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Ding JQ, Zhang JQ, Zhao SJ, Jiang DB, Lu JR, Yang SY, Wang J, Sun YJ, Huang YN, Hu CC, Zhang XY, Zhang JX, Liu TY, Han CY, Qiao XP, Guo J, Zhao C, Yang K. Follicular CD8 + T cells promote immunoglobulin production and demyelination in multiple sclerosis and a murine model. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167303. [PMID: 38878831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Emerging evidence underscores the importance of CD8+ T cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), but the precise mechanisms remain ambiguous. This study intends to elucidate the involvement of a novel subset of follicular CD8+ T cells (CD8+CXCR5+ T) in MS and an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) murine model. The expansion of CD8+CXCR5+ T cells was observed in both MS patients and EAE mice during the acute phase. In relapsing MS patients, higher frequencies of circulating CD8+CXCR5+ T cells were positively correlated with new gadolinium-enhancement lesions in the central nervous system (CNS). In EAE mice, frequencies of CD8+CXCR5+ T cells were also positively correlated with clinical scores. These cells were found to infiltrate into ectopic lymphoid-like structures in the spinal cords during the peak of the disease. Furthermore, CD8+CXCR5+ T cells, exhibiting high expression levels of ICOS, CD40L, IL-21, and IL-6, were shown to facilitate B cell activation and differentiation through a synergistic interaction between CD40L and IL-21. Transferring CD8+CXCR5+ T cells into naïve mice confirmed their ability to enhance the production of anti-MOG35-55 antibodies and contribute to the disease progression. Consequently, CD8+CXCR5+ T cells may play a role in CNS demyelination through heightening humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Ding
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China; Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun-Qi Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Si-Jia Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Dong-Bo Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia-Rui Lu
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Shu-Ya Yang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan-Jie Sun
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi-Nan Huang
- Department of Emergency, the Second Affiliated Hospital (Xixian New District Central Hospital), Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chen-Chen Hu
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi-Yang Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia-Xing Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Tian-Yue Liu
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Chen-Ying Han
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Xu-Peng Qiao
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China.
| | - Cong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Air Force Medical Center of PLA, Beijing, China.
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air Force Medical University (the Fourth Military Medical University), Shaanxi, China.
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Peng Y, Yang H, Chen Q, Jin H, Xue YH, Du MQ, Liu S, Yao SY. An angel or a devil? Current view on the role of CD8 + T cells in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis. J Transl Med 2024; 22:183. [PMID: 38378668 PMCID: PMC10877804 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myasthenia gravis (MG) and the experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG) animal model are characterized by T-cell-induced and B-cell-dominated autoimmune diseases that affect the neuromuscular junction. Several subtypes of CD4+ T cells, including T helper (Th) 17 cells, follicular Th cells, and regulatory T cells (Tregs), contribute to the pathogenesis of MG. However, increasing evidence suggests that CD8+ T cells also play a critical role in the pathogenesis and treatment of MG. MAIN BODY Herein, we review the literature on CD8+ T cells in MG, focusing on their potential effector and regulatory roles, as well as on relevant evidence (peripheral, in situ, cerebrospinal fluid, and under different treatments), T-cell receptor usage, cytokine and chemokine expression, cell marker expression, and Treg, Tc17, CD3+CD8+CD20+ T, and CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS Further studies on CD8+ T cells in MG are necessary to determine, among others, the real pattern of the Vβ gene usage of autoantigen-specific CD8+ cells in patients with MG, real images of the physiology and function of autoantigen-specific CD8+ cells from MG/EAMG, and the subset of autoantigen-specific CD8+ cells (Tc1, Tc17, and IL-17+IFN-γ+CD8+ T cells). There are many reports of CD20-expressing T (or CD20 + T) and CXCR5+ CD8 T cells on autoimmune diseases, especially on multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Unfortunately, up to now, there has been no report on these T cells on MG, which might be a good direction for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China.
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China.
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Quan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
| | - Ya-Hui Xue
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
| | - Miao-Qiao Du
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
| | - Shun-Yu Yao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
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Turner CN, Camilo Sanchez Arcila J, Huerta N, Quiguoe AR, Jensen KDC, Hoyer KK. T cell exhaustion dynamics in systemic autoimmune disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.23.573167. [PMID: 38187518 PMCID: PMC10769367 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.23.573167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Unlike in infection and cancer, T cell exhaustion in autoimmune disease has not been clearly defined. Here we set out to understand inhibitory protein (PD-1, Tim3, CTLA4, Lag3) expression in CXCR5- and CXCR5+ CD8 and CD4 T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. CXCR5+ CD8 and CD4 T cells express PD-1 and engage B cells in germinal center reactions, leading to autoantibody formation in autoimmunity. We hypothesized that CXCR5+ CD8 T cells develop an exhausted phenotype as SLE autoimmunity expands from initial to chronic, self-perpetuating disease due to chronic self-antigen exposure. Our results indicate that there is no exhaustion frequency differences between sexes, although disease kinetics vary by sex. CXCR5+ CD8 T cells express primarily IFNγ, known to promote autoimmune disease development, whereas CXCR5-CD8 T cells express TNFα and IFNγ as disease progresses from 2-6 months. Tim3 is the highest expressed inhibitory marker for all CD4 and CD8 T cell populations demonstrating potential for terminally exhausted populations. CTLA4 expression on CD4 T cells suggests potential tolerance induction in these cells. We identified exhaustion phenotypes within autoimmune disease that progress with increasing lupus erythematosus severity and possibly provide a feedback mechanism for immunological tolerance. Highlights CXCR5- and CXCR5+ CD8 T cells expand with rate of disease in SLE mouse model.CXCR5+ CD8 T cells are low contributors to TNFα disease progression unlike CXCR5-CD8 T cells but may increase disease mechanisms through high IFNγ production.Inhibitory markers upregulate in frequency with the highest amounts seen in Tim3+ populations. Tim3+Lag3+ expression may be an indicator of terminal differentiation for all populations.Inhibitory marker expression frequency was unrelated to sex.
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Turner CN, Mullins GN, Hoyer KK. CXCR5 +CD8 T cells: Potential immunotherapy targets or drivers of immune-mediated adverse events? Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1034764. [PMID: 36314014 PMCID: PMC9606409 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1034764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR5+CD8 T cells have attracted significant interest within multiple areas of immunology, cancer, and infection. This is in part due to their apparent dual functionality. These cells perform as cytotoxic cells in a variety of infection states including LCMV, HBV, HIV and SIV. However, CXCR5+CD8 T cells also associate with B cells in peripheral organs and function to stimulate B cell proliferation, antibody/B cell receptor class-switch, and antibody production. CXCR5+CD8 T cells are similar to CXCR5+CD4 T follicular helpers in their genetic make-up, B cell interactions, and functionality despite possessing elevated programmed cell death 1 and cytotoxic proteins. Within cancer CXCR5+CD8 T cells have risen as potential prognostic markers for overall survival and are functionally cytotoxic within tumor microenvironments. In inflammatory disease and autoimmunity, CXCR5+CD8 T cells are implicated in disease progression. During viral infection and cancer, CXCR5 expression on CD8 T cells generally is indicative of progenitor memory stem-like exhausted cells, which are more responsive to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors to overcome immune exhaustion in cancer, and subsequent consequence of immune adverse events, highlights the dual nature of the cellular immune response. This review will detail the functionality of CXCR5+CD8 T cells in cancer and autoimmunity with potential repercussions during immune checkpoint blockade therapy discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christi N. Turner
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Genevieve N. Mullins
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Katrina K. Hoyer
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States,Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Katrina K. Hoyer
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