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Santambrogio L, Franco A. The yin/yang balance of the MHC-self -immunopeptidome. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1035363. [PMID: 36405763 PMCID: PMC9666884 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1035363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The MHC-self immunopeptidome of professional antigen presenting cells is a cognate ligand for the TCRs expressed on both conventional and thymic-derived natural regulatory T cells. In regulatory T cells, the TCR signaling associated with MHC-peptide recognition induces antigen specific as well as bystander immunosuppression. On the other hand, TCR activation of conventional T cells is associated with protective immunity. As such the peripheral T cell repertoire is populated by a number of T cells with different phenotypes and different TCRs, which can recognize the same MHC-self-peptide complex, resulting in opposite immunological outcomes. This article summarizes what is known about regulatory and conventional T cell recognition of the MHC-self-immunopeptidome at steady state and in inflammatory conditions associated with increased T and B cell self-reactivity, discussing how changes in the MHC-ligandome including epitope copy number and post-translational modifications can tilt the balance toward the expansion of pro-inflammatory or regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Santambrogio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Physiology and Biophysics, Englander Institute of Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alessandra Franco
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, La Jolla, CA, United States
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2
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Jamison BL, DiLisio JE, Beard KS, Neef T, Bradley B, Goodman J, Gill RG, Miller SD, Baker RL, Haskins K. Tolerogenic Delivery of a Hybrid Insulin Peptide Markedly Prolongs Islet Graft Survival in the NOD Mouse. Diabetes 2022; 71:483-496. [PMID: 35007324 PMCID: PMC8893950 DOI: 10.2337/db20-1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The induction of antigen (Ag)-specific tolerance and replacement of islet β-cells are major ongoing goals for the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Our group previously showed that a hybrid insulin peptide (2.5HIP) is a critical autoantigen for diabetogenic CD4+ T cells in the NOD mouse model. In this study, we investigated whether induction of Ag-specific tolerance using 2.5HIP-coupled tolerogenic nanoparticles (NPs) could protect diabetic NOD mice from disease recurrence upon syngeneic islet transplantation. Islet graft survival was significantly prolonged in mice treated with 2.5HIP NPs, but not NPs containing the insulin B chain peptide 9-23. Protection in 2.5HIP NP-treated mice was attributed both to the simultaneous induction of anergy in 2.5HIP-specific effector T cells and the expansion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells specific for the same Ag. Notably, our results indicate that effector function of graft-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells specific for other β-cell epitopes was significantly impaired, suggesting a novel mechanism of therapeutically induced linked suppression. This work establishes that tolerance induction with an HIP can delay recurrent autoimmunity in NOD mice, which could inform the development of an Ag-specific therapy for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braxton L. Jamison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - James E. DiLisio
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Tobias Neef
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Brenda Bradley
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Jessica Goodman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Ronald G. Gill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Stephen D. Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Rocky L. Baker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Corresponding author: Kathryn Haskins,
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3
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Ke Q, Kroger CJ, Clark M, Tisch RM. Evolving Antibody Therapies for the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 11:624568. [PMID: 33679717 PMCID: PMC7930374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.624568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is widely considered to be a T cell driven autoimmune disease resulting in reduced insulin production due to dysfunction/destruction of pancreatic β cells. Currently, there continues to be a need for immunotherapies that selectively reestablish persistent β cell-specific self-tolerance for the prevention and remission of T1D in the clinic. The utilization of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) is one strategy to target specific immune cell populations inducing autoimmune-driven pathology. Several mAb have proven to be clinically safe and exhibit varying degrees of efficacy in modulating autoimmunity, including T1D. Traditionally, mAb therapies have been used to deplete a targeted cell population regardless of antigenic specificity. However, this treatment strategy can prove detrimental resulting in the loss of acquired protective immunity. Nondepleting mAb have also been applied to modulate the function of immune effector cells. Recent studies have begun to define novel mechanisms associated with mAb-based immunotherapy that alter the function of targeted effector cell pools. These results suggest short course mAb therapies may have persistent effects for regaining and maintaining self-tolerance. Furthermore, the flexibility to manipulate mAb properties permits the development of novel strategies to target multiple antigens and/or deliver therapeutic drugs by a single mAb molecule. Here, we discuss current and potential future therapeutic mAb treatment strategies for T1D, and T cell-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Charles J Kroger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Matthew Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Roland M Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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4
