although there were challenges related to the resolution of multiply charged species when low-resolution instruments were used, similar quantitation capabilities were obtained to those when high-resolution mass analysers were used. Evaluation of approaches using a surrogate oligomer or the whole distribution suggested the independence of both approaches and a constant ionisation efficiency across the oligomer chain length. The higher degree of chromatographic resolution of SFC allowed incorporating a monodispersed ISTD to improve the accuracy and precision of the method. CONCLUSIONS The use of low resolution mass analysers was sufficient to provide accurate and precise dispersity values; however, higher resolution instruments were recommended for characterisation due to the improved mass resolution of ions. The introduction of a monodispersed ISTD improved precision without compromising the calculated dispersity value due to the lack of analyte suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Cancho-Gonzalez
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Paul Ferguson
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Julie M Herniman
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - G John Langley
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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2
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Chiarcos R, Antonioli D, Ospina V, Laus M, Perego M, Gianotti V. Quantification of molecular weight discrimination in grafting to reactions from ultrathin polymer films by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Analyst 2021; 146:6145-6155. [PMID: 34487131 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01329g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a reliable and robust method was developed to quantify the molecular weight discrimination that can occur in grafting to reactions via indirect MALDI-TOF quantification of the molecular weights of grafted chains by comparing the characteristics of the polymeric material before the grafting reaction with those of the unreacted material recovered after grafting. Two polystyrene samples with different molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions were employed to prepare model blends that were grafted to silicon wafers and an analytical method was developed and validated to assess and quantify the modification of the molecular weight distribution that takes place during the grafting to process. Particular attention was paid to the standardization of the sample treatment and to find the best data collection and calibration methodologies in order to have statistically significant data even in the presence of a very scarce amount of the sample. Furthermore, to evaluate the accuracy of the analytical procedure, the lack of suitable standard and certified materials required a further experiment to be carried out by comparing the new optimized MALDI-TOF method and direct measurements using TGA-GC-MS on a model blend containing deuterated and hydrogenated polystyrene samples with appropriate molecular weights and distributions. The optimized method was applied on samples obtained by a thermally induced grafting to reaction from ultrathin polymer films and, for the first time, to our knowledge, an enrichment effect occurring in the ultrathin grafted layer obtained from a melt was evidenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Chiarcos
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Diego Antonioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Viviana Ospina
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Michele Laus
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Michele Perego
- Laboratorio MDM, IMM-CNR, Via C. Olivetti 2, 20864 Agrate Brianza, Italy
| | - Valentina Gianotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
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3
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Wang Z, Saadé NK, Ariya PA. Advances in Ultra-Trace Analytical Capability for Micro/Nanoplastics and Water-Soluble Polymers in the Environment: Fresh Falling Urban Snow. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116698. [PMID: 33611197 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Discarded micro/nano-plastic inputs into the environment are emerging global concerns. Yet the quantification of micro/nanoplastics in complex environmental matrices is still a major challenge, notably for soluble ones. We herein develop in-laboratory built nanostructures (zinc oxide, titanium oxide and cobalt) coupled to mass spectrometry techniques, for picogram quantification of micro/nanoplastics in water and snow matrices, without sample pre-treatment. In parallel, an ultra-trace quantification method for micro/nanoplastics based on nanostructured laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (NALDI-TOF-MS) is developed. The detection limit is ∼5 pg for ambient snow. Soluble polyethylene glycol and insoluble polyethylene fragments were observed and quantified in fresh falling snow in Montreal, Canada. Complementary physicochemical studies of the snow matrices and reference plastics using laser-based particle sizers, inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry, and high-resolution scanning/transmission electron microscopy, produced consistent results with NALDI, and further provided information on morphology and composition of the micro/nano-plastic particles. This work is promising as it demonstrates that a wide range of recyclable nanostructures, in-laboratory built or commercial, can provide ultra-trace capability for quantification for both soluble polymers and insoluble plastics in air, water and soil. It may thereby produce key missing information to determine the fate of micro/nanoplastics in the environment, and their impacts on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Nadim K Saadé
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Parisa A Ariya
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B9, Canada.
