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Chaturvedi S, Bawake S, Sharma N. Recent advancements in disulfide bridge characterization: Insights from mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9713. [PMID: 38361473 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Disulfide bridges (DSB) play an important role in stabilizing three-dimensional structures of biopharmaceuticals, single purified proteins, and various cyclic peptide drugs that contain disulfide in their structures. Incorrect cross-linking known as DSB scrambling results in misfolded structures that can be inactive, immunogenic, and susceptible to aggregation. Very few articles have been published on the experimental annotation of DSBs in proteins and cyclic peptide drugs. Accurate characterization of the disulfide bond is essential for understanding protein confirmation. METHODS Characterizing DSBs using mass spectrometry (MS) involves the chemical and enzymatic digestion of samples to obtain smaller peptide fragments, in both reduced and nonreduced forms. Subsequently, these samples are analyzed using MS to locate the DSB, either through interpretation or by employing various software tools. RESULTS The main challenge in DSB analysis methods using sample preparation is to obtain a sample solution in which nonnative DSBs are not formed due to high pH, temperature, and presence of free sulfhydryl groups. Formation of nonnative DSBs can lead to erroneous annotation of disulfide bond. Sample preparation techniques, fragmentation methods for DSB analysis, and contemporary approaches for DSB mapping using this fragmentation were discussed. CONCLUSIONS This review presents the latest advancement in MS-based characterization; also a critical perspective is presented for further annotation of DSBs using MS, primarily for single purified proteins or peptides that are densely connected and rich in cysteine. Despite significant breakthroughs resulting from advancements in MS, the analysis of disulfide bonds is not straightforward; it necessitates expertise in sample preparation and interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Chaturvedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India), NIPER Ahmedabad Opposite Air force Station Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sanket Bawake
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India), NIPER Ahmedabad Opposite Air force Station Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Nitish Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India), NIPER Ahmedabad Opposite Air force Station Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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Shi RL, Xiao G, Dillon TM, Ricci MS, Bondarenko PV. Characterization of therapeutic proteins by cation exchange chromatography-mass spectrometry and top-down analysis. MAbs 2021; 12:1739825. [PMID: 32292112 PMCID: PMC7188404 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1739825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, cation exchange chromatography (CEX) using aqueous volatile buffers was directly coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) and applied for intact analysis of therapeutic proteins and antibodies. In our study, chemical modifications responsible for charge variants were identified by CEX-UV-MS for a monoclonal antibody (mAb), a bispecific antibody, and an Fc-fusion protein. We also report post-CEX column addition of organic solvent and acid followed by mixing at elevated temperatures, which unfolded proteins, increased ion intensity (sensitivity) and facilitated top-down analysis. mAb stressed by hydrogen peroxide oxidation was used as a model system, which produced additional CEX peaks. The on-line CEX-UV-MS top-down analysis produced gas-phase fragments containing one or two methionine residues. Oxidation of some methionine residues contributed to earlier (acidic), some to later (basic) eluting peaks, while oxidation of other residues did not change CEX elution. The abundance of the oxidized and non-oxidized fragment ions also allowed estimation of the oxidation percentage of different methionine residues in stressed mAb. CEX-UV-MS measurement revealed a new intact antibody proteoform at 5% that eluted as a basic peak and included paired modifications: high-mannose glycosylation and remaining C-terminal lysine residue (M5/M5 + K). This finding was confirmed by peptide mapping and on-column disulfide reduction coupled with reversed-phase liquid chromatography – top-down MS analysis of the collected basic peak. Overall, our results demonstrate the utility of the on-line method in providing site-specific structural information of charge modifications without fraction collection and laborious peptide mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Liuqing Shi
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Gang Xiao
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Dillon
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Margaret S Ricci
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Pavel V Bondarenko
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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3
