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Fruncillo S, Su X, Liu H, Wong LS. Lithographic Processes for the Scalable Fabrication of Micro- and Nanostructures for Biochips and Biosensors. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2002-2024. [PMID: 33829765 PMCID: PMC8240091 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the early 2000s, extensive research has been performed to address numerous challenges in biochip and biosensor fabrication in order to use them for various biomedical applications. These biochips and biosensor devices either integrate biological elements (e.g., DNA, proteins or cells) in the fabrication processes or experience post fabrication of biofunctionalization for different downstream applications, including sensing, diagnostics, drug screening, and therapy. Scalable lithographic techniques that are well established in the semiconductor industry are now being harnessed for large-scale production of such devices, with additional development to meet the demand of precise deposition of various biological elements on device substrates with retained biological activities and precisely specified topography. In this review, the lithographic methods that are capable of large-scale and mass fabrication of biochips and biosensors will be discussed. In particular, those allowing patterning of large areas from 10 cm2 to m2, maintaining cost effectiveness, high throughput (>100 cm2 h-1), high resolution (from micrometer down to nanometer scale), accuracy, and reproducibility. This review will compare various fabrication technologies and comment on their resolution limit and throughput, and how they can be related to the device performance, including sensitivity, detection limit, reproducibility, and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fruncillo
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Xiaodi Su
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Block S8, Level 3, 3 Science Drive, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Lu Shin Wong
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Effects of ink characteristics and piezo-electric inkjetting parameters on lysozyme activity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18252. [PMID: 31796852 PMCID: PMC6890784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54723-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inkjet printing of enzymes can facilitate many novel applications where a small amount of materials need to be deposited in a precise and flexible manner. However, maintaining the satisfactory activity of inkjet printed enzyme is a challenging task due to the requirements of ink rheology and printhead parameters. Thus to find optimum inkjetting conditions we studied the effects of several ink formulation and jetting parameters on lysozyme activity using a piezoelectric printhead. Within linear activity range of protein concentrations ink containing 50 µg/mL lysozyme showed a satisfactory activity retention of 85%. An acceptable activity of jetted ink was found at pH 6.2 and ionic strength of 0.06 molar. Glycerol was found to be an effective viscosity modifier (10–15 mPa.s), humectant and protein structure stabilizer for the prepared ink. A non-ionic surfactant when used just below critical micelle concentration was found to be favourable for the jetted inks. An increase in activity retention was observed for inks jetted after 24 hours of room temperature incubation. However, no additional activity was seen for inkjetting above the room temperature. Findings of this study would be useful for formulating other protein-based inks and setting their inkjet printing parameters without highly compromising the functionality.
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Samson AAS, Lee J, Song JM. Inkjet printing-based photo-induced electron transfer reaction on parchment paper using riboflavin as a photosensitizer. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1012:49-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Anany H, Brovko L, El Dougdoug NK, Sohar J, Fenn H, Alasiri N, Jabrane T, Mangin P, Monsur Ali M, Kannan B, Filipe CDM, Griffiths MW. Print to detect: a rapid and ultrasensitive phage-based dipstick assay for foodborne pathogens. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:1217-1230. [PMID: 28940009 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0597-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens are a burden to the economy and a constant threat to public health. The ability to rapidly detect the presence of foodborne pathogens is a vital component of any strategy towards establishing a safe and secure food supply chain. Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses capable of infecting and replicating within bacteria in a strain-specific manner. The ubiquitous and selective nature of phages makes them ideal for the detection and biocontrol of bacteria. Therefore, the objective of this research was to develop and test a phage-based paper dipstick biosensor for the detection of various foodborne pathogens in food matrices. The first step was to identify the best method for immobilizing phages on paper such that their biological activity (infectivity) was preserved. It was found that piezoelectric inkjet printing resulted in lower loss of phage infectivity when compared with other printing methods (namely gravure and blade coating) and that ColorLok paper was ideally suited to create functional sensors. The phage-based bioactive papers developed with use of piezoelectric inkjet printing actively lysed their target bacteria and retained this antibacterial activity for up to 1 week when stored at room temperature and 80% relative humidity. These bioactive paper strips in combination with quantitative real-time PCR were used for quantitative determination of target bacteria in broth and food matrices. A phage dipstick was used to capture and infect Escherichia coli O157:H7, E. coli O45:H2, and Salmonella Newport in spinach, ground beef and chicken homogenates, respectively, and quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect the progeny phages. A detection limit of 10-50 colony-forming units per millilitre was demonstrated with a total assay time of 8 h, which was the duration of a typical work shift in an industrial setting. This detection method is rapid and cost-effective, and may potentially be applied to a broad range of bacterial foodborne pathogens. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Anany
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Research and Development Center, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON, N1G 5C9, Canada. .,Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, Food Science Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Lubov Brovko
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, Food Science Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Noha K El Dougdoug
- Faculty of Science, Benha University, Fareed Nada Street, Benha, 13511, Egypt
| | - Jennifer Sohar
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, Food Science Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Heather Fenn
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, Food Science Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nada Alasiri
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, Food Science Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Tarik Jabrane
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Patrice Mangin