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4
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Dong X, Peng W, Yu CY, Zhou S, Donohoo KB, Tang H, Mechref Y. 8-plex LC-MS/MS Analysis of Permethylated N-Glycans Achieved by Using Stable Isotopic Iodomethane. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11794-11802. [PMID: 31356052 PMCID: PMC7412976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important post-translational modification of proteins. Many diseases, such as cancer, have proved to be related to aberrant glycosylation. High throughput quantitative methods have gained attention recently in the study of glycomics. With the development of high-resolution mass spectrometry, the sensitivity of detection in glycomics has largely improved; however, most of the commonly used MS-based techniques are focused on relative quantitative analysis, which can hardly provide direct comparative glycomic quantitation results. In this study, we developed a novel multiplex glycomic analysis method on an LC-ESI-MS platform. Reduced glycans were stable isotopic labeled during the permethylation procedure, with the use of iodomethane reagents CH2DI, CHD2I, CD3I, 13CH3I, 13CH2DI, 13CHD2I, 13CD3I, and CH3I. Up to 8-plex glycomic profiling was possible in a single analysis by LC-MS, and a 100 k mass resolution was sufficient to allow a baseline resolution of the mass differences among the 8-plex labeled glycans. The major advantages of this method are that it overcomes quantitative fluctuations caused by nanoESI, it facilitates a level of comparative quantitative glycomic analysis that accurately reflects the quantitative information in samples, and it dramatically shortens analysis time. Quantitation validation was tested on glycans released from bovine fetuin and model glycoprotein mixtures (RNase B, bovine fetuin, and IgG) with good linearity (R2 = 0.9884) and a dynamic range from 0.1 to 10. The 8-plex strategy was successfully applied to a comparative glycomic study of cancer cell lines. The results demonstrate that different distributions of sialylated glycans are related to the metastatic properties of cell lines and provide important clues for a better understanding of breast cancer brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Dong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79409, United States
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79409, United States
| | - Chuan-Yih Yu
- School of Informatics & Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47408, United States
| | - Shiyue Zhou
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79409, United States
| | - Kaitlyn B. Donohoo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79409, United States
| | - Haixu Tang
- School of Informatics & Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47408, United States
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79409, United States
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5
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Fernandes C, Benfeito S, Amorim R, Teixeira J, Oliveira PJ, Remião F, Borges F. Desrisking the Cytotoxicity of a Mitochondriotropic Antioxidant Based on Caffeic Acid by a PEGylated Strategy. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2723-2733. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernandes
- CIQUP−Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Benfeito
- CIQUP−Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Amorim
- CIQUP−Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- CNC−Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC−Biotech, University of Coimbra, Biocant Park, Cantanhede 3060-197, Portugal
| | - José Teixeira
- CIQUP−Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- CNC−Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC−Biotech, University of Coimbra, Biocant Park, Cantanhede 3060-197, Portugal
| | - Paulo J. Oliveira
- CNC−Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC−Biotech, University of Coimbra, Biocant Park, Cantanhede 3060-197, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO−REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP−Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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6
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Liang Q, Sherwood J, Macher T, Wilson JM, Bao Y, Cassady CJ. Citric Acid Capped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as an Effective MALDI Matrix for Polymers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:409-418. [PMID: 27924493 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1560-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry matrix is proposed for molecular mass determination of polymers. This matrix contains an iron oxide nanoparticle (NP) core with citric acid (CA) molecules covalently bound to the surface. With the assistance of additives, the particulate nature of NPs allows the matrix to mix uniformly with polar or nonpolar polymer layers and promotes ionization, which may simplify matrix selection and sample preparation procedures. Several distinctively different polymer classes (polyethyleneglycol (PEG), polywax/polyethylene, perfluoropolyether, and polydimethylsiloxane) are effectively detected by the water or methanol dispersed NPCA matrix with NaCl, NaOH, LiOH, or AgNO3 as additives. Furtheremore, successful quantitative measurements of PEG1000 using polypropylene glycol 1000 as an internal standard are demonstrated. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Liang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.