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Li X, Yang X, Hoang V, Liu YH. Characterization of Protein Disulfide Linkages by MS In-Source Dissociation Comparing to CID and ETD Tandem MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:519-528. [PMID: 30478816 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Direct characterization of disulfide linkages in proteins by mass spectrometry has been challenging. Here, we report analysis of disulfide linkages in insulin variant, endothelin 3, and relaxin 2 by in-source dissociation (ISD) during LC-MS. A duplet insulin peptide from Glu-C digestion that contains peptides p1 and p2 (from chains A and B, respectively) was selected as a model peptide. This duplet peptide has an inter-chain disulfide bond between p1 and p2, and an intra-chain disulfide bond in p1. To compare the gas-phase fragmentation, it was subjected to ISD MS and MS/MS methods, including collision-induced dissociation (CID) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD). The pattern and efficiency of peptide backbone and disulfide cleavage varied with these dissociation methods. ETD, CID, and ISD were able to generate single backbone, double backbone, and triple (double backbone and single disulfide bond) cleavages in this model peptide, respectively. Specifically, CID did not cleave disulfide bonds and ETD was able to only cleave the inter-chain disulfide bond at low efficiency, limiting their usage in this disulfide analysis. In contrast, ISD was able to cleave the intra-chain disulfide bond in addition to peptide backbone, creating multiple fragment ions that allow accurate assignment of both intra- and inter-chain disulfide linkages. ISD was also successfully applied to determine double disulfide linkages in endothelin 3 and relaxin 2 peptides. This study contributes to the fundamental understanding of disulfide bond cleavages in different gas-phase fragmentations and provides an efficient cleavage strategy for identification of disulfide bonds in proteins by ISD ESI-MS. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Li
- Bioprocess Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA.
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Bioprocess Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Van Hoang
- Bioprocess Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Yan-Hui Liu
- Bioprocess Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
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Rehder DS, Wisniewski CJ, Liu D, Ren D, Farnan D, Schenauer MR. Expression vector-derived heterogeneity in a therapeutic IgG4 monoclonal antibody. MAbs 2018; 11:145-152. [PMID: 30365358 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1540254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
While characterizing a therapeutic IgG4 monoclonal antibody (mAb), we observed a variant with a mass 1177 Da larger than the predominant mAb form that could not be ascribed to previously described modifications. Through successive rounds of experimentation, we localized the mass addition to the C-terminus of the heavy chain (HC). During this process we observed that when the mAb was broken down into separate domains, the Fc and the 1177 Da-modified Fc could be chromatographically separated. Separation allowed collection of native and modified Fc fractions for LC/MS peptide mapping. A unique peptide present in the modified fraction was de novo sequenced and demonstrated to be a modified form of the HC C-terminus lacking two native residues (GK) and gaining twelve additional non-native residues (EAEAASASELFQ). Aware of other mAb variants with genetic origins, we sought to understand whether this modification too had a genetic basis. In silico translation of the expression vector encoding the mAb demonstrated that a normally non-coding section of nucleotides in the + 1 reading frame relative to the HC C-terminal coding region could have led to a transcript with the non-native C-terminal extension. Two potential mechanisms for how this nucleotide sequence might have fused to the native HC coding region and led to expression of the extension product are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Rehder
- a Biologics Analytical Operations , Gilead Sciences , Oceanside , CA , USA
| | - Chris J Wisniewski
- a Biologics Analytical Operations , Gilead Sciences , Oceanside , CA , USA
| | - Denfeng Liu
- a Biologics Analytical Operations , Gilead Sciences , Oceanside , CA , USA
| | - Diya Ren
- a Biologics Analytical Operations , Gilead Sciences , Oceanside , CA , USA
| | - Dell Farnan
- a Biologics Analytical Operations , Gilead Sciences , Oceanside , CA , USA
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5
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You J, Shi Y, Zhu W, Wu Z, Xiong J. Characterization of disulfide linkages at the hinge region of IgG antibodies by HPLC mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4371. [PMID: 30121965 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
There are two types of disulfide linkages in IgG antibodies at the hinge region: intra- and inter-disulfide linkages. Characterization of intra-disulfide linked isomer will provide important information on the stability of the antibodies and better understanding of the mechanism of Fab-arm exchange. In this report, HPLC coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry was applied for characterization of disulfide linkages in IgG antibodies at the hinge region. We were able to accurately identify both inter- and intra-disulfide linked peptides and correctly quantify intra-disulfide isomers. It is the first study to quantify intra-disulfide isomers in IgG antibodies with a mass spectrometry approach. It will help to achieve efficient generation of bispecific antibodies with Fab-arm exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia You