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Ihantola EL, Ilmonen H, Kailaanmäki A, Rytkönen-Nissinen M, Azam A, Maillère B, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Sette A, Motwani K, Seay HR, Brusko TM, Knip M, Veijola R, Toppari J, Ilonen J, Kinnunen T. Characterization of Proinsulin T Cell Epitopes Restricted by Type 1 Diabetes-Associated HLA Class II Molecules. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2349-2359. [PMID: 32229538 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease in which the insulin-producing β cells within the pancreas are destroyed. Identification of target Ags and epitopes of the β cell-reactive T cells is important both for understanding T1D pathogenesis and for the rational development of Ag-specific immunotherapies for the disease. Several studies suggest that proinsulin is an early and integral target autoantigen in T1D. However, proinsulin epitopes recognized by human CD4+ T cells have not been comprehensively characterized. Using a dye dilution-based T cell cloning method, we generated and characterized 24 unique proinsulin-specific CD4+ T cell clones from the peripheral blood of 17 individuals who carry the high-risk DR3-DQ2 and/or DR4-DQ8 HLA class II haplotypes. Some of the clones recognized previously reported DR4-restricted epitopes within the C-peptide (C25-35) or A-chain (A1-15) of proinsulin. However, we also characterized DR3-restricted epitopes within both the B-chain (B16-27 and B22-C3) and C-peptide (C25-35). Moreover, we identified DQ2-restricted epitopes within the B-chain and several DQ2- or DQ8-restricted epitopes within the C-terminal region of C-peptide that partially overlap with previously reported DQ-restricted epitopes. Two of the DQ2-restricted epitopes, B18-26 and C22-33, were shown to be naturally processed from whole human proinsulin. Finally, we observed a higher frequency of CDR3 sequences matching the TCR sequences of the proinsulin-specific T cell clones in pancreatic lymph node samples compared with spleen samples. In conclusion, we confirmed several previously reported epitopes but also identified novel (to our knowledge) epitopes within proinsulin, which are presented by HLA class II molecules associated with T1D risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmi-Leena Ihantola
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henna Ilmonen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anssi Kailaanmäki
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marja Rytkönen-Nissinen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aurélien Azam
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, 91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Bernard Maillère
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, 91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Keshav Motwani
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Howard R Seay
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, College of Medicine Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Mikael Knip
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.,Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.,Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland; and
| | - Tuure Kinnunen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland; .,Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre (ISLAB), FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
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5
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Reversal of Hyperglycemia and Suppression of Type 1 Diabetes in the NOD Mouse with Apoptotic DNA Immunotherapy™ (ADi™), ADi-100. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8030053. [PMID: 32143316 PMCID: PMC7148463 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigen-specific apoptotic DNA immunotherapeutic, ADi-100, is designed to suppress type 1 diabetes and consists of two DNA plasmids encoding genetic sequences of the apoptosis-inducing molecule, BAX, and the secreted form of the autoantigen, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65, that is CpG hyper-methylated to avoid inflammatory signaling (msGAD55). Upon a four-day treatment with ADi-100 of young female non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, the frequency of various tolerogenic dendritic cell populations increased in draining lymph nodes; these cells lost the capacity to stimulate glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes and were associated with the previously demonstrated enhancement of GAD-specific regulatory T cells. The efficacy of two ADi-100 formulations containing different proportions of BAX and msGAD55, 1:4 (10/40 µg) and 1:2 (17/33 µg), was evaluated in mildly hyperglycemic pre-diabetic NOD female mice. Both formulations suppressed the incidence of diabetes by 80% in an antigen-specific manner, while all untreated mice developed diabetes. However, treatment of pre-diabetic mice with significantly higher hyperglycemia, denoting progressive disease, showed that ADi-100 1:2 strongly suppressed diabetes incidence by 80% whereas the ADi-100 1:4 was less effective (50%). As an antigen-specific monotherapy, ADi-100 is highly efficacious in reversing elevated hyperglycemia to prevent diabetes, in which increasing apoptosis-inducing BAX content is a promising immune tolerance feature.