| | - Jennifer Sherwood
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Thomas Macher
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Joseph M Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Yuping Bao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Carolyn J Cassady
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
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7
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Sanchez L, Yi Y, Yu Y. Effect of partial PEGylation on particle uptake by macrophages. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:288-297. [PMID: 27909711 PMCID: PMC6397647 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07353k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the internalization of synthetic particles by immune cells remains a grand challenge for developing successful drug carrier systems. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is frequently used as a protective coating on particles to evade immune clearance, but it also hinders the interactions of particles with their intended target cells. In this study, we investigate a spatial decoupling strategy, in which PEGs are coated on only one hemisphere of particles, so that the other hemisphere is available for functionalization of cell-targeting ligands without the hindrance effect from the PEGs. The partial coating of PEGs is realized by creating two-faced Janus particles with different surface chemistries on opposite sides. We show that a half-coating of PEGs reduces the macrophage uptake of particles as effectively as a complete coating. Owing to the surface asymmetry, Janus particles that are internalized enter macrophage cells via a combination of ligand-guided phagocytosis and macropinocytosis. By spatially segregating PEGs and ligands for targeting T cells on Janus particles, we demonstrate that the Janus particles bind T cells uni-directionally from the ligand-coated side, bypassing the hindrance from the PEGs on the other hemisphere. The results reveal a new mechanistic understanding on how a spatial coating of PEGs on particles changes the phagocytosis of particles. This study also suggests a new design principle for therapeutic particles - the spatial decoupling of PEGs and cell-targeting moieties reduces the interference between the two functions while attaining the protective effect of PEGs for macrophage evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucero Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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8
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Zhou S, Tello N, Harvey A, Boyes B, Orlando R, Mechref Y. Reliable LC-MS quantitative glycomics using iGlycoMab stable isotope labeled glycans as internal standards. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1489-97. [PMID: 26913967 PMCID: PMC4964797 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glycans have numerous functions in various biological processes and participate in the progress of diseases. Reliable quantitative glycomic profiling techniques could contribute to the understanding of the biological functions of glycans, and lead to the discovery of potential glycan biomarkers for diseases. Although LC-MS is a powerful analytical tool for quantitative glycomics, the variation of ionization efficiency and MS intensity bias are influencing quantitation reliability. Internal standards can be utilized for glycomic quantitation by MS-based methods to reduce variability. In this study, we used stable isotope labeled IgG2b monoclonal antibody, iGlycoMab, as an internal standard to reduce potential for errors and to reduce variabililty due to sample digestion, derivatization, and fluctuation of nanoESI efficiency in the LC-MS analysis of permethylated N-glycans released from model glycoproteins, human blood serum, and breast cancer cell line. We observed an unanticipated degradation of isotope labeled glycans, tracked a source of such degradation, and optimized a sample preparation protocol to minimize degradation of the internal standard glycans. All results indicated the effectiveness of using iGlycoMab to minimize errors originating from sample handling and instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyue Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Nadia Tello
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | | | | | | | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
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9
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Montenegro-Burke JR, Bennett JM, McLean JA, Hercules DM. Novel behavior of the chromatographic separation of linear and cyclic polymers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:677-81. [PMID: 26637218 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In various polymerization processes, the formation of a wide variety of chains, not only in length but also in chemical composition, broadly complicates comprehensive polymer characterization. In this communication, we compare different stationary and mobile phases for the analysis of complex polymer mixtures via size-exclusion chromatography-mass spectrometry (SEC-MS). To the best of our knowledge, we report novel chromatographic effects for the separation of linear and cyclic oligomers for polyesters (PE) and polyurethanes (PUR). A complete separation for the different structures was achieved for both polymer types with a single-solvent system (acetonitrile, ACN) and without extensive optimization. Additionally, cyclic species were found to show an inverse elution profile compared to their linear counterparts, suggesting distinct physical properties between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rafael Montenegro-Burke
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7300 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Jackson M Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7300 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - John A McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7300 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA. .,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA. .,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA. .,Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
| | - David M Hercules
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7300 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
