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de Koster N, Clark CP, Kohler I. Past, present, and future developments in enantioselective analysis using capillary electromigration techniques. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:38-57. [PMID: 32914880 PMCID: PMC7821218 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enantioseparation of chiral products has become increasingly important in a large diversity of academic and industrial applications. The separation of chiral compounds is inherently challenging and thus requires a suitable analytical technique that can achieve high resolution and sensitivity. In this context, CE has shown remarkable results so far. Chiral CE offers an orthogonal enantioselectivity and is typically considered less costly than chromatographic techniques, since only minute amounts of chiral selectors are needed. Several CE approaches have been developed for chiral analysis, including chiral EKC and chiral CEC. Enantioseparations by EKC benefit from the wide variety of possible pseudostationary phases that can be employed. Chiral CEC, on the other hand, combines chromatographic separation principles with the bulk fluid movement of CE, benefitting from reduced band broadening as compared to pressure-driven systems. Although UV detection is conventionally used for these approaches, MS can also be considered. CE-MS represents a promising alternative due to the increased sensitivity and selectivity, enabling the chiral analysis of complex samples. The potential contamination of the MS ion source in EKC-MS can be overcome using partial-filling and counter-migration techniques. However, chiral analysis using monolithic and open-tubular CEC-MS awaits additional method validation and a dedicated commercial interface. Further efforts in chiral CE are expected toward the improvement of existing techniques, the development of novel pseudostationary phases, and establishing the use of chiral ionic liquids, molecular imprinted polymers, and metal-organic frameworks. These developments will certainly foster the adoption of CE(-MS) as a well-established technique in routine chiral analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky de Koster
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Systems Biomedicine and PharmacologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Charles P. Clark
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Systems Biomedicine and PharmacologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Kohler
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Luo R, Han H, Liu J, Xu D, Wang Q, Fanali S, Jiang Z. Preparation and application of teicoplanin functionalized polymeric monolith for enantioseparation of chiral drugs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 182:113129. [PMID: 32036299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel chiral stationary phase (CSP), based on a monolithic organic polymer chemically modified with teicoplanin, was fabricated within a 100 μm I.D. fused silica capillary. The teicoplanin was firstly derivatized with 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (ICNEML) and then thermally co-polymerized with the crosslinker ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) in presence of porogens (methanol and dimethylsulfoxide). The optimal experimental conditions (e.g., concentration and ratio of the reagents), considering enantioresolution and permeability, were systematically investigated. The prepared monolith was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, and the column exhibited quite good morphology. In order to further evaluate the enantioresolving power of the poly(ICNEML-teicoplanin-co-EDMA) monolith, a series of basic and acidic chiral compounds were analyzed using an isocratic mode of polar organic solvents (methanol and acetonitrile) or the same solvents in combination with water (reversed-phase) by nano-liquid chromatography. Five mandelic acids and six derivatized amino acids were enantioresolved under reversed-phase mode (Rs = 1.22-3.47 and α = 1.43-6.33). This monolithic teicoplanin-CSP was also effective in the enantioseparations of 17 amino alcohol drugs employing polar-organic phase mode (MeOH/ACN/TEA/HOAc (80/20/0.03/0.055, v/v/v/v)). Ten of them were baseline enantioresolved (alprenolol, betaxolol, clenbuterol, isoproterenol, metoprolol, pindolol, propranolol, salbutamol, sotalol, tertatolol) (Rs = 1.55-2.48 and α = 1.21-1.55), while the others were partially enantioseparated (Rs = 1.14-1.48).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongying Luo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hai Han
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Dongsheng Xu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Qiqin Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Ph.D. School in Natural Science and Engineering, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 15-37129, Verona, Italy
| | - Zhengjin Jiang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Recent advances in preparation and applications of monolithic chiral stationary phases. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ali I, Al-Othman ZA, Al-Warthan A, Asnin L, Chudinov A. Advances in chiral separations of small peptides by capillary electrophoresis and chromatography. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2447-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University); New Delhi India
| | - Zeid A. Al-Othman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Warthan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Leonid Asnin
- Perm National Research Polytechnic University; Perm Russia
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Al-Othman ZA, Al-Warthan A, Ali I. Advances in enantiomeric resolution on monolithic chiral stationary phases in liquid chromatography and electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1033-57. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeid A. Al-Othman
- Department of Chemistry; College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Warthan
- Department of Chemistry; College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry; Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University); New Delhi India
