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Munk SHN, Merchut-Maya JM, Adelantado Rubio A, Hall A, Pappas G, Milletti G, Lee M, Johnsen LG, Guldberg P, Bartek J, Maya-Mendoza A. NAD + regulates nucleotide metabolism and genomic DNA replication. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1774-1786. [PMID: 37957325 PMCID: PMC10709141 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01280-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The intricate orchestration of enzymatic activities involving nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and preserving genomic integrity. As a co-enzyme, NAD+ plays a key role in regulating metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and Kreb's cycle. ADP-ribosyltransferases (PARPs) and sirtuins rely on NAD+ to mediate post-translational modifications of target proteins. The activation of PARP1 in response to DNA breaks leads to rapid depletion of cellular NAD+ compromising cell viability. Therefore, the levels of NAD+ must be tightly regulated. Here we show that exogenous NAD+, but not its precursors, has a direct effect on mitochondrial activity. Short-term incubation with NAD+ boosts Kreb's cycle and the electron transport chain and enhances pyrimidine biosynthesis. Extended incubation with NAD+ results in depletion of pyrimidines, accumulation of purines, activation of the replication stress response and cell cycle arrest. Moreover, a combination of NAD+ and 5-fluorouridine selectively kills cancer cells that rely on de novo pyrimidine synthesis. We propose an integrated model of how NAD+ regulates nucleotide metabolism, with relevance to healthspan, ageing and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arnaldur Hall
- Genome Integrity Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - George Pappas
- Genome Integrity Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giacomo Milletti
- DNA Replication and Cancer Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - MyungHee Lee
- DNA Replication and Cancer Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Genome Integrity Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Per Guldberg
- Molecular Diagnostics Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Genome Integrity Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Biţă A, Scorei IR, Ciocîlteu MV, Nicolaescu OE, Pîrvu AS, Bejenaru LE, Rău G, Bejenaru C, Radu A, Neamţu J, Mogoşanu GD, Benner SA. Nicotinamide Riboside, a Promising Vitamin B 3 Derivative for Healthy Aging and Longevity: Current Research and Perspectives. Molecules 2023; 28:6078. [PMID: 37630330 PMCID: PMC10459282 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have suggested that the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is involved in an extensive spectrum of human pathologies, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiomyopathy, obesity, and diabetes. Further, healthy aging and longevity appear to be closely related to NAD+ and its related metabolites, including nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). As a dietary supplement, NR appears to be well tolerated, having better pharmacodynamics and greater potency. Unfortunately, NR is a reactive molecule, often unstable during its manufacturing, transport, and storage. Recently, work related to prebiotic chemistry discovered that NR borate is considerably more stable than NR itself. However, immediately upon consumption, the borate dissociates from the NR borate and is lost in the body through dilution and binding to other species, notably carbohydrates such as fructose and glucose. The NR left behind is expected to behave pharmacologically in ways identical to NR itself. This review provides a comprehensive summary (through Q1 of 2023) of the literature that makes the case for the consumption of NR as a dietary supplement. It then summarizes the challenges of delivering quality NR to consumers using standard synthesis, manufacture, shipping, and storage approaches. It concludes by outlining the advantages of NR borate in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Biţă
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Dolj County, Romania; (A.B.); (L.E.B.); (G.D.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, BioBoron Research Institute, S.C. Natural Research S.R.L., 31B Dunării Street, 207465 Podari, Dolj County, Romania; (M.V.C.); (G.R.); (J.N.)
| | - Ion Romulus Scorei
- Department of Biochemistry, BioBoron Research Institute, S.C. Natural Research S.R.L., 31B Dunării Street, 207465 Podari, Dolj County, Romania; (M.V.C.); (G.R.); (J.N.)
| | - Maria Viorica Ciocîlteu
- Department of Biochemistry, BioBoron Research Institute, S.C. Natural Research S.R.L., 31B Dunării Street, 207465 Podari, Dolj County, Romania; (M.V.C.); (G.R.); (J.N.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Dolj County, Romania
| | - Oana Elena Nicolaescu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Dolj County, Romania;
| | - Andreea Silvia Pîrvu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Dolj County, Romania;
| | - Ludovic Everard Bejenaru
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Dolj County, Romania; (A.B.); (L.E.B.); (G.D.M.)
| | - Gabriela Rău
- Department of Biochemistry, BioBoron Research Institute, S.C. Natural Research S.R.L., 31B Dunării Street, 207465 Podari, Dolj County, Romania; (M.V.C.); (G.R.); (J.N.)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Dolj County, Romania
| | - Cornelia Bejenaru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Dolj County, Romania; (C.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Antonia Radu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Dolj County, Romania; (C.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Johny Neamţu
- Department of Biochemistry, BioBoron Research Institute, S.C. Natural Research S.R.L., 31B Dunării Street, 207465 Podari, Dolj County, Romania; (M.V.C.); (G.R.); (J.N.)
