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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2021-2022. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024. [PMID: 38925550 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates is a well-established technique and this review is the 12th update of the original article published in 1999 and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2022. As with previous review, this review also includes a few papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. The review follows the same format as previous reviews. It is divided into three sections: (1) general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, quantification and the use of computer software for structural identification. (2) Applications to various structural types such as oligo- and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals, and (3) other general areas such as medicine, industrial processes, natural products and glycan synthesis where MALDI is extensively used. Much of the material relating to applications is presented in tabular form. MALDI is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis, particularly in its ability to produce single ions from each analyte and advancements in the technique and range of applications show little sign of diminishing.
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Ma H, Liao M, Zhong P, Ding J, Wang X, Gong G, Huang L, Liu J, Wang Q. Diversely regio-oxidative degradation of konjac glucomannan by lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase AA10 and generating antibacterial hydrolysate. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131094. [PMID: 38537852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Konjac glucomannan (KGM) hydrolysate exhibit various biological activities and health-promoting effects. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) play an important role on enzymatic degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides to obtain fermentable sugars. It is generally accepted that LPMOs exhibits high substrate specificity and oxidation regioselectivity. Here, a bacteria-derived SmAA10A, with chitin-active with strict C1 oxidation, was used to catalyse KGM degradation. Through ethanol precipitation, two hydrolysed KGM components (4 kDa (KGM-1) and 5 kDa (KGM-2)) were obtained that exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. In natural KGM, KGM-1, and KGM-2, the molar ratios of mannose to glucose were 1:2.19, 1:3.05, and 1:2.87, respectively, indicating that SmAA10A preferentially degrades mannose in KGM. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy imaging revealed the breakage of glycosylic bonds during enzymatic catalysis. The regioselectivity of SmAA10A for KGM degradation was determined based on the fragmentation behaviour of the KGM-1 and KGM-2 oligosaccharides and their NaBD4-reduced forms. SmAA10A exhibited diverse oxidation degradation of KGM and generated single C1-, single C4-, and C1/C4-double oxidised oligosaccharide forms. This study provides an alternative method for obtaining KGM degradation components with antibacterial functions and expands the substrate specificity and oxidation regioselectivity of bacterial LPMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Ma
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China; College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Minghong Liao
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Peiyun Zhong
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jieqiong Ding
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Guiping Gong
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Linjuan Huang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jianling Liu
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Qingling Wang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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Zhao H, Su H, Sun J, Dong H, Mao X. Bioconversion of α-Chitin by a Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase OsLPMO10A Coupled with Chitinases and the Synergistic Mechanism Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7256-7265. [PMID: 38438973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The whole enzymatic conversion of chitin is a green and promising alternative to current strategies, which are based on lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) and chitinases. However, the lack of LPMOs with high activity toward α-chitin limits the efficient bioconversion of α-chitin. Herein, we characterized a high chitin-active LPMO from Oceanobacillus sp. J11TS1 (OsLPMO10A), which could promote the decrystallization of the α-chitin surface. Furthermore, when coupled with OsLPMO10A, the conversion rate of α-chitin to N-acetyl chitobiose [(GlcNAc)2] by three chitinases (Serratia marcescens, ChiA, -B, and -C) reached 30.86%, which was 2.03-folds that without the addition of OsLPMO10A. Moreover, the results of synergistic reactions indicated that OsLPMO10A and chitinases promoted the degradation of α-chitin each other mainly on the surface. To the best of our knowledge, this study achieved the highest yield of N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides (N-acetyl COSs) among reported LPMOs-driven bioconversion systems, which could be regarded as a promising candidate for α-chitin bioconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, P. R. China
| | - Haipeng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, P. R. China
| | - Jianan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, P. R. China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao 266404, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, P. R. China
| | - Hao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, P. R. China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao 266404, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, P. R. China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao 266404, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, P. R. China
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Detomasi TC, Rico-Ramírez AM, Sayler RI, Gonçalves AP, Marletta MA, Glass NL. A moonlighting function of a chitin polysaccharide