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10
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Rankin K, Mabury SA. Matrix normalized MALDI-TOF quantification of a fluorotelomer-based acrylate polymer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:6093-6101. [PMID: 25866313 DOI: 10.1021/es505931v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of fluorotelomer-based acrylate polymers (FTACPs) has been hypothesized to serve as a source of the environmental contaminants, perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs). Studies have relied on indirect measurement of presumed degradation products to evaluate the environmental fate of FTACPs; however, this approach leaves a degree of uncertainty. The present study describes the development of a quantitative matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry method as the first direct analysis method for FTACPs. The model FTACP used in this study was poly(8:2 FTAC-co-HDA), a copolymer of 8:2 fluorotelomer acrylate (8:2 FTAC) and hexadecyl acrylate (HDA). Instead of relying on an internal standard polymer, the intensities of 40 poly(8:2 FTAC-co-HDA) signals (911-4612 Da) were normalized to the signal intensity of a matrix-sodium cluster (659 Da). We termed this value the normalized polymer response (P(N)). By using the same dithranol solution for the sample preparation of poly(8:2 FTAC-co-HDA) standards, calibration curves with coefficient of determinations (R(2)) typically >0.98 were produced. When poly(8:2 FTAC-co-HDA) samples were prepared with the same dithranol solution as the poly(8:2 FTAC-co-HDA) standards, quantification to within 25% of the theoretical concentration was achieved. This approach minimized the sample-to-sample variability that typically plagues MALDI-TOF, and is the first method developed to directly quantify FTACPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keegan Rankin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario Canada, M5S 3H6
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario Canada, M5S 3H6
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11
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Yoon D, Lee D, Lee JH, Cha S, Oh HB. Quantitative analysis of polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) oligomers via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry with an ionic-liquid matrix. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:213-219. [PMID: 25641496 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Quantifying polymers by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) with a conventional crystalline matrix generally suffers from poor sample-to-sample or shot-to-shot reproducibility. An ionic-liquid matrix has been demonstrated to mitigate these reproducibility issues by providing a homogeneous sample surface, which is useful for quantifying polymers. In the present study, we evaluated the use of an ionic liquid matrix, i.e., 1-methylimidazolium α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (1-MeIm-CHCA), to quantify polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) samples that impose a critical health hazard when inhaled in the form of droplets. METHODS MALDI-TOF mass spectra were acquired for PHMG oligomers using a variety of ionic-liquid matrices including 1-MeIm-CHCA. Calibration curves were constructed by plotting the sum of the PHMG oligomer peak areas versus PHMG sample concentration with a variety of peptide internal standards. RESULTS Compared with the conventional crystalline matrix, the 1-MeIm-CHCA ionic-liquid matrix had much better reproducibility (lower standard deviations). Furthermore, by using an internal peptide standard, good linear calibration plots could be obtained over a range of PMHG concentrations of at least 4 orders of magnitude. CONCLUSIONS This study successfully demonstrated that PHMG samples can be quantitatively characterized by MALDI-TOFMS with an ionic-liquid matrix and an internal standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donhee Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Korea
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12
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Kurzhals S, Enders C, Binder WH. Monitoring ROMP Crossover Chemistry via ESI-TOF MS. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma302555q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Kurzhals
- Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II Chemie, Physik
und Mathematik, Institut für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare
Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von Danckelmann Platz 4, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Claudia Enders
- Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II Chemie, Physik
und Mathematik, Institut für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare
Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von Danckelmann Platz 4, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II Chemie, Physik
und Mathematik, Institut für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare
Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von Danckelmann Platz 4, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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13
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Schwarzinger C, Gabriel S, Beißmann S, Buchberger W. Quantitative analysis of polymer additives with MALDI-TOF MS using an internal standard approach. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:1120-1125. [PMID: 22451334 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
MALDI-TOF MS is used for the qualitative analysis of seven different polymer additives directly from the polymer without tedious sample pretreatment. Additionally, by using a solid sample preparation technique, which avoids the concentration gradient problems known to occur with dried droplets and by adding tetraphenylporphyrine as an internal standard to the matrix, it is possible to perform quantitative analysis of additives directly from the polymer sample. Calibration curves for Tinuvin 770, Tinuvin 622, Irganox 1024, Irganox 1010, Irgafos 168, and Chimassorb 944 are presented, showing coefficients of determination between 0.911 and 0.990.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Schwarzinger
- Institute for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria.