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6
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Mitkin NA, Anokhin PK, Belopolskaya MV, Frolova OY, Kushnir EA, Lovat ML, Pavshintsev VV. Active immunization against serum alcohol dehydrogenase normalizes brain dopamine metabolism disturbed during chronic alcohol consumption. Alcohol 2020; 83:17-28. [PMID: 31260795 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic ethanol consumption in high doses is associated with constitutively elevated activity of the serum alcohol dehydrogenase I (ADH I) isoform, which demonstrates a high affinity not only for ethanol but also for a number of bioamine metabolites. Such excessive ADH activity is probably associated with disruptions in the metabolism of neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine) and subsequent long-term changes in the activity of their receptors. Ultimately, a stable depressive-like condition contributes to the development of patients' craving for ethanol intake, frequent disruptions during therapy, and low efficacy of treatment. We applied active immunization against ADH to investigate its efficacy in the reduction of excessive serum ADH activity and regulation of ethanol consumption by chronically ethanol-fed Wistar rats (15% ethanol, 4 months, free-choice method), and we analyzed its ability to influence the levels of bioamines in the brain. Immunization (2 injections, 2-week intervals) was performed using a combination of recombinant horse ADH isozyme as an antigen and 2% aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvant. The efficacy of immunization was demonstrated by the production of high titers of ADH-specific antibodies, which was consistent with the significantly reduced ADH activity in the serum of chronically ethanol-fed rats. On the 26th day after the first vaccine injection, we registered significantly lower levels of alcohol consumption compared to ethanol-fed control animals, and the difference reached 16% on the 49th day of the experiment. These observations were accompanied by data that showed reduced levels of ethanol preference in immunized rats. Chronic alcohol drinking led to a decrease in dopamine and DOPAL (a direct dopamine metabolite and a high-affinity ADH substrate) levels in the striatum,while immunization neutralized this effect. Additionally, we observed that inhibition of serum ADH activity caused a decrease in peak dopamine levels during acute alcohol intake in chronically ethanol-fed rats during ethanol withdrawal that was associated with reduced tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the striatum. The obtained data suggest a significant contribution of ADH to the changes in neurotransmitter systems during chronic alcohol consumption and make available new prospects for developing innovative strategies for treatment of excessive alcohol intake.
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7
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An N, Pourzal S, Luccioli S, Vukmanović S. Effects of diet on skin sensitization by nickel, poison ivy, and sesquiterpene lactones. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 137:111137. [PMID: 31982450 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skin contact or exposure to sensitizers often occurs as a consequence of occupational exposures (e.g. poison ivy in forestry), wearing jewelry (e.g. nickel), or use of cosmetics (e.g. fragrances). However, many of the known skin sensitizers or their chemical variants are also consumed orally through foods or other sources. Since oral exposure to antigenic substances can lead to tolerance, consumption of sensitizers may impact the development and potency of skin sensitization, especially if the sensitizer is consumed early in life, prior to the first skin contact. To address this issue, we have reviewed human clinical and epidemiological literature relevant to this subject and evaluated whether early oral exposures to relevant sensitizers, or their chemical variants, are associated with reduced prevalence of skin sensitization to three main allergic sensitizers - nickel, urushiols of poison ivy, and sesquiterpene lactones of chrysanthemum and other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan An
- Cosmetics Division, Office of Cosmetics and Colors (OCAC), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA
| | - Selma Pourzal
- Cosmetics Division, Office of Cosmetics and Colors (OCAC), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA
| | - Stefano Luccioli
- Office of Compliance (OC), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA
| | - Stanislav Vukmanović
- Cosmetics Division, Office of Cosmetics and Colors (OCAC), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), USA.
