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Fouquet TNJ, Cody RB, Charles L. Degradation strategies for structural characterization of insoluble synthetic polymers by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024. [PMID: 39093552 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
With the advent of soft ionization techniques such as electrospray (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) to produce intact gas-phase ions from nonvolatile macromolecules, mass spectrometry has become an essential technique in the field of polymeric materials. However, (co)polymers of very high molecular weight or with reticulated architectures still escape ESI or MALDI, mainly due to solubility issues. Strategies developed to tackle such an analytical challenge all rely on sample degradation to produce low-mass species amenable to existing ionization methods. Yet, chain degradation needs to be partial and controlled to generate sufficiently large species that still contain topological or architectural information. The present article reviews the different analytical degradation strategies implemented to perform mass spectrometry of these challenging synthetic polymers, covering thermal degradation approaches in sources developed in the 2000s, off-line sample pre-treatments for controlled chemical degradation of polymeric substrates, and most recent achievements employing reactive ionization modes to perform chemolysis on-line with MS.
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Przybylski C, Ramoul H, Bonnet V, Abad M, Jarroux N. Harnessing Polyisobutylene by Rotaxanation with γ-Cyclodextrin: Opportunities for Making Smart Molecular Necklaces. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Przybylski
- Sorbonne Université; Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire; IPCM, CNRS UMR 8232; CNRS UMR 8232, Sorbonne Université; 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Hassen Ramoul
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement; CNRS UMR 8587, Bat. Maupertuis; Université d'Evry-Val-d'Essonne; Bd François Mitterrand, 91025 Evry France
| | - Véronique Bonnet
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie; des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources; CNRS UMR 7378; Université de Picardie Jules Verne; 80039 Amiens France
| | - Mathilde Abad
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin; 23 place des Carmes Déchaux 63040 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Nathalie Jarroux
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement; CNRS UMR 8587, Bat. Maupertuis; Université d'Evry-Val-d'Essonne; Bd François Mitterrand, 91025 Evry France
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Mendes Siqueira AL, Beaumesnil M, Hubert-Roux M, Loutelier-Bourhis C, Afonso C, Pondaven S, Bai Y, Racaud A. Characterization of polyalphaolefins using halogen anion attachment in atmospheric pressure photoionization coupled with ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry. Analyst 2018; 143:3934-3940. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00920a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyalphaolefins are saturated alpha olefin oligomers efficiently ionized by APPI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathieu Beaumesnil
- Normandie Univ
- COBRA
- UMR6014 and FR3038
- Université de Rouen; INSA de Rouen; CNRS
- IRCOF
| | - Marie Hubert-Roux
- Normandie Univ
- COBRA
- UMR6014 and FR3038
- Université de Rouen; INSA de Rouen; CNRS
- IRCOF
| | | | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie Univ
- COBRA
- UMR6014 and FR3038
- Université de Rouen; INSA de Rouen; CNRS
- IRCOF
| | - Simon Pondaven
- TOTAL Marketing Services
- Research Center
- 69360 Solaize
- France
| | - Yang Bai
- TOTAL Marketing Services
- Research Center
- 69360 Solaize
- France
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Atmospheric pressure photo-ionization mass spectrometry for the detection of labile end groups in poly(styrene). Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Nagy L, Kuki Á, Deák G, Purgel M, Vékony Á, Zsuga M, Kéki S. Gas-Phase Interaction of Anions with Polyisobutylenes: Collision-Induced Dissociation Study and Quantum Chemical Modeling. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:9195-203. [PMID: 27483334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b05655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The gas-phase interaction of anions including fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, ethyl sulfate, chlorate, and nitrate with polyisobutylene (PIB) derivatives was studied using collision-induced dissociation (CID). The gas-phase adducts of anions with PIBs ([PIB + anion](-)) were generated from the electrosprayed solution of PIBs in the presence of the corresponding anions. The so-formed adducts subjected to CID showed a loss of anion at different characteristic collision energies, thus allowing the study of the strength of interaction between the anions and nonpolar PIBs having different end-groups. The values of characteristic collision energies (the energy needed to obtain 50% fragmentation) obtained by CID experiments correlated linearly with the binding enthalpies between the anion and PIB, as determined by density functional theory calculations. In the case of halide ions, the critical energies for dissociation, that is, the binding enthalpies for [PIB + anion](-) adducts, increased in the order of I(-) < Br(-) < Cl(-) < F(-). Furthermore, it was found that the binding enthalpies for the adducts formed with halide ions decreased approximately with the square radius of the halide ion, suggesting that the strength of interaction is mainly determined by the "surface" charge density of the halide ion. In addition, the characteristic collision energy versus the number of isobutylene units revealed a linear dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lajos Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry and ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, MTA-DE Homogeneous Catalysis and Reaction Mechanisms Research Group, University of Debrecen , Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ákos Kuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, MTA-DE Homogeneous Catalysis and Reaction Mechanisms Research Group, University of Debrecen , Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Deák
