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Ilbeigi V, Valadbeigi Y, Moravsky L, Matejčík Š. Formic Acid as a Dopant for Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization for Negative Polarity of Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2051-2060. [PMID: 37498108 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Formic acid (FA) is introduced as a potent dopant for atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) for ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and mass spectrometry (MS). The mechanism of chemical ionization with the FA dopant was studied in the negative polarity using a corona discharge (CD)-IMS-MS technique in air. Standard reactant ions of the negative polarity present in air are O2-·(CO2)n·(H2O)m (m = 0, 1 and n = 1, 2) clusters. Introduction of the FA dopant resulted in the production of HCOO-·FA reactant ions. The effect of the FA dopant on the APCI of different classes of compounds was investigated, including plant hormones, pesticides, acidic drugs, and explosives. FA dopant APCI resulted in deprotonation and/or adduct ion formation, [M - H]- and [M + HCOO]-, respectively. Supporting density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that the ionization mechanism depended on the gas-phase acidity of the compounds. FA dopant APCI led to the improvement of detection sensitivity, suppression of fragmentation, and changes in the ion mobilities of the analyte ions for analytes with suitable molecular structures and gas acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Ilbeigi
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina F2, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Younes Valadbeigi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, 34148-96818 Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ladislav Moravsky
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina F2, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Štefan Matejčík
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina F2, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Kalsi A, Celin SM, Bhanot P, Sahai S, Sharma JG. A novel egg shell-based bio formulation for remediation of RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) contaminated soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123346. [PMID: 32659577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination by secondary explosive has been posing threat to human health and the ecosystem. We investigated the potential of a novel bioformulation developed from poultry waste for the bioremediation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) contaminated soils. Eggshells and additives immobilized with an indigenous explosive degrading microbe Janibacter cremeus were utilized for the development of the wettable powder bioformulation. Treatments carried out under unsaturated and saturated soil conditions resulted in 62 and 73 % removal of RDX respectively in 35 days meeting the soil clean up goals. The saturated treatment sets exhibited better microbial growth during the study in terms of live cell count and total enzyme activity. The bacteria, J. cremeus was observed to exhibit significant release of nitrite under both unsaturated as well as saturated conditions. Mass spectrometric studies showed that, both the conditions lead to the formation of nitroso-derivatives of RDX. But under saturated condition, an intermediate, 5-hydroxy-4-nitro-2,4-diazapentanal was observed which is a precursor to 4-nitro-2,4-diazabuatnal ultimately leading to mineralization. An accessible bio resource from poultry waste when used as a carrier for explosive degrading microbe has proven effective for in situ remediation of explosive contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchita Kalsi
- Centre for Fire Explosives and Environment Safety (CFEES), DRDO, Delhi, India; Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - S Mary Celin
- Centre for Fire Explosives and Environment Safety (CFEES), DRDO, Delhi, India.
| | - Pallvi Bhanot
- Centre for Fire Explosives and Environment Safety (CFEES), DRDO, Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Sahai
- Centre for Fire Explosives and Environment Safety (CFEES), DRDO, Delhi, India
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Ponikvar-Svet M, Zeiger DN, Liebman JF. Interplay of thermochemistry and Structural Chemistry, the journal (volume 30, 2019, issues 1–2) and the discipline. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01494-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liu ZF, Xu B, Sun ZW, Sun YY, Zhou H, Zhu J, Xu JZ, Duan XK, Liu CC. Identification of Nitro Explosives by Direct Analysis in Real-Time Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1282503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Fang Liu
- Trace Evidence Department, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Technical Department, ASPEC Technologies Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Wen Sun
- Trace Evidence Department, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-You Sun
- Trace Evidence Department, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Trace Evidence Department, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Trace Evidence Department, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Xu
- Trace Evidence Department, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Duan
- Technical Department, ASPEC Technologies Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Charles C. Liu
- Technical Department, ASPEC Technologies Limited, Beijing, China
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Newsome GA, Steinkamp FL, Giordano BC. Isobutane Made Practical as a Reagent Gas for Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:1789-1795. [PMID: 27527096 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1463-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As a reagent gas for positive- and negative-mode chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CI-MS), isobutane (i-C4H10) produces superior analyte signal abundance to methane. Isobutane has never been widely adopted for CI-MS because it fouls the ion source more rapidly and produces positive CI spectra that are more strongly dependent on reagent gas pressure compared with methane. Isobutane was diluted to various concentrations in argon for use as a reagent gas with an unmodified commercial gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Analyte spectra were directly compared using methane, isobutane, and isobutane/argon mixtures. A mixture of 10% i-C4H10 in argon produced twice the positive-mode analyte signal of methane, equal to pure isobutane, and reduced spectral dependence on reagent gas pressure. Electron capture negative chemical ionization using 1% i-C4H10 in argon tripled analyte signal compared with methane and was reproducible, unlike pure isobutane. The operative lifetime of the ion source using isobutane/argon mixtures was extended exponentially compared with pure isobutane, producing stable and reproducible CI signal throughout. By diluting the reagent gas in an inert buffer gas, isobutane CI-MS experiments were made as practical to use as methane CI-MS experiments but with superior analytical performance. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Asher Newsome
- Nova Research, Inc., 1900 Elkin St. Suite 230, Alexandria, VA, 22308, USA
| | - F Lucus Steinkamp
- National Research Council, 500 5th St. NW #304, Washington, DC, 20001, USA
| | - Braden C Giordano
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 2024555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC, 20375, USA.