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Dolj County, Romania
| | - George Dan Mogoşanu
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Dolj County, Romania; (A.B.); (L.E.B.); (G.D.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, BioBoron Research Institute, S.C. Natural Research S.R.L., 31B Dunării Street, 207465 Podari, Dolj County, Romania; (M.V.C.); (G.R.); (J.N.)
| | - Steven A. Benner
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME), 13709 Progress Avenue, Room N112, Alachua, FL 32615, USA;
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Lee JH, Kang HI, Kim S, Ahn YB, Kim H, Hong JK, Baik JY. NAD + supplementation improves mAb productivity in CHO cells via a glucose metabolic shift. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2200570. [PMID: 36717516 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis and its by-product lactate accumulation are usually associated with adverse culture phenotypes such as poor cell viability and productivity. Due to the lack of knowledge on underlying mechanisms and accompanying biological processes, the regulation of aerobic glycolysis has been an ongoing challenge in culture process development for therapeutic protein productivity. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ ), a coenzyme and co-substrate in energy metabolism, promotes the conversion of inefficient glycolysis into an efficient oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway. However, the effect of NAD+ on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells for biopharmaceutical production has not been reported yet. In this work, we aimed to elucidate the influence of NAD+ on cell culture performance by examining metabolic shifts and mAb productivity. The supplementation of NAD+ increased the intracellular concentration of NAD+ and promoted SIRT3 expression. Antibody titer and the specific productivity in the growth phase were improved by up to 1.82- and 1.88-fold, respectively, with marginal restrictions on cell growth. NAD+ significantly reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the lactate yield from glucose, determined by lactate accumulation versus glucose consumption (YLAC/GLC ). In contrast, OXPHOS capacity and amino acid consumption rate increased substantially. Collectively, these results suggest that NAD+ contributes to improving therapeutic protein productivity in bioprocessing via inducing an energy metabolic shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hwan Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hye-Im Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Suheon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Yeong Bin Ahn
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hagyeong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jong Kwang Hong
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Youn Baik
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
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Fueling genome maintenance: On the versatile roles of NAD + in preserving DNA integrity. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102037. [PMID: 35595095 PMCID: PMC9194868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NAD+ is a versatile biomolecule acting as a master regulator and substrate in various cellular processes, including redox regulation, metabolism, and various signaling pathways. In this article, we concisely and critically review the role of NAD+ in mechanisms promoting genome maintenance. Numerous NAD+-dependent reactions are involved in the preservation of genome stability, the cellular DNA damage response, and other pathways regulating nucleic acid metabolism, such as gene expression and cell proliferation pathways. Of note, NAD+ serves as a substrate to ADP-ribosyltransferases, sirtuins, and potentially also eukaryotic DNA ligases, all of which regulate various aspects of DNA integrity, damage repair, and gene expression. Finally, we critically analyze recent developments in the field as well as discuss challenges associated with therapeutic actions intended to raise NAD+ levels.
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Damgaard MV, Nielsen TS, Basse AL, Chubanava S, Trost K, Moritz T, Dellinger RW, Larsen S, Treebak JT. Intravenous nicotinamide riboside elevates mouse skeletal muscle NAD+ without impacting respiratory capacity or insulin sensitivity. iScience 2022; 25:103863. [PMID: 35198907 PMCID: PMC8844641 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical trials, oral supplementation with nicotinamide riboside (NR) fails to increase muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity and insulin sensitivity but also does not increase muscle NAD+ levels. This study tests the feasibility of chronically elevating skeletal muscle NAD+ in mice and investigates the putative effects on mitochondrial respiratory capacity, insulin sensitivity, and gene expression. Accordingly, to improve bioavailability to skeletal muscle, we developed an experimental model for administering NR repeatedly through a jugular vein catheter. Mice on a Western diet were treated with various combinations of NR, pterostilbene (PT), and voluntary wheel running, but the metabolic effects of NR and PT treatment were modest. We conclude that the chronic elevation of skeletal muscle NAD+ by the intravenous injection of NR is possible but does not affect muscle respiratory capacity or insulin sensitivity in either sedentary or physically active mice. Our data have implications for NAD+ precursor supplementation regimens. A model was developed for daily intravenous NR injections Intravenous NR stably elevates NAD+ of skeletal muscle and adipose, but not liver Voluntary running and intravenous NR synergize to boost mouse skeletal muscle NAD+ NR did not impact skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity or respiratory capacity