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - M Monsur Ali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Balamurali Kannan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Carlos D M Filipe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Mansel W Griffiths
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, Food Science Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Lee J, Samson AAS, Song JM. Inkjet-Printing Enzyme Inhibitory Assay Based on Determination of Ejection Volume. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2009-2016. [PMID: 28029031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An accurate, rapid, and cost-effective methodology for enzyme inhibitor assays is highly needed for large-scale screening to evaluate the efficacy of drugs at the molecular level. For the first time, we have developed an inkjet printing-based enzyme inhibition assay for the assessment of drug activity using a conventional inkjet printer composed of four cartridges. The methodology is based on the determination of the number of moles of the drug on the printed surface. The number of moles was quantified through the volume of substance ejected onto the printed surface. The volume ejected on the reaction spot was determined from the density of reagent ink solution and its weight loss after printing. A xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibition assay was executed to quantitatively evaluate antioxidant activities of the drug based on the determination of the number of moles of the drug ejected by inkjet printing. The assay components of xanthine, nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT), superoxide dismutase (SOD)/drug, and XOD were printed systematically on A4 paper. A gradient range of the number of moles of SOD/drug printed on A4 paper could be successfully obtained. Because of the effect of enzyme activity inhibition, incrementally reduced NBT formazan colors appeared on the paper in a number-of-moles-dependent manner. The observed inhibitory mole (IM50) values of tested compounds exhibited a similar tendency in their activity order, compared to the IC50 values observed through absorption assay in well plates. Inkjet printing-based IM50 assessment consumed a significantly smaller reaction volume (by 2-3 orders of magnitude) and more rapid reaction time, compared to the well-plate-based absorption assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | | | - Joon Myong Song
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Montenegro-Nicolini M, Miranda V, Morales JO. Inkjet Printing of Proteins: an Experimental Approach. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 19:234-243. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9997-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ihalainen P, Määttänen A, Sandler N. Printing technologies for biomolecule and cell-based applications. Int J Pharm 2015; 494:585-592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Li J, Rossignol F, Macdonald J. Inkjet printing for biosensor fabrication: combining chemistry and technology for advanced manufacturing. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2538-58. [PMID: 25953427 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00235d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Inkjet printing is emerging at the forefront of biosensor fabrication technologies. Parallel advances in both ink chemistry and printers have led to a biosensor manufacturing approach that is simple, rapid, flexible, high resolution, low cost, efficient for mass production, and extends the capabilities of devices beyond other manufacturing technologies. Here we review for the first time the factors behind successful inkjet biosensor fabrication, including printers, inks, patterning methods, and matrix types. We discuss technical considerations that are important when moving beyond theoretical knowledge to practical implementation. We also highlight significant advances in biosensor functionality that have been realised through inkjet printing. Finally, we consider future possibilities for biosensors enabled by this novel combination of chemistry and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Inflammation and Healing Research Cluster, Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia.
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Surface Functionalized Nanofibrillar Cellulose (NFC) Film as a Platform for Immunoassays and Diagnostics. Biointerphases 2012; 7:61. [DOI: 10.1007/s13758-012-0061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Im J, Sengupta SK, Whitten JE. Photometer for monitoring the thickness of inkjet printed films for organic electronic and sensor applications. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:034103. [PMID: 20370198 DOI: 10.1063/1.3368638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Inkjet printed organic thin films are being used for a variety of electronic and sensor applications with advantages that include ease of fabrication and reproducibility. Construction and use of a low-cost photometer based on a light-emitting diode (LED) light source and a photodiode detector are described. The photometer attaches to the exit of the printer with the transparent substrate onto which the film is printed passing between the LED and photodiode. By measuring the output voltage of the detector, the transmittance and absorbance of the inkjet printed film can be calculated in real-time. Since absorbance is linearly proportional to thickness in the Beer-Lambert regime, the thickness of the film may be monitored and controlled by varying the number of passes through the printer. Use of the photometer is demonstrated for inkjet printed films of monolayer-protected colloidal gold nanoparticles that function as chemical vapor sensors. The photometer may find applications in both research and quality control related to the manufacture of organic electronic devices and sensors and enables "feedback-controlled" inkjet printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Im
- Department of Chemistry and Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing, The University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA
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Gonzalez-Macia L, Morrin A, Smyth MR, Killard AJ. Advanced printing and deposition methodologies for the fabrication of biosensors and biodevices. Analyst 2010; 135:845-67. [PMID: 20419231 DOI: 10.1039/b916888e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Advanced printing and deposition methodologies are revolutionising the way biological molecules are deposited and leading to changes in the mass production of biosensors and biodevices. This revolution is being delivered principally through adaptations of printing technologies to device fabrication, increasing throughputs, decreasing feature sizes and driving production costs downwards. This review looks at several of the most relevant deposition and patterning methodologies that are emerging, either for their high production yield, their ability to reach micro- and nano-dimensions, or both. We look at inkjet, screen, microcontact, gravure and flexographic printing as well as lithographies such as scanning probe, photo- and e-beam lithographies and laser printing. We also take a look at the emerging technique of plasma modification and assess the usefulness of these for the deposition of biomolecules and other materials associated with biodevice fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gonzalez-Macia
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, 9, Ireland
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