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Zeng Z, Bernstein ER. Photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory studies of N-rich energetic materials. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:164302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4964944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, NSF ERC for Extreme Ultraviolet Science and Technology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Elliot R. Bernstein
- Department of Chemistry, NSF ERC for Extreme Ultraviolet Science and Technology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Akin FA. Ionisation energy, electron affinity, and mass spectral decomposition mechanisms of RDX isomers upon electron attachment and electron ionisation. Mol Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2016.1246759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. A. Akin
- Department of Chemistry, Boğaziçi University, Bebek, Istanbul/Turkey
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Cautereels J, Claeys M, Geldof D, Blockhuys F. Quantum chemical mass spectrometry: ab initio prediction of electron ionization mass spectra and identification of new fragmentation pathways. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:602-614. [PMID: 28239969 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The electron ionization mass spectra of four organic compounds are predicted based on the results of quantum chemical calculations at the DFT/B3LYP/6-311 + G* level of theory. This prediction is performed 'ab initio', i.e. without any prior knowledge of the thermodynamics or kinetics of the reactions under consideration. Using a set of rules determining which routes will be followed, the fragmentation of the molecules' bonds and the complete resulting fragmentation pathways are studied. The most likely fragmentation pathways are identified based on calculated reaction energies ΔE when bond cleavage is considered and on activation energies ΔE‡ when rearrangements are taken into account; the final intensities of the peaks in the spectrum are estimated from these values. The main features observed in the experimental mass spectra are correctly predicted, as well as a number of minor peaks. In addition, the results of the calculations allow us to propose fragmentation pathways new to empirical mass spectrometry, which have been experimentally verified using tandem mass spectrometry measurements. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Cautereels
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Magda Claeys
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Davy Geldof
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Frank Blockhuys
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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Jeilani YA, Duncan KA, Newallo DS, Thompson AN, Bose NK. Tandem mass spectrometry and density functional theory of RDX fragmentation pathways: Role of ion-molecule complexes in loss of NO3 and lack of molecular ion peak. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:802-810. [PMID: 26377008 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) is an explosive compound that finds a wide range of military and civilian applications. RDX has been a target in environmental matrices by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). MS/MS in negative chemical ionization (NCI) mode of RDX provides important fragmentation patterns that are useful for structural elucidation. The fragmentation patterns are needed for proper identification of precursor and product ions in analytical methods that depend on MS/MS approaches for a reliable identification of RDX. METHODS This study focuses on the MS fragmentation mechanisms of RDX in NCI mode using both MS/MS and density functional theory (DFT). The DFT studies were performed at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. RESULTS The DFT results showed that NCI of RDX leads to the formation of an anion-molecule complex that was energetically more stable than the RDX anion. The fragmentation proceeds through two pathways, leading to the loss of NO(2) and NO(3). The loss of NO(3) takes place in an anion-molecule complex leading to the formation of characteristic nitroso group fragment ions. Using the fragmentation schemes, important ion structures are proposed including structures for m/z 160, 129, 102, and 86. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate the importance of both charge-induced and charge-remote dissociations in RDX pathways. The ion structures identified along the pathways could be used as targets in analytical methods for reliable identification purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassin A Jeilani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Spelman College, 350 Spelman Lane, N.W., Box 1134, Atlanta, GA, 30314-4399, USA
| | - Kameron A Duncan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Spelman College, 350 Spelman Lane, N.W., Box 1134, Atlanta, GA, 30314-4399, USA
| | - Domnique S Newallo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Spelman College, 350 Spelman Lane, N.W., Box 1134, Atlanta, GA, 30314-4399, USA
| | - Albert N Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Spelman College, 350 Spelman Lane, N.W., Box 1134, Atlanta, GA, 30314-4399, USA
| | - Nripendra K Bose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Spelman College, 350 Spelman Lane, N.W., Box 1134, Atlanta, GA, 30314-4399, USA
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Postler J, Goulart MM, Matias C, Mauracher A, Ferreira da Silva F, Scheier P, Limão-Vieira P, Denifl S. Dissociative electron attachment to the nitroamine HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:744-752. [PMID: 23483516 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, dissociative electron attachment (DEA) measurements with gas phase HMX, octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine, C4H8N8O8, have been performed by means of a crossed electron-molecular beam experiment. The most intense signals are observed at 46 and 176 u and assigned to NO2(-) and C3H6N5O4(-), respectively. Anion efficiency curves for 15 negatively charged fragments have been measured in the electron energy region from about 0-20 eV with an energy resolution of ~0.7 eV. Product anions are observed mainly in the low energy region, near 0 eV, arising from surprisingly complex reactions associated with multiple bond cleavages and structural and electronic rearrangement. The remarkable instability of HMX towards electron attachment with virtually zero kinetic energy reflects the highly explosive nature of this compound. Substantially different intensity ratios of resonances for common fragment anions allow distinguishing the nitroamines HMX and royal demolition explosive molecule (RDX) in negative ion mass spectrometry based on free electron capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Postler