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8
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Baker RL, Jamison BL, Haskins K. Hybrid insulin peptides are neo-epitopes for CD4 T cells in autoimmune diabetes. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2019; 26:195-200. [PMID: 31166225 PMCID: PMC6830731 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current review covers recent advances in our knowledge of the newest autoantigen neo-epitopes in type 1 diabetes (T1D): hybrid insulin peptides or HIPs. These ligands for autoreactive T cells are formed by peptide fusion, a novel posttranslational modification process that we first reported in 2016. RECENT FINDINGS Two major HIPs in the nonobese diabetic mouse model, ligands for diabetogenic CD4 T-cell clones, have been incorporated into tetramers and used to track HIP-reactive T cells during progression of disease. HIPs have also been used in strategies for induction of antigen-specific tolerance and show promise for delaying or reversing disease in the nonobese diabetic mouse. Importantly, CD4 T cells reactive to various HIPs have been detected in the islets and peripheral blood mononuclear cell of T1D patients and newly developed human T-cell clones are being employed to gather more data on the phenotype and function of HIP-reactive T cells in patients. SUMMARY These new hybrid insulin peptide epitopes may provide the basis for establishing autoreactive T cells as biomarkers of disease and as potential tolerogens for treatment of T1D.
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9
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Jamison BL, Neef T, Goodspeed A, Bradley B, Baker RL, Miller SD, Haskins K. Nanoparticles Containing an Insulin-ChgA Hybrid Peptide Protect from Transfer of Autoimmune Diabetes by Shifting the Balance between Effector T Cells and Regulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:48-57. [PMID: 31109955 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CD4 T cells play a critical role in promoting the development of autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. The diabetogenic CD4 T cell clone BDC-2.5, originally isolated from a NOD mouse, has been widely used to study the contribution of autoreactive CD4 T cells and relevant Ags to autoimmune diabetes. Recent work from our laboratory has shown that the Ag for BDC-2.5 T cells is a hybrid insulin peptide (2.5HIP) consisting of an insulin C-peptide fragment fused to a peptide from chromogranin A (ChgA) and that endogenous 2.5HIP-reactive T cells are major contributors to autoimmune pathology in NOD mice. The objective of this study was to determine if poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with the 2.5HIP Ag (2.5HIP-coupled PLG NPs) can tolerize BDC-2.5 T cells. Infusion of 2.5HIP-coupled PLG NPs was found to prevent diabetes in an adoptive transfer model by impairing the ability of BDC-2.5 T cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines through induction of anergy, leading to an increase in the ratio of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells to IFN-γ+ effector T cells. To our knowledge, this work is the first to use a hybrid insulin peptide, or any neoepitope, to re-educate diabetogenic T cells and may have significant implications for the development of an Ag-specific therapy for type 1 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braxton L Jamison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Tobias Neef
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Andrew Goodspeed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; and.,University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Brenda Bradley
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Rocky L Baker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045;
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10
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Vonberg AD, Acevedo-Calado M, Cox AR, Pietropaolo SL, Gianani R, Lundy SK, Pietropaolo M. CD19+IgM+ cells demonstrate enhanced therapeutic efficacy in type 1 diabetes mellitus. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99860. [PMID: 30518692 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a protective effect on autoimmune diabetes and reduced destructive insulitis in NOD.scid recipients following splenocyte injections from diabetic NOD donors and sorted CD19+ cells compared with NOD.scid recipients receiving splenocytes alone. This protective effect was age specific (only CD19+ cells from young NOD donors exerted this effect; P < 0.001). We found that the CD19+IgM+ cell is the primary subpopulation of B cells that delayed transfer of diabetes mediated by diabetogenic T cells from NOD mice (P = 0.002). Removal of IgM+ cells from the CD19+ pool did not result in protection. Notably, protection conferred by CD19+IgM+ cotransfers were not dependent on the presence of Tregs, as their depletion did not affect their ability to delay onset of diabetes. Blockade of IL-10 with neutralizing antibodies at the time of CD19+ cell cotransfers also abrogated the therapeutic effect, suggesting that IL-10 secretion was an important component of protection. These results were strengthened by ex vivo incubation of CD19+ cells with IL-5, resulting in enhanced proliferation and IL-10 production and equivalently delayed diabetes progression (P = 0.0005). The potential to expand CD19+IgM+ cells, especially in response to IL-5 stimulation or by pharmacologic agents, may be a new therapeutic option for type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Vonberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine, and
