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Vasculitis: Current Status and Future Directions. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2008; 35:1-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-007-8061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sherer Y, Matthias T, Shoenfeld Y. Cutting Edge Issues in Autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2008; 34:275-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-007-8047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Borchers AT, Krishnamurthy A, Keen CL, Meyers FJ, Gershwin ME. The immunobiology of mushrooms. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:259-76. [PMID: 18296732 DOI: 10.3181/0708-mr-227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been enormous interest in the biologic activity of mushrooms and innumerable claims have been made that mushrooms have beneficial effects on immune function with subsequent implications for inhibition of tumor growth. The majority of these observations are anecdotal and often lack standardization. However, there remains considerable data on both in vitro and in vivo effects that reflect on the potential of mushroom compounds to influence human immunity. A number of these effects are beneficial but, unfortunately, many responses are still characterized based on phenomenology and there is more speculation than substance. With respect to tumor biology, although many neoplastic lesions are immunogenic, tumor antigens frequently are self antigens and induce tolerance and many patients with cancer exhibit suppressed immune responses, including defective antigen presentation. Therefore, if and when mushroom extracts are effective, they more likely function as a result of improved antigen presentation by dendritic cells than by a direct cytopathic effect. In this review we attempt to place these data in perspective, with a particular focus on dendritic cell populations and the ability of mushroom extracts to modulate immunity. There is, at present, no scientific basis for the use of either mushrooms or mushroom extracts in the treatment of human patients but there is significant potential for rigorous research to understand the potential of mushrooms in human disease and thence to focus on appropriate clinical trials to demonstrate effectiveness and/ or potential toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Borchers
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 E. Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Lan RY, Mackay IR, Gershwin ME. Regulatory T cells in the prevention of mucosal inflammatory diseases: patrolling the border. J Autoimmun 2007; 29:272-80. [PMID: 17889505 PMCID: PMC2692919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2007.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are important contributors to the maintenance of immune tolerance in the periphery, and deficiency of Tregs is associated with various immunopathic diseases. Murine models of autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders have helped to elucidate how Tregs are involved in these diseases. A feature in common between human and mice that lack one or another of the key Treg subsets is the occurrence of mucosal inflammation. The relatively fragile mucosal surface represents a complex system that is normally well equipped to ward off harmful pathogens yet at the same time is inhibitory to destructive inflammatory responses to biologically needed (probiotic) microorganisms, or other common environmental antigens e.g. nutrients. We here discuss the importance of Tregs in maintaining tolerance at mucosal surfaces and the outcomes of deficiency of Treg function. The intestinal tract and its inflammatory diseases provide the "point of departure" for discussion, but similar considerations could apply to other mucosal linings exposed to the environment such as other members of the digestive system. However, the lungs, bile ducts, urogenital tract and other mucosal surfaces are susceptible to poorly understood inflammatory states that possibly depend on dysfunction of Treg cells. Finally there are now potential therapies predicated on reconstitution of effective function of Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Y. Lan
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Ian R. Mackay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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Yang GX, Lian ZX, Chuang YH, Shu SA, Moritoki Y, Lan R, Wakabayashi K, Ansari AA, Dorshkind K, Ikehara S, Gershwin ME. Generation of functionally distinct B lymphocytes from common myeloid progenitors. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 150:349-57. [PMID: 17822442 PMCID: PMC2219345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Current models of adult haematopoiesis propose that haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiate into common lymphoid (CLP) and common myeloid (CMP) progenitors and establish an early separation between myeloid and lymphoid lineages. Nevertheless, the developmental potential of CMP-associated B cells suggests the existence of alternate pathways for B lymphopoesis. The aim of this study was to compare the developmental and functional properties of CMP- and CLP-derived B cells. While both populations matured through pro-B cell and transitional B cell intermediates in the bone marrow and spleen, respectively, following transfer into irradiated mice, mature CMP- and CLP-derived B cells exhibit distinct functional responses. Specifically, CMP-derived B cells did not respond to mitogenic stimulation to the same degree as their CLP-derived counterparts and secrete lower levels of IgM and the inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10. Together, these data suggest the existence of multiple pathways for generating functionally distinct B cells from bone marrow precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-X Yang