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Technikerstr. 25 / 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Mäkinen M, Nousiainen M, Sillanpää M. Ion spectrometric detection technologies for ultra-traces of explosives: a review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:940-973. [PMID: 21294149 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, explosive materials have been widely employed for various military applications and civilian conflicts; their use for hostile purposes has increased considerably. The detection of different kind of explosive agents has become crucially important for protection of human lives, infrastructures, and properties. Moreover, both the environmental aspects such as the risk of soil and water contamination and health risks related to the release of explosive particles need to be taken into account. For these reasons, there is a growing need to develop analyzing methods which are faster and more sensitive for detecting explosives. The detection techniques of the explosive materials should ideally serve fast real-time analysis in high accuracy and resolution from a minimal quantity of explosive without involving complicated sample preparation. The performance of the in-field analysis of extremely hazardous material has to be user-friendly and safe for operators. The two closely related ion spectrometric methods used in explosive analyses include mass spectrometry (MS) and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). The four requirements-speed, selectivity, sensitivity, and sampling-are fulfilled with both of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Mäkinen
- Laboratory of Applied Environmental Chemistry, Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Patteristonkatu 1, 50100 Mikkeli, Finland.
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Edtbauer A, Sulzer P, Mauracher A, Mitterdorfer C, Ferreira da Silva F, Denifl S, Märk TD, Probst M, Nunes Y, Limão-Vieira P, Scheier P. Dissociative electron attachment to pentaerythritol tetranitrate: Significant fragmentation near 0 eV. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:134305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3386386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Sulzer P, Mauracher A, Ferreira da Silva F, Denifl S, Märk TD, Probst M, Limão-Vieira P, Scheier P. Probing royal demolition explosive (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazocyclohexane) by low-energy electrons: Strong dissociative electron attachment near 0 eV. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:144304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3230116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Bell SC, Gayton-Ely M, Nida CM. Bioassays for bomb-makers: proof of concept. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:401-9. [PMID: 19484462 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2851-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clandestine bomb-makers are exposed to significant amounts of explosives and allied materials. As with any ingested xenobiotic substance, these compounds are subject to biotransformation. As such, the potential exists that characteristic suites of biomarkers may be produced and deposited in matrices that can be exploited for forensic and investigative purposes. However, before such assays can be developed, foundational data must be gathered regarding the toxicokinetics, fate, and transport of the resulting biomarkers within the body and in matrices such as urine, hair, nails, sweat, feces, and saliva. This report presents an in vitro method for simulation of human metabolic transformations using human liver microsomes and an assay applicable to representative nitro-explosives. Control and metabolized samples of TNT, RDX, HMX, and tetryl were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and biomarkers identified for each. The challenges associated with this method arise from solubility issues and limitations imposed by instrumentation, specifically, modes of ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne C Bell
- Forensic Science & Chemistry, West Virginia University, 1600 University Avenue, Oglebay Hall, Room 208, Box 6121, Morgantown, WV 26506-6121, USA.
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Isayev O, Gorb L, Qasim M, Leszczynski J. Ab initio molecular dynamics study on the initial chemical events in nitramines: thermal decomposition of CL-20. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:11005-13. [PMID: 18686996 DOI: 10.1021/jp804765m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CL-20 (2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane or HNIW) is a high-energy nitramine explosive. To improve atomistic understanding of the thermal decomposition of CL-20 gas and solid phases, we performed a series of ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. We found that during unimolecular decomposition, unlike other nitramines (e.g., RDX, HMX), CL-20 has only one distinct initial reaction channelhomolysis of the N-NO2 bond. We did not observe any HONO elimination reaction during unimolecular decomposition, whereas the ring-breaking reaction was followed by NO 2 fission. Therefore, in spite of limited sampling, that provides a mostly qualitative picture, we proposed here a scheme of unimolecular decomposition of CL-20. The averaged product population over all trajectories was estimated at four HCN, two to four NO2, two to four NO, one CO, and one OH molecule per one CL-20 molecule. Our simulations provide a detailed description of the chemical processes in the initial stages of thermal decomposition of condensed CL-20, allowing elucidation of key features of such processes as composition of primary reaction products, reaction timing, and Arrhenius behavior of the system. The primary reactions leading to NO2, NO, N 2O, and N2 occur at very early stages. We also estimated potential activation barriers for the formation of NO2, which essentially determines overall decomposition kinetics and effective rate constants for NO2 and N2. The calculated solid-phase decomposition pathways correlate with available condensed-phase experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olexandr Isayev
- Computational Center of Molecular Structure and Interactions, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, USA
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