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Francisco R, Brasil S, Poejo J, Jaeken J, Pascoal C, Videira PA, Dos Reis Ferreira V. Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG): state of the art in 2022. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:329. [PMID: 37858231 PMCID: PMC10585812 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02879-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a complex and heterogeneous family of rare metabolic diseases. With a clinical history that dates back over 40 years, it was the recent multi-omics advances that mainly contributed to the fast-paced and encouraging developments in the field. However, much remains to be understood, with targeted therapies' discovery and approval being the most urgent unmet need. In this paper, we present the 2022 state of the art of CDG, including glycosylation pathways, phenotypes, genotypes, inheritance patterns, biomarkers, disease models, and treatments. In light of our current knowledge, it is not always clear whether a specific disease should be classified as a CDG. This can create ambiguity among professionals leading to confusion and misguidance, consequently affecting the patients and their families. This review aims to provide the CDG community with a comprehensive overview of the recent progress made in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Francisco
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sandra Brasil
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Joana Poejo
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Jaak Jaeken
- Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, KU Leuven, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Carlota Pascoal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Paula A Videira
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Dos Reis Ferreira
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies-PPAIN), Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal.
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal.
- Portuguese Association for Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG), Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal.
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Pradeep P, Kang H, Lee B. Glycosylation and behavioral symptoms in neurological disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:154. [PMID: 37156804 PMCID: PMC10167254 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation, the addition of glycans or carbohydrates to proteins, lipids, or other glycans, is a complex post-translational modification that plays a crucial role in cellular function. It is estimated that at least half of all mammalian proteins undergo glycosylation, underscoring its importance in the functioning of cells. This is reflected in the fact that a significant portion of the human genome, around 2%, is devoted to encoding enzymes involved in glycosylation. Changes in glycosylation have been linked to various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, autism spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia. Despite its widespread occurrence, the role of glycosylation in the central nervous system remains largely unknown, particularly with regard to its impact on behavioral abnormalities in brain diseases. This review focuses on examining the role of three types of glycosylation: N-glycosylation, O-glycosylation, and O-GlcNAcylation, in the manifestation of behavioral and neurological symptoms in neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajitha Pradeep
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, South Korea
- IBS School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Hyeyeon Kang
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Boyoung Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, South Korea.
- IBS School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea.
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Berardinelli SJ, Eletsky A, Valero-González J, Ito A, Manjunath R, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Prestegard JH, Woods RJ, Haltiwanger RS. O-fucosylation stabilizes the TSR3 motif in thrombospondin-1 by interacting with nearby amino acids and protecting a disulfide bond. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102047. [PMID: 35597280 PMCID: PMC9198472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombospondin type-1 repeats (TSRs) are small protein motifs containing six conserved cysteines forming three disulfide bonds that can be modified with an O-linked fucose. Protein O-fucosyltransferase 2 (POFUT2) catalyzes the addition of O-fucose to TSRs containing the appropriate consensus sequence, and the O-fucose modification can be elongated to a Glucose-Fucose disaccharide with the addition of glucose by β3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT). Elimination of Pofut2 in mice results in embryonic lethality in mice, highlighting the biological significance of O-fucose modification on TSRs. Knockout of POFUT2 in HEK293T cells has been shown to cause complete or partial loss of secretion of many proteins containing O-fucosylated TSRs. In addition, POFUT2 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and only modifies folded TSRs, stabilizing their structures. These observations suggest that POFUT2 is involved in an ER quality control mechanism for TSR folding and that B3GLCT also participates in quality control by providing additional stabilization to TSRs. However, the mechanisms by which addition of these sugars result in stabilization are poorly understood. Here, we conducted molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and provide crystallographic and NMR evidence that the Glucose-Fucose disaccharide interacts with specific amino acids in the TSR3 domain in thrombospondin-1 that are within proximity to the O-fucosylation modification site resulting in protection of a nearby disulfide bond. We also show that mutation of these amino acids reduces the stabilizing effect of the sugars in vitro. These data provide mechanistic details regarding the importance of O-fucosylation and how it participates in quality control mechanisms inside the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Berardinelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Resource Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Alexander Eletsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Resource Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessika Valero-González
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Atsuko Ito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Resource Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Rajashri Manjunath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Resource Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ramon Hurtado-Guerrero
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Fundación Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigación y Desarrollo (ARAID), Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James H Prestegard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Resource Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert J Woods
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Resource Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert S Haltiwanger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Resource Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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Kylat RI. Peter's anomaly-A homeotic gene disorder. Acta Paediatr 2022; 111:948-951. [PMID: 35044009 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Peter's anomaly is a rare form of congenital anterior segment dysgenesis of the eye. Varying degrees of central corneal opacity and lenticulo-corneal or irido-corneal synechiae are the key hallmarks. The association of Peter's anomaly along with short stature, rhizomelia, broad short hands or brachydactyly, with facial dysmorphism, cleft lip, cleft palate, genitourinary and cardiovascular anomalies is a distinct and is often termed Peter's plus syndrome. Early detection is imperative to prevent sensory deprivation amblyopia. Glaucoma can be present at initial diagnosis or at any stage later, but treatment can be difficult. For the dense leukoma, corneal graft may be needed but visual prognosis is poor. Research focussing on gene editing and regenerative medicine using native corneal endothelial cells is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit I. Kylat
- Department of Pediatrics College of Medicine University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
- Banner University Hospital Tucson Arizona USA
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