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Lleo A, Invernizzi P, Selmi C, Coppel RL, Alpini G, Podda M, Mackay IR, Gershwin ME. Autophagy: highlighting a novel player in the autoimmunity scenario. J Autoimmun 2007; 29:61-8. [PMID: 17693057 PMCID: PMC2063509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a physiological cellular mechanism that degrades and recycles proteins and other molecules to maintain an adequate amino acid level during nutritional starvation of the cell. Autophagy is involved in cellular homeostasis and differentiation, as well as in tissue remodeling, aging, cancer, and other diseases. Under particular environmental conditions, autophagy can also be a contributor to programmed cell death, or can act as a defense mechanism for the elimination of intracellular bacteria and viruses. According to recent experimental data, autophagy may be implicated in autoimmunity by promotion of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II presentation of cytosolic antigens and control of T lymphocyte homeostasis, and its induction by Th1 cytokines and perhaps by specific serum autoantibodies. We review herein the role of autophagy in immune function and its possible contribution to breakdown of tolerance and development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lleo
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Shu SA, Lian ZX, Chuang YH, Yang GX, Moritoki Y, Comstock SS, Zhong RQ, Ansari AA, Liu YJ, Gershwin ME. The role of CD11c(+) hepatic dendritic cells in the induction of innate immune responses. Clin Exp Immunol 2007. [PMID: 17521321 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the liver in the initiation and maintenance of tolerance is a critical immune function that involves multiple lineages of immune cells. Included within these populations are liver dendritic cells (DCs). Although there has been significant work on the phenotypic and functional roles of splenic and bone marrow dendritic cells, as well as their subsets, comparable studies in liver have often been difficult. To address this issue we have isolated, from C57BL/6 mice, relatively pure populations of DCs and compared phenotype and function to the data from spleen using flow cytometry, cell sorter assisted purification and culture, morphology by cytospin and May-Giemsa staining, cell cycle progression, antigen uptake, cytokine production and allo-activation potential. natural killer (NK)1.1(-)CD11c(+) liver DC subsets (conventional DCs, T cell receptor (TcR)beta(-)NK1.1(-)CD11c(+)B220(-) and plasmacytoid DCs, TcRbeta(-)NK1.1(-)CD11c(+)B220(+)) efficiently endocytose dextran and produce significant levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12 p40 in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, with responses higher than splenic DCs. There is also a differential capability of hepatic DCs to respond to innate signals. Indeed, CD11c(+) hepatic DCs have a greater capacity to respond to innate stimulation but are less capable of inducing CpG activated-allogeneic T cells. These data suggest that hepatic dendritic cells function as a critical bridge between innate and adaptive immunity and are capable of inducing stronger innate responses with a lower capacity for allo-stimulation than splenic dendritic cells. These properties of liver dendritic cells contribute to their unique role in the induction of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-A Shu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Shu SA, Lian ZX, Chuang YH, Yang GX, Moritoki Y, Comstock SS, Zhong RQ, Ansari AA, Liu YJ, Gershwin ME. The role of CD11c(+) hepatic dendritic cells in the induction of innate immune responses. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 149:335-43. [PMID: 17521321 PMCID: PMC1941951 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the liver in the initiation and maintenance of tolerance is a critical immune function that involves multiple lineages of immune cells. Included within these populations are liver dendritic cells (DCs). Although there has been significant work on the phenotypic and functional roles of splenic and bone marrow dendritic cells, as well as their subsets, comparable studies in liver have often been difficult. To address this issue we have isolated, from C57BL/6 mice, relatively pure populations of DCs and compared phenotype and function to the data from spleen using flow cytometry, cell sorter assisted purification and culture, morphology by cytospin and May-Giemsa staining, cell cycle progression, antigen uptake, cytokine production and allo-activation potential. natural killer (NK)1.1(-)CD11c(+) liver DC subsets (conventional DCs, T cell receptor (TcR)beta(-)NK1.1(-)CD11c(+)B220(-) and plasmacytoid DCs, TcRbeta(-)NK1.1(-)CD11c(+)B220(+)) efficiently endocytose dextran and produce significant levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12 p40 in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, with responses higher than splenic DCs. There is also a differential capability of hepatic DCs to respond to innate signals. Indeed, CD11c(+) hepatic DCs have a greater capacity to respond to innate stimulation but are less capable of inducing CpG activated-allogeneic T cells. These data suggest that hepatic dendritic cells function as a critical bridge between innate and adaptive immunity and are capable of inducing stronger innate responses with a lower capacity for allo-stimulation than splenic dendritic cells. These properties of liver dendritic cells contribute to their unique role in the induction of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-A Shu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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