| | - Maria Acevedo-Calado
- Diabetes Research Center, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine, and
| | - Aaron R Cox
- Diabetes Research Center, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Susan L Pietropaolo
- Diabetes Research Center, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine, and
| | - Roberto Gianani
- Diabetes Research Center, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine, and
| | - Steven K Lundy
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Massimo Pietropaolo
- Diabetes Research Center, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine, and
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11
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Wan X, Unanue ER. Antigen recognition in autoimmune diabetes: a novel pathway underlying disease initiation. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2018; 1:102-110. [PMID: 30687564 PMCID: PMC6333048 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pby015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of human autoimmune disorders results from complex interplay among genetic, environmental, and immunological risk factors. Despite much heterogeneity in environmental triggers, the leading genes that give the propensity for tissue-specific autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, are those associated with particular class II major histocompatibility complex alleles. Such genetic predisposition precipitates presentation of tissue antigens to MHC-II-restricted CD4 T cells. When properly activated, these self-reactive CD4 T cells migrate to the target tissue and trigger the initial immune attack. Using the non-obese diabetic mouse model of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes, much insight has been gained in understanding how presentation of physiological levels of self-antigens translates into pathological outcomes. In this review, we summarize recent advances illustrating the features of the antigen presenting cells, the sites of the antigen recognition, and the nature of the consequent T cell responses. We emphasize emerging evidence that highlights the importance of systemic presentation of catabolized tissue antigens in mobilization of pathogenic T cells. The implication of these studies in therapeutic perspectives is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emil R Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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12
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Kulshrestha D, Yeh LT, Chien MW, Chou FC, Sytwu HK. Peripheral Autoimmune Regulator Induces Exhaustion of CD4 + and CD8 + Effector T Cells to Attenuate Autoimmune Diabetes in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1128. [PMID: 28966617 PMCID: PMC5605615 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune regulator (Aire) is one of the most crucial genes expressed in the thymus, where it orchestrates the promiscuous expression and presentation of tissue-specific antigens during thymocyte selection. The presence of Aire-expressing cells outside the thymus points toward its plausible extrathymic functions; however, the relative contribution of Aire-expressing cells of hematopoietic origin and their role in the modulation of autoimmune diseases are still obscure. Here, we report that non-obese diabetic mice with transgenic Aire expression under the control of the CD11c (integrin alpha X) promoter were significantly protected from autoimmune diabetes compared with their non-transgenic littermates. The protective effect of Aire transgene was mediated primarily by an increase in the “exhausted” populations of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, both demonstrating poor expressions of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α. Both CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells in transgenic mice displayed distinctive and differential expression of T-bet and Eomesodermin, respectively, in conjunction with high expression of programmed cell death protein-1 and other exhaustion-associated markers. Importantly, transgenic Aire expression did not result in any detectable changes in the population of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells. Co-transfer experiments also demonstrated that Aire transgenic dendritic cells, as a “stand-alone” cell population, had the potential to suppress effector T cells in vivo without the support of Treg cells, but eventually failed to prevent the diabetogenesis in recipient mice. In conclusion, our study suggests that apart from its role in clonal deletion of autoreactive T cells or clonal diversion to Treg lineage, Aire can also contribute to tolerance by forcing effector T cells into a state of exhaustion with poor effector functions, thereby effectively containing autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divakar Kulshrestha
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tzu Yeh
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Chien
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Cheng Chou