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14
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Neely BA, Soper JL, Greig DJ, Carlin KP, Favre EG, Gulland FM, Almeida JS, Janech MG. Serum profiling by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry as a diagnostic tool for domoic acid toxicosis in California sea lions. Proteome Sci 2012; 10:18. [PMID: 22429742 PMCID: PMC3338078 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are currently no reliable markers of acute domoic acid toxicosis (DAT) for California sea lions. We investigated whether patterns of serum peptides could diagnose acute DAT. Serum peptides were analyzed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry from 107 sea lions (acute DAT n = 34; non-DAT n = 73). Artificial neural networks (ANN) were trained using MALDI-TOF data. Individual peaks and neural networks were qualified using an independent test set (n = 20). RESULTS No single peak was a good classifier of acute DAT, and ANN models were the best predictors of acute DAT. Performance measures for a single median ANN were: sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 60%; positive predictive value, 71%; negative predictive value, 100%. When 101 ANNs were combined and allowed to vote for the outcome, the performance measures were: sensitivity, 30%; specificity, 100%; positive predictive value, 100%; negative predictive value, 59%. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that MALDI-TOF peptide profiling and neural networks can perform either as a highly sensitive (100% negative predictive value) or a highly specific (100% positive predictive value) diagnostic tool for acute DAT. This also suggests that machine learning directed by populations of predictive models offer the ability to modulate the predictive effort into a specific type of error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Neely
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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15
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Yu X, Liu Z, Janzen J, Chafeeva I, Horte S, Chen W, Kainthan RK, Kizhakkedathu JN, Brooks DE. Polyvalent choline phosphate as a universal biomembrane adhesive. NATURE MATERIALS 2012; 11:468-476. [PMID: 22426460 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids in the cell membranes of all eukaryotic cells contain phosphatidyl choline (PC) as the headgroup. Here we show that hyperbranched polyglycerols (HPGs) decorated with the 'PC-inverse' choline phosphate (CP) in a polyvalent fashion can electrostatically bind to a variety of cell membranes and to PC-containing liposomes, the binding strength depending on the number density of CP groups per macromolecule. We also show that HPG-CPs can cause cells to adhere with varying affinity to other cells, and that binding can be reversed by subsequent exposure to low molecular weight HPGs carrying small numbers of PCs. Moreover, PC-rich membranes adsorb and rapidly internalize fluorescent HPG-CP but not HPG-PC molecules, which suggests that HPG-CPs could be used as drug-delivery agents. CP-decorated polymers should find broad use, for instance as tissue sealants and in the self-assembly of lipid nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifei Yu
- Centre for Blood Research, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
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16
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Kulkarni SU, Thies MC. Quantitative analysis of polydisperse systems via solvent-free matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:392-398. [PMID: 22223328 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of partially soluble and insoluble polydisperse materials is challenging due to the lack of both appropriate standards and reliable analytical techniques. To this end, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) incorporating a solvent-free sample preparation technique was investigated for the quantitative analysis of partially soluble, polydisperse, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) oligomers. Molecular weight standards consisting of narrow molecular weight dimer and trimer oligomers of the starting M-50 petroleum pitch were produced using both dense-gas/supercritical extraction (DGE/SCE) and preparative-scale, gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The validity of a MALDI-based, quantitative analysis technique using solvent-free sample preparation was first demonstrated by applying the method of standard addition to a pitch of known composition. The standard addition method was then applied to the quantitative analysis of two insoluble petroleum pitch fractions of unknown oligomeric compositions, with both the dimer and trimer compositions of these fractions being accurately determined. To our knowledge, this study represents the first successful MALDI application of solvent-free quantitative analysis to insoluble, polydisperse materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh U Kulkarni
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Center for Advanced Engineering Fibers and Films, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0909, USA
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Walterová Z, Horský J. Quantification in MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry of modified polymers. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 693:82-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Szyszka R, Hanton SD, Henning D, Owens KG. Development of a combined standard additions/internal standards method to quantify residual PEG in ethoxylated surfactants by MALDI TOFMS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:633-640. [PMID: 21472602 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-010-0065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the residual polyethylene glycol (PEG) in polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based surfactants is important to fully understanding the performance of these materials. Traditional methods of quantitating PEG in PEO-based surfactants can be time-consuming and struggle with low amounts or overlapping molecular mass distributions. This paper describes a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry method developed to quantitate residual PEG in a series of ethoxylated surfactants. The technique addresses the difficulties faced in doing quantitative MALDI experiments by utilizing both internal standard and standard additions protocols. The method produces excellent straight line standard addition plots, and the quantitative results are verified using both a constructed standard and an independent traditional chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Szyszka