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Zheng Y, Wang X, Ji Y. Monoliths with proteins as chiral selectors for enantiomer separation. Talanta 2012; 91:7-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Mangelings D, Vander Heyden Y. Enantioselective capillary electrochromatography: recent developments and new trends. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2583-601. [PMID: 21910129 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Since its development in the early 1970s, CEC has been studied quite extensively, but unfortunately its use is still mostly located at an academic level. Reasons for this are the limited availability of commercially available stationary phases (SPs) and columns, along with some practical limitations, such as column fragility, lack of column robustness and reproducibility. Nevertheless, CEC maintains a place among the separation techniques, probably because of its unique feature to combine two separation principles. Also in the field of chiral separations, CEC is often used as a separation technique and already showed its potential for this kind of analyses. This overview will focus on the recent applications, i.e. between 2006 and 2010, in enantioselective analysis by means of CEC. For the selected applications, the used SPs (chiral selectors) and their potential for future method development or screening purposes will be evaluated and critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby Mangelings
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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Monoliths with chiral surface functionalization for enantioselective capillary electrochromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:1091-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhang Z, Wu R, Wu M, Zou H. Recent progress of chiral monolithic stationary phases in CEC and capillary LC. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1457-66. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chen Y, Zhang J, Zhang L, Chen G. Separation of dipeptides with two chiral centers using 2-hydroxypropyl-β-CD-modified MEKC. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1493-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Dong X, Wu R, Dong J, Wu M, Zhu Y, Zou H. Recent progress of polar stationary phases in CEC and capillary liquid chromatography. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:141-54. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sutthasupa S, Sanda F, Masuda T. Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of Amino Acid-Functionalized Norbornene Diamide Monomers: Polymerization Behavior and Chiral Recognition Ability of the Polymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200700530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Koidl J, Hödl H, Schmid MG, Neubauer B, Konrad M, Petschauer S, Gübitz G. Enantiorecognition of triiodothyronine and thyroxine enantiomers using different chiral selectors by HPLC and micro-HPLC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 70:1254-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wu R, Hu L, Wang F, Ye M, Zou H. Recent development of monolithic stationary phases with emphasis on microscale chromatographic separation. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:369-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Sedláková P, Miksik I, Gatschelhofer C, Sinner FM, Buchmeiser MR. Voltage-assisted capillary LC of peptides using monolithic capillary columns prepared by ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:2219-22. [PMID: 17607810 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We examined the use of monolithic capillary columns prepared via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) for peptide separation in voltage-assisted capillary LC (voltage-assisted CLC). In order to demonstrate their potential for peptide separation, ROMP-derived monoliths with RP properties were prepared. The preparation procedure of monoliths was transferred from ROMP monoliths optimized for CLC. ROMP monoliths were synthesized within the confines of 200 microm id fused-silica capillaries with a length of 37 cm. After optimization of the chromatographic conditions, the separation performance was tested using a well-defined set of artificial peptides as well as two peptidic mixtures resulting from a tryptic digest of BSA as well as a collagenase digest of collagen. ROMP monoliths showed comparable performance to other monolithic separation media in voltage-assisted CLC published so far. Therefore, we conclude that by optimizing the composition of the ROMP monoliths as well as by using the controlled manner of their functionalization, ROMP monoliths bear a great potential in CLC and CEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Sedláková
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Preinerstorfer B, Lämmerhofer M. Recent accomplishments in the field of enantiomer separation by CEC. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:2527-65. [PMID: 17607806 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present review intends to summarize recent developments in the field of enantioselective separations and analysis by CEC. It covers studies published in English language in common peer-reviewed journals within the period between 2003 and 2006. Both, methods making use of chiral mobile phase additives as well as chiral stationary phases for electrochromatographic enantiomer separations, are reviewed. Achievements that have been made on the various column technologies, such as open-tubular, particle-packed, inorganic, organic and particle-fixed (hybrid-type) monolithic as well as molecularly imprinted polymer phases, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Preinerstorfer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Recognition Materials, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
This review summarizes applications of CEC for the analysis of proteins and peptides. This "hybrid" technique is useful for the analysis of a broad spectrum of proteins and peptides and is a complementary approach to liquid chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic analysis. All modes of CEC are described--granular packed columns, monolithic stationary phases as well as open-tubular CEC. Attention is also paid to pressurized CEC and the chip-based platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Miksík
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Gübitz G, Schmid MG. Advances in chiral separation using capillary electromigration techniques. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:114-26. [PMID: 17136739 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an overview of recent developments in CZE, EKC, and CEC covering the literature since the year 2004. Since there appeared a special issue on applications, this review focuses on the progress in electromigration techniques and new methodological developments. New techniques, new chiral selectors as well as new chiral stationary phases for CEC are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Gübitz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University, Graz, Austria.
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