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Baekkeskov S, Hubbell JA, Phelps EA. Bioengineering strategies for inducing tolerance in autoimmune diabetes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017. [PMID: 28625830 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease marked by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreatic islets. Strategies to delay onset or prevent the autoimmune recognition of beta cell antigens or T cell-mediated killing of beta cells have mainly focused on systemic immunomodulation and antigen-specific immunotherapy. To bridge the fields of type 1 diabetes immunology and biomaterials engineering, this article will review recent trends in the etiology of type 1 diabetes immunopathology and will focus on the contributions of emerging bioengineered strategies in the fight against beta cell autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steinunn Baekkeskov
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Building SV 3826, Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Departments of Medicine and Microbiology/Immunology, Diabetes Center, 513 Parnassus Ave, 20159, Box 0534, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Building SV 3826, Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Edward A Phelps
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Building SV 3826, Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, P.O. Box 116131, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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14
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Unique features in the presentation of insulin epitopes in autoimmune diabetes: an update. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 46:30-37. [PMID: 28456018 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although an autoimmune disease involves diverse self-antigens, the initiation stage may require recognition of a limited number. This concept is verified in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of autoimmune diabetes, in which strong evidence points to insulin as the prime antigen. The NOD mouse bears the I-Ag7 class II-MHC molecules (MHCII) that share common biochemical features and peptidome selection with the human diabetes-susceptible HLA-DQ8. Furthermore, both NOD mice and patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) display an early appearance of insulin autoantibodies (IAAs) and subsequent insulin-reactive T cell infiltration into the islets. Therefore, a better understanding of insulin presentation is crucial for assessing disease pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention. Here, we summarize recent advances in insulin presentation events that underlie the essential role of this autoantigen in driving autoimmune diabetes.
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15
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Thayer TC, Pearson JA, De Leenheer E, Hanna SJ, Boldison J, Davies J, Tsui A, Ahmed S, Easton P, Siew LK, Wen L, Wong FS. Peripheral Proinsulin Expression Controls Low-Avidity Proinsulin-Reactive CD8 T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2016; 65:3429-3439. [PMID: 27495224 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Low-avidity autoreactive CD8 T cells (CTLs) escape from thymic negative selection, and peripheral tolerance mechanisms are essential for their regulation. We report the role of proinsulin (PI) expression on the development and activation of insulin-specific CTLs in the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes. We studied insulin B-chain-specific CTL from different T-cell receptor transgenic mice (G9Cα-/-) expressing normal PI1 and PI2 or altered PI expression levels. In the absence of PI2 (Ins2-/-), CTL in pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs) were more activated, and male G9Cα-/- mice developed T1D. Furthermore, when the insulin-specific CTLs developed in transgenic mice lacking their specific PI epitope, the CTLs demonstrated increased cytotoxicity and proliferation in vitro and in vivo in the PLNs after adoptive transfer into NOD recipients. Dendritic cell-stimulated proliferation of insulin-specific T cells was reduced in the presence of lymph node stromal cells (LNSCs) from NOD mice but not from mice lacking the PI epitope. Our study shows that LNSCs regulate CTL activation and suggests that exposure to PI in the periphery is very important in maintenance of tolerance of autoreactive T cells. This is relevant for human type 1 diabetes and has implications for the use of antigen-specific therapy in tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri C Thayer
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
| | - James A Pearson
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Evy De Leenheer
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Stephanie J Hanna
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Joanne Boldison
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Joanne Davies
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Adrian Tsui
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Sartaj Ahmed
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Peter Easton
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Lai Khai Siew
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - F Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.
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