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads V. Damgaard
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Thomas S. Nielsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Astrid L. Basse
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Sabina Chubanava
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Kajetan Trost
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | | | - Steen Larsen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jonas T. Treebak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
- Corresponding author
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Wan L, Wang X, Hu Y, Li Q, Zhao ZK. Gram-scale biocatalytic preparation of the non-natural cofactor nicotinamide cytosine dinucleotide. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ugamraj HS, Dang K, Ouisse LH, Buelow B, Chini EN, Castello G, Allison J, Clarke SC, Davison LM, Buelow R, Deng R, Iyer S, Schellenberger U, Manika SN, Bijpuria S, Musnier A, Poupon A, Cuturi MC, van Schooten W, Dalvi P. TNB-738, a biparatopic antibody, boosts intracellular NAD+ by inhibiting CD38 ecto-enzyme activity. MAbs 2022; 14:2095949. [PMID: 35867844 PMCID: PMC9311320 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2095949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38) is an ecto-enzyme expressed primarily on immune cells that metabolize nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to adenosine diphosphate ribose or cyclic ADP-ribose and nicotinamide. Other substrates of CD38 include nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and nicotinamide mononucleotide, a critical NAD+ precursor in the salvage pathway. NAD+ is an important coenzyme involved in several metabolic pathways and is a required cofactor for the function of sirtuins (SIRTs) and poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerases. Declines in NAD+ levels are associated with metabolic and inflammatory diseases, aging, and neurodegenerative disorders. To inhibit CD38 enzyme activity and boost NAD+ levels, we developed TNB-738, an anti-CD38 biparatopic antibody that pairs two non-competing heavy chain-only antibodies in a bispecific format. By simultaneously binding two distinct epitopes on CD38, TNB-738 potently inhibited its enzymatic activity, which in turn boosted intracellular NAD+ levels and SIRT activities. Due to its silenced IgG4 Fc, TNB-738 did not deplete CD38-expressing cells, in contrast to the clinically available anti-CD38 antibodies, daratumumab, and isatuximab. TNB-738 offers numerous advantages compared to other NAD-boosting therapeutics, including small molecules, and supplements, due to its long half-life, specificity, safety profile, and activity. Overall, TNB-738 represents a novel treatment with broad therapeutic potential for metabolic and inflammatory diseases associated with NAD+ deficiencies.Abbreviations: 7-AAD: 7-aminoactinomycin D; ADCC: antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; ADCP: antibody dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis; ADPR: adenosine diphosphate ribose; APC: allophycocyanin; cADPR: cyclic ADP-ribose; cDNA: complementary DNA; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CD38: cluster of differentiation 38; CDC: complement dependent cytotoxicity; CFA: Freund's complete adjuvant; CHO: Chinese hamster ovary; CCP4: collaborative computational project, number 4; COOT: crystallographic object-oriented toolkit; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; DSC: differential scanning calorimetry; 3D: three dimensional; εNAD+: nicotinamide 1,N6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide; ECD: extracellular domain; EGF: epidermal growth factor; FACS: fluorescence activated cell sorting; FcγR: Fc gamma receptors; FITC: fluorescein isothiocyanate; HEK: human embryonic kidney; HEPES: 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid; IgG: immunoglobulin; IFA: incomplete Freund's adjuvant; IFNγ: Interferon gamma; KB: kinetic buffer; kDa: kilodalton; KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; M: molar; mM: millimolar; MFI: mean fluorescent intensity; NA: nicotinic acid; NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADP: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NAM: nicotinamide; NGS: next-generation sequencing; NHS/EDC: N-Hydroxysuccinimide/ ethyl (dimethylamino propyl) carbodiimide; Ni-NTA: nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid; nL: nanoliter; NK: natural killer; NMN: nicotinamide mononucleotide; OD: optical density; PARP: poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cell; PDB: protein data bank; PE: phycoerythrin; PISA: protein interfaces, surfaces, and assemblies: PK: pharmacokinetics; mol: picomolar; RNA: ribonucleic acid; RLU: relative luminescence units; rpm: rotations per minute; RU: resonance unit; SEC: size exclusion chromatography; SEM: standard error of the mean; SIRT: sirtuins; SPR: surface plasmon resonance; µg: microgram; µM: micromolar; µL: microliter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laure-Hélène Ouisse
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, Université, Nantes, France
| | | | - Eduardo N Chini
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Kogod Center on Aging, Mitochondrial Care Center, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rong Deng
- R&D Q-Pharm consulting LLC, Pleasanton, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Cristina Cuturi
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, Université, Nantes, France
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