- Department of Applied Chemistry and ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, MTA-DE Homogeneous Catalysis and Reaction Mechanisms Research Group, University of Debrecen , Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mihály Purgel
- Department of Applied Chemistry and ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, MTA-DE Homogeneous Catalysis and Reaction Mechanisms Research Group, University of Debrecen , Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ádám Vékony
- Department of Applied Chemistry and ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, MTA-DE Homogeneous Catalysis and Reaction Mechanisms Research Group, University of Debrecen , Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklós Zsuga
- Department of Applied Chemistry and ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, MTA-DE Homogeneous Catalysis and Reaction Mechanisms Research Group, University of Debrecen , Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, MTA-DE Homogeneous Catalysis and Reaction Mechanisms Research Group, University of Debrecen , Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Nagy L, Nagy T, Deák G, Kuki Á, Purgel M, Narmandakh M, Iván B, Zsuga M, Kéki S. Can Nonpolar Polyisobutylenes be Measured by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry? Anion-Attachment Proved to be an Appropriate Method. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:432-442. [PMID: 26620530 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polyisobutylenes (PIBs) with different end-groups including chlorine, exo-olefin, hydroxyl, and methyl prepared from aliphatic and aromatic initiators were studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Independently of the end-groups, presence or absence of aromatic initiator moiety, these PIB derivatives were capable of forming adduct ions with NO3 (-) and Cl(-) ions, thus allowing the direct characterization of these compounds in the negative ion mode of ESI-MS. To obtain [PIB + NO3](-) and [PIB + Cl](-) adduct ions with appreciable intensities, addition of polar solvents such as acetone, 2-propanol, or ethanol to the dichloromethane solution of PIBs was necessary. Furthermore, increasing both the polarity (by increasing the acetone content) and the ion-source temperature give rise to enhanced intensities for both [PIB + NO3](-) and [PIB + Cl](-) ions. Energy-dependent collision induced dissociation studies (CID) revealed that increasing the collision voltages resulted in the shift of the apparent molecular masses to higher ones. CID studies also showed that dissociation of the [PIB + Cl](-) ions requires higher collision energy than that of [PIB + NO3](-). In addition, Density Functional Theory calculations were performed to gain insights into the nature of the interactions between the highly non-polar PIB chains and anions NO3 (-) and Cl(-) as well as to determine the zero-point corrected electronic energies for the formation of [PIB + NO3](-) and [PIB + Cl](-) adduct ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lajos Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Deák
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ákos Kuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mihály Purgel
- Department of Physical Chemistry MTA-DE Homogeneous Catalysis and Reaction Mechanisms Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mijid Narmandakh
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Iván
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Zsuga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Nagy L, Nagy T, Deák G, Kuki Á, Antal B, Zsuga M, Kéki S. Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) of highly non-polar low molecular weight polyisobutylenes. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:1071-1078. [PMID: 28338256 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight polyisobutylenes (PIB) with chlorine, olefin and succinic acid end-groups were studied using direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS). To facilitate the adduct ion formation under DART conditions, NH4 Cl as an auxiliary reagent was deposited onto the PIB surface. It was found that chlorinated adduct ions of olefin and chlorine telechelic PIBs, i.e. [M + Cl]- up to m/z 1100, and the deprotonated polyisobutylene succinic acid [MH]- were formed as observed in the negative ion mode. In the positive ion mode formation of [M + NH4 ]+ , adduct ions were detected. In the tandem mass (MS/MS) spectra of [M + Cl]- , product ions were absent, suggesting a simple dissociation of the precursor [M + Cl]- into a Cl- ion and a neutral M without fragmentation of the PIB backbones. However, structurally important product ions were produced from the corresponding [M + NH4 ]+ ions, allowing us to obtain valuable information on the arm-length distributions of the PIBs containing aromatic initiator moiety. In addition, a model was developed to interpret the oligomer distributions and the number average molecular weights observed in DART-MS for PIBs and other polymers of low molecular weight. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lajos Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Deák
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ákos Kuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Borbála Antal
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklós Zsuga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
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Synthetic oligomer analysis using atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry at different photon energies. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 808:220-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Dousty F, O'Brien RT, Gahler R, Kersten H, Benter T. Carbon disulfide as a dopant in photon-induced chemical ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1969-1976. [PMID: 23939964 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The addition of a dopant to an Atmospheric Pressure PhotoIonization (APPI) source of a mass spectrometer has been shown to enhance the degree of analyte ionization. A series of different dopants has been successfully utilized; however, there has been very little published on the characteristics of a good dopant. We have proposed carbon disulfide (CS2) as a novel new dopant based on its absorption cross-section for the VUV photon's energy used and its unique gas-phase ion chemistry, notably the fact that it does not contain a proton. METHODS The ability of CS2 to enhance the ionization effectiveness of APPI was tested by using a group of compounds that have different proton affinities (PAs) and electron affinities (EAs). These results were compared to results obtained using the commonly used dopants, toluene and anisole. Particular attention was paid to the formation of [M](+) ions relative to [M+H](+) ions. Mass spectra were collected using a Waters Quattro Premier liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) system equipped with a commercial Photomate™ photoionization source. RESULTS The results show that CS2 increases the ionization efficiency of most of the analytes studied in this work comparably to toluene and anisole. CS2 promotes both ionization routes of [M](+) and [M+H](+). In addition, due to the higher ionization energy (IE) of CS2 (10.01) compared to the IEs of toluene (8.83) and anisole (8.20), CS2 can enhance the ionization efficiency of analytes that cannot be enhanced with toluene and anisole. CONCLUSIONS We have determined that CS2 is a viable dopant for use in APPI sources. For some analytes, significant [M+H](+) ion signals are observed; therefore, the donated proton must come from either water clusters or solvents. In addition, CS2 promotes the ionization of analytes with low PAs and higher IEs than that of toluene and anisole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Dousty
- Chemistry, I. K. Barber School of Arts & Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada, V1V 1 V7
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Terrier P, Desmazières B, Tortajada J, Buchmann W. APCI/APPI for synthetic polymer analysis. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:854-874. [PMID: 21246594 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Modern mass spectrometry of synthetic polymers involves soft ionization techniques. Whereas matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray (ESI) are employed routinely, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and more recently atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) are used to a lesser extent. However, these latter ionization methods coupled to liquid-phase separation techniques create new opportunities for the characterization of polymers, especially for low molecular weight compounds or for the polymers that are poorly ionizable by the usual methods. After a part devoted to the description of classical MS methods employed for polymer analysis (MALDI, ESI, and their use with chromatography), APCI and APPI techniques will be described, discussed, and selected examples will present the interest of these ionization sources (or interfaces for LC/MS) in the field of polymer analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Terrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Dimitrov P, Emert J, Hua J, Keki S, Faust R. Mechanism of Isomerization in the Cationic Polymerization of Isobutylene. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102645w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Dimitrov
- Polymer Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Jack Emert
- Infineum USA, 1900 E. Linden Avenue, Linden, New Jersey 07036, United States
| | - Jun Hua
- Infineum USA, 1900 E. Linden Avenue, Linden, New Jersey 07036, United States
| | - Sandor Keki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Debrecen University, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Rudolf Faust
- Polymer Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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Ross MS, Wong CS. Comparison of electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure photoionization, and anion attachment atmospheric pressure photoionization for the analysis of hexabromocyclododecane enantiomers in environmental samples. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7855-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen M. Weidner
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), D-12489 Berlin, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, 33 Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), D-12489 Berlin, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, 33 Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan 48202
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Gruendling T, Weidner S, Falkenhagen J, Barner-Kowollik C. Mass spectrometry in polymer chemistry: a state-of-the-art up-date. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9py00347a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Nagy L, Pálfi V, Narmandakh M, Kuki A, Nyíri A, Iván B, Zsuga M, Kéki S. Dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry of polyisobutylene derivatives initiated by mono- and bifunctional initiators. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:2342-2351. [PMID: 19819723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nine polyisobutylene (PIB) derivatives with different end groups (chlorine, vinyl, isobutenyl, 2,2-diphenylvinyl, and carboxyl) and molecular weights (1000 to 4500 g/mol), initiated by monofunctional and aromatic bifunctional initiators were studied by atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (APPI-MS) in both negative and positive ion modes. Consistent with previous findings, negative ion APPI-MS revealed end-group identities through the formation of PIB adducts with chloride ions formed in situ from a chlorinated solvent (e.g., CCl4) in the presence of a dopant (toluene). In positive ion mode, considerable fragmentation of these PIB derivatives was observed, rendering end-group determinations very difficult. The M(n) values obtained by APPI(-)-MS were considerably lower than those determined by SEC for PIB derivatives with M(n) higher than 2000 g/mol. PIBs containing carboxyl termini can undergo collision-induced dissociation, yielding structurally important product ions. The resulting APPI-MS/MS intensities were found to reflect the "arm-length" distribution for PIBs with bifunctional aromatic moieties. In positive ion mode, [M + COCl]+ adducts were observed for PIBs with an aromatic initiator moiety. The origin of the COCl+ species is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lajos Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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