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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19
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Kurzhals S, Binder WH. Telechelic polynorbornenes with hydrogen bonding moieties by direct end capping of living chains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Enders C, Tanner S, Binder WH. End-Group Telechelic Oligo- and Polythiophenes by “Click” Reactions: Synthesis and Analysis via LC-ESI-TOF MS. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1016727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Enders
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry and Physics), Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Susanne Tanner
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry and Physics), Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry and Physics), Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, D-06120 Halle, Germany
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Kaali P, Strömberg E, Aune RE, Czél G, Momcilovic D, Karlsson S. Antimicrobial properties of Ag+ loaded zeolite polyester polyurethane and silicone rubber and long-term properties after exposure to in-vitro ageing. Polym Degrad Stab 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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D'Imperio M, Della Corte A, Facchiano A, Di Michele M, Ferrandina G, Donati MB, Rotilio D. Standardized sample preparation phases for a quantitative measurement of plasma peptidome profiling by MALDI-TOF. J Proteomics 2010; 73:1355-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Binder WH, Pulamagatta B, Kir O, Kurzhals S, Barqawi H, Tanner S. Monitoring Block-Copolymer Crossover-Chemistry in ROMP: Catalyst Evaluation via Mass-Spectrometry (MALDI). Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma902115j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang H. Binder
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry and Physics), Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Bhanuprathap Pulamagatta
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry and Physics), Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Onur Kir
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry and Physics), Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Steffen Kurzhals
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry and Physics), Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Haitham Barqawi
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry and Physics), Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Susanne Tanner
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry and Physics), Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg D-06120 Halle, Germany
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24
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Determining Initiator Efficiency in Radical Polymerization by Electrospray-Ionization Mass Spectrometry. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200900237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Monagas M, Quintanilla-López JE, Gómez-Cordovés C, Bartolomé B, Lebrón-Aguilar R. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of plant proanthocyanidins. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 51:358-72. [PMID: 19410413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins or condensed tannins are among the most abundant polyphenols compounds in our diet and may play a key role in the prevention of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. These antioxidants are widely distributed in the plant kingdom both in food plants and in non-food plants. The biological activity of plant proanthocyanidins depends on their chemical structure and concentration. However, due to their structural diversity and complexity, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of proanthocyanidins is a difficult task. Mass spectrometry has enabled great advances in the characterization of plant proanthocyanidins. Among these techniques, MALDI-TOF MS has proved to be highly suited for the analysis of highly polydisperse and heterogeneous proanthocyanidins. The objective of the present paper was to assess the potential, limitations and future challenges of the analysis of plant proanthocyanidins by MALDI-TOF MS techniques. Firstly, the fundamental of this technique, including modes of operation, advantages and limitations, as well as quantitative and qualitative operations, have been summarized. Applications of MALDI-TOF analysis to plant proanthocyanidins reported in the last decade (1997-2008) have been extensively covered, including the sample preparation protocols and conditions used for proanthocyanidin analysis, as well as the main findings regarding the determination of the structural features of different plant proanthocyanidin types (procyanidins, propelargonidins, prodelphinidins, profisetinidins and prorobinetinidins). Finally, attempts in the assessment of the molecular weight distribution of proanthocyanidins by MALDI-TOF are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Monagas
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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26
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Guttman CM, Flynn KM, Wallace WE, Kearsley AJ. Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Polydisperse Materials: Creation of an Absolute Molecular Mass Distribution Polymer Standard. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma802199r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles M. Guttman