- West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Shi
- West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Zhu
- Chengdu MediMass Technology CO., LTD, P.R China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- Chengdu MediMass Technology CO., LTD, P.R China
| | - Jingyuan Xiong
- West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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6
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Maes E, Dyer JM, McKerchar HJ, Deb-Choudhury S, Clerens S. Protein-protein cross-linking and human health: the challenge of elucidating with mass spectrometry. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:917-929. [PMID: 28759730 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1362336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In several biomedical research fields, the cross-linking of peptides and proteins has an important impact on health and wellbeing. It is therefore of crucial importance to study this class of post-translational modifications in detail. The huge potential of mass spectrometric technologies in the mapping of these protein-protein cross-links is however overshadowed by the challenges that the field has to overcome. Areas covered: In this review, we summarize the different pitfalls and challenges that the protein-protein cross-linking field is confronted with when using mass spectrometry approaches. We additionally focus on native disulfide bridges as an example and provide some examples of cross-links that are important in the biomedical field. Expert commentary: The current flow of methodological improvements, mainly from the chemical cross-linking field, has delivered a significant contribution to deciphering native and insult-induced cross-links. Although an automated data analysis of proteome-wide peptide cross-linking is currently only possible in chemical cross-linking experiments, the field is well on the way towards a more automated analysis of native and insult-induced cross-links in raw mass spectrometry data that will boost its potential in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Maes
- a Food & Bio-Based Products, AgResearch Ltd ., Lincoln , New Zealand
| | - Jolon M Dyer
- a Food & Bio-Based Products, AgResearch Ltd ., Lincoln , New Zealand.,b Biomolecular Interaction Centre , University of Canterbury , Christchurch , New Zealand.,c Riddet Institute, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand.,d Wine, Food & Molecular Biosciences , Lincoln University , Lincoln , New Zealand
| | - Hannah J McKerchar
- a Food & Bio-Based Products, AgResearch Ltd ., Lincoln , New Zealand.,b Biomolecular Interaction Centre , University of Canterbury , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | | | - Stefan Clerens
- a Food & Bio-Based Products, AgResearch Ltd ., Lincoln , New Zealand.,b Biomolecular Interaction Centre , University of Canterbury , Christchurch , New Zealand
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7
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Wiesner J, Resemann A, Evans C, Suckau D, Jabs W. Advanced mass spectrometry workflows for analyzing disulfide bonds in biologics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:115-23. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1018896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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8
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Sandra K, Vandenheede I, Sandra P. Modern chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques for protein biopharmaceutical characterization. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:81-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Disulfide bond assignment of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody by LC–MS with post-column partial reduction. Anal Biochem 2013; 436:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Li X, Xu W, Paporello B, Richardson D, Liu H. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry with post-column partial reduction for the analysis of native and scrambled disulfide bonds. Anal Biochem 2013; 439:184-6. [PMID: 23639491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A method capable of detecting both native and scrambled disulfide bonds has been established. Nonreduced protein digests were separated using a reversed-phase C18 column, partially reduced by post-column addition of a reducing reagent, and then analyzed by mass spectrometry. Disulfide bond linkage was established by matching the retention times of cysteine-containing peptides and confirmed by the detection of the molecular weight of the disulfide-linked peptides. The application of this method was demonstrated by determination of the disulfide bond structures of an immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) molecule and lysozyme and by the detection of four scrambled disulfide bonds in the IgG1 molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Li
- Merck Research Laboratories, Union, NJ 07083, USA
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11
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Brych SR, Gokarn YR, Hultgen H, Stevenson RJ, Rajan R, Matsumura M. Characterization of antibody aggregation: Role of buried, unpaired cysteines in particle formation. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:764-81. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Wang Z, Rejtar T, Zhou ZS, Karger BL. Desulfurization of cysteine-containing peptides resulting from sample preparation for protein characterization by mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:267-75. [PMID: 20049891 PMCID: PMC2908508 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have examined two cysteine modifications resulting from sample preparation for protein characterization by mass spectrometry (MS): (1) a previously observed conversion of cysteine into dehydroalanine, now found in the case of disulfide mapping and (2) a novel modification corresponding to conversion of cysteine into alanine. Using model peptides, the conversion of cysteine into dehydroalanine via beta-elimination of a disulfide bond was seen to result from the conditions of typical tryptic digestion (37 degrees C, pH 7.0-9.0) without disulfide reduction and alkylation. Furthermore, the surprising conversion of cysteine into alanine was shown to occur by heating cysteine-containing peptides in the presence of a phosphine (tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP)). The formation of alanine from cysteine, investigated by performing experiments in H(2)O or D(2)O, suggested a radical-based desulfurization mechanism unrelated to beta-elimination. Importantly, an understanding of the mechanism and conditions favorable for cysteine desulfurization provides insight for the establishment of improved sample preparation procedures of protein analysis.
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13
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Pompach P, Man P, Kavan D, Hofbauerová K, Kumar V, Bezouska K, Havlícek V, Novák P. Modified electrophoretic and digestion conditions allow a simplified mass spectrometric evaluation of disulfide bonds. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:1571-1578. [PMID: 19551705 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Proper formation of disulfide bonds in proteins is a prerequisite to their stability and function. Information on disulfide pattern may therefore serve as an indication of the proper folding of recombinant proteins, and can also be used in protein homology modeling for the purpose of structure refinement. Protein handling and digestion at basic pH leads to disulfide bond scrambling. That is why the samples are usually treated and digested at low pH where no scrambling occurs. Unfortunately, the specific proteases used in protein research are active at high pH values. Here, we present a complete sample handling protocol, which allows processing of disulfide containing proteins at basic pH. We modified the standard SDS gel electrophoresis and protein digestion conditions by the addition of an oxidative agent, cystamine. This modification prevented disulfide scrambling, which we otherwise observed in the samples handled according to the general protocol. Lysozyme from hen egg was used as a model protein for the development of the method. We then applied our protocol to human leukocyte antigen CD69, for which the disulfide bonding is known, but only for its monomeric form. In addition, the disulfide arrangement was then 'de novo' identified in the recombinant murine leukocyte receptor NKR-P1A and in the larger glycosylated proteins beta-N-acetylhexosaminidases from Aspergillus oryzae and Penicillium oxalicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Pompach
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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14
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Zhang B, Cockrill SL. Methodology for Determining Disulfide Linkage Patterns of Closely Spaced Cysteine Residues. Anal Chem 2009; 81:7314-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901161e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Analytical Sciences, Amgen, Inc., 4000 Nelson Road, Longmont, Colorado 80503
| | - Steven L. Cockrill
- Analytical Sciences, Amgen, Inc., 4000 Nelson Road, Longmont, Colorado 80503
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15
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Thakur SS, Balaram P. Characterization of alkali induced formation of lanthionine, trisulfides, and tetrasulfides from peptide disulfides using negative ion mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:783-791. [PMID: 19200754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Peptide disulfides are unstable under alkaline conditions, resulting in the formation of products containing lanthionine and polysulfide linkages. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry has been used to characterize major species obtained when cyclic and acyclic peptide disulfides are exposed to alkaline media. Studies on a model cyclic peptide disulfide (Boc-Cys-Pro-Leu-Cys-NHMe) and an acyclic peptide, oxidized glutathione, bis ((gamma)Glu - Cys - Gly - COOH), are described. Disulfide cleavage reactions are initiated by the abstraction of C(alpha)H or C(beta)H protons of Cys residues, with subsequent elimination of H(2)S or H(2)S(2). The buildup of reactive thiol species which act on intermediates containing dehydroalanine residues, rationalizes the formation of lanthionine and polysulfide products. In the case of the cyclic peptide disulfide, the formation of cyclic products is facilitated by the intramolecular nature of the Michael addition reaction of thiols to the dehydroalanine residue. Mass spectral evidence for the intermediate species is presented by using alkylation of thiol groups as a trapping method. Mass spectral fragmentation in the negative ion mode of the peptides derived from trisulfides and tetrasulfides results in elimination of S(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman S Thakur
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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16
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Kim HI, Beauchamp JL. Mapping disulfide bonds in insulin with the Route 66 Method: selective cleavage of S-C bonds using alkali and alkaline earth metal enolate complexes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:157-166. [PMID: 18990587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Simple and fast identification of disulfide linkages in insulin is demonstrated with a peptic digest using the Route 66 method. This is accomplished by collisional activation of singly and doubly charged cationic Na(+) and Ca(2+) complexes generated using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Collisional activation of doubly charged metal complexes of peptides with intermolecular disulfide linkages yields two sets of singly charged paired products separated by 66 mass units resulting from selective SC bond cleavages. Highly selective elimination of 66 mass units, which corresponds to the molecular weight of hydrogen disulfide (H(2)S(2)), is observed from singly charged metal complexes of peptides with disulfide linkages. The mechanism proposed for these processes is initiated by formation of a metal-stabilized enolate at Cys, followed by cleavage of the S-C bond. Further activation of the products yields sequence information that facilitates locating the position of the disulfide linkages in the peptic digest fragments. For example, the doubly charged Ca(2+) complex of the peptic digest product GIVEQCCASVCSL/FVNQHLCGSHL yields paired products separated by 66 mass units resulting from selective SC bond cleavages at an intermolecular disulfide linkage under low-energy collision-induced dissociation. Further activation of the product comprising the A chain reveals the presence of a second disulfide bridge, an intramolecular linkage. Experimental and theoretical studies of the disulfide linked model peptides provide mechanistic details for the selective cleavage of the S-C bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh I Kim
- Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA.
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17
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Zhang Z, Pan H, Chen X. Mass spectrometry for structural characterization of therapeutic antibodies. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:147-76. [PMID: 18720354 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, have emerged as one of the most promising classes of therapeutics in the biopharmaceutical industry. The need for complete characterization of the quality attributes of these molecules requires sophisticated techniques. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become an essential analytical tool for the structural characterization of therapeutic antibodies, due to its superior resolution over other analytical techniques. It has been widely used in virtually all phases of antibody development. Structural features determined by MS include amino acid sequence, disulfide linkages, carbohydrate structure and profile, and many different post-translational, in-process, and in-storage modifications. In this review, we will discuss various MS-based techniques for the structural characterization of monoclonal antibodies. These techniques are categorized as mass determination of intact antibodies, and as middle-up, bottom-up, top-down, and middle-down structural characterizations. Each of these techniques has its advantages and disadvantages in terms of structural resolution, sequence coverage, sample consumption, and effort required for analyses. The role of MS in glycan structural characterization and profiling will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Zhang
- Process and Product Development, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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18
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Wu SL, Jiang H, Lu Q, Dai S, Hancock WS, Karger BL. Mass spectrometric determination of disulfide linkages in recombinant therapeutic proteins using online LC-MS with electron-transfer dissociation. Anal Chem 2009; 81:112-22. [PMID: 19117448 PMCID: PMC2645030 DOI: 10.1021/ac801560k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the biotechnology industry, the generation of incorrectly folded recombinant proteins, either from an E.coli expression system or from an overexpressed CHO cell line (disulfide scrambling), is often a great concern as such incorrectly folded forms may not be completely removed in the final product. Thus, significant efforts have been devoted to map disulfide bonds to ensure drug quality. Similar to ECD, disulfide bond cleavages are preferred over peptide backbone fragmentation in ETD. Thus, an online LC-MS strategy combining collision-induced dissociation (CID-MS(2)), electron-transfer dissociation (ETD-MS(2)), and CID of an isolated product ion derived from ETD (MS(3)) has been used to characterize disulfide-linked peptides. Disulfide-linked peptide ions were identified by CID and ETD fragmentation, and the disulfide-dissociated (or partially dissociated) peptide ions were characterized in the subsequent MS(3) step. The online LC-MS approach is successfully demonstrated in the characterization of disulfide linkages of recombinant human growth hormone (Nutropin), a therapeutic monoclonal antibody, and tissue plasminogen activator (Activase). The characterization of disulfide-dissociated or partially dissociated peptide ions in the MS(3) step is important to assign the disulfide linkages, particularly, for intertwined disulfide bridges and the unexpected disulfide scrambling of tissue plasminogen activator. The disulfide-dissociated peptide ions are shown to be obtained either directly from the ETD fragmentation of the precursors (disulfide-linked peptide ions) or indirectly from the charge-reduced species in the ETD fragmentation of the precursors. The simultaneous observation of disulfide-linked and disulfide-dissociated peptide ions with high abundance not only provided facile interpretation with high confidence but also simplified the conventional approach for determination of disulfide linkages, which often requires two separate experiments (with and without chemical reduction). The online LC-MS with ETD methodology represents a powerful approach to aid in the characterization of the correct folding of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiaw-Lin Wu
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Haitao Jiang
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Qiaozhen Lu
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Shujia Dai
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - William S. Hancock
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Barry L. Karger
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
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Huang SY, Wen CH, Li DT, Hsu JL, Chen C, Shi FK, Lin YY. Assignment of Disulfide-Linked Peptides Using Automatic a1 Ion Recognition. Anal Chem 2008; 80:9135-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8013725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yu Huang
- Life Science Business Unit and Computer Integrated Manufacturing Business Unit, C Sun MFG. LTD., 7F.-9, No.79, Sec. 1, Sintai Fifth Road, Sijhih City, Taipei County 221, Taiwan, and Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, No.128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Chien Hsien Wen
- Life Science Business Unit and Computer Integrated Manufacturing Business Unit, C Sun MFG. LTD., 7F.-9, No.79, Sec. 1, Sintai Fifth Road, Sijhih City, Taipei County 221, Taiwan, and Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, No.128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Ding Tzai Li
- Life Science Business Unit and Computer Integrated Manufacturing Business Unit, C Sun MFG. LTD., 7F.-9, No.79, Sec. 1, Sintai Fifth Road, Sijhih City, Taipei County 221, Taiwan, and Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, No.128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Jue Liang Hsu
- Life Science Business Unit and Computer Integrated Manufacturing Business Unit, C Sun MFG. LTD., 7F.-9, No.79, Sec. 1, Sintai Fifth Road, Sijhih City, Taipei County 221, Taiwan, and Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, No.128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Chinpan Chen
- Life Science Business Unit and Computer Integrated Manufacturing Business Unit, C Sun MFG. LTD., 7F.-9, No.79, Sec. 1, Sintai Fifth Road, Sijhih City, Taipei County 221, Taiwan, and Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, No.128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Fong Ku Shi
- Life Science Business Unit and Computer Integrated Manufacturing Business Unit, C Sun MFG. LTD., 7F.-9, No.79, Sec. 1, Sintai Fifth Road, Sijhih City, Taipei County 221, Taiwan, and Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, No.128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Yueh Yi Lin
- Life Science Business Unit and Computer Integrated Manufacturing Business Unit, C Sun MFG. LTD., 7F.-9, No.79, Sec. 1, Sintai Fifth Road, Sijhih City, Taipei County 221, Taiwan, and Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, No.128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei City 115, Taiwan
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Kim HI, Beauchamp JL. Identifying the Presence of a Disulfide Linkage in Peptides by the Selective Elimination of Hydrogen Disulfide from Collisionally Activated Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:1245-57. [DOI: 10.1021/ja075698w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh I. Kim
- Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - J. L. Beauchamp
- Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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