- Polymers Division and Mathematical and Computational Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8541
| | - Kathleen M. Flynn
- Polymers Division and Mathematical and Computational Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8541
| | - William E. Wallace
- Polymers Division and Mathematical and Computational Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8541
| | - Anthony J. Kearsley
- Polymers Division and Mathematical and Computational Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8541
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Vora A, Nasrullah MJ, Webster DC. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Epoxy- and Oxetane-Functional Reversible Addition−Fragmentation Chain Transfer Agents. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma071065q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Vora
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials and Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105
| | - Mohammed J. Nasrullah
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials and Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105
| | - Dean C. Webster
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials and Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105
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28
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Buback M, Frauendorf H, Günzler F, Vana P. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric end-group analysis of PMMA produced by radical polymerization using diacyl peroxide initiators. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Alvarez-Manilla G, Warren NL, Abney T, Atwood J, Azadi P, York WS, Pierce M, Orlando R. Tools for glycomics: relative quantitation of glycans by isotopic permethylation using 13CH3I. Glycobiology 2007; 17:677-87. [PMID: 17384119 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwm033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of oligosaccharides by mass spectrometry (MS) has enabled the investigation of the glycan repertoire of organisms with high resolution and sensitivity. It is difficult, however, to correlate the expression of glycosyltransferases with the glycan structures present in a particular cell type or tissue because the use of MS for quantitative purposes has significant limitations. For this reason, in order to develop a technique that would allow relative glycan quantification by MS analysis between two samples, a procedure was developed for the isotopic labeling of oligosaccharides with (13)C-labeled methyl iodide using standard permethylation conditions. Separate aliquots of oligosaccharides from human milk were labeled with (12)C or (13)C methyl iodide; the labeled and non-labeled glycans were mixed in known proportions, and the mixtures analyzed by MS. Results indicated that the isotopic labeling described here was capable of providing relative quantitative data with a dynamic range of at least two orders of magnitude, adequate linearity, and reproducibility with a coefficient of variation that was 13% on average. This procedure was used to analyze N-linked glycans released from various mixtures of glycoproteins, such as alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, human transferrin, and bovine fetuin, using MS techniques that included matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight MS and electrospray ionization with ion cyclotron resonance-Fourier transformation MS. The measured (12)C:(13)C ratios from mixtures of glycans permethylated with either (12)CH(3)I or (13)CH(3)I were consistent with the theoretical proportions. This technique is an effective procedure for relative quantitative glycan analysis by MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Alvarez-Manilla
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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30
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Alhazmi AM, Mayer PM. Matrix effects on copolymer quantitation by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:3392-4. [PMID: 17880039 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
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31
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Callahan J, Kopeček J. Semitelechelic HPMA copolymers functionalized with triphenylphosphonium as drug carriers for membrane transduction and mitochondrial localization. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:2347-56. [PMID: 16903681 PMCID: PMC3136128 DOI: 10.1021/bm060336m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Semitelechelic HPMA (N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) copolymers possessing a single terminal lipophilic triphenylphosphonium (TPP) cation and fluorescent labels were synthesized to determine how the attached cation affected cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking. In vitro mitochondrial uptake fluorescence quenching assays using isolated mouse liver mitochondria indicated that only lower molecular weight (<5 kDa) BODIPY FL-labeled TPP-semitelechelic HPMA copolymers exhibited significant organelle localization or uptake. In vitro cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking was evaluated using cultured human ovarian carcinoma cells. Cells incubated with all types of TPP copolymers used in the study appeared to internalize the polymer by endocytosis only, and all of the internalized copolymer was confined to the lysosomal compartment after 24 h. Endocytotic uptake of the TPP-HPMA copolymer conjugates was rapid, suggesting that they were internalized by adsorptive endocytosis, rather than fluid-phase pinocytosis. Low-molecular weight (<5 kDa) and high-molecular weight (>5 kDa) semitelechelic copolymers, microinjected into cultured cells indicated that the TPP moiety did not significantly localize the polymers to mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Callahan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
- Corresponding author. . Tel: +801 581 7211. Fax: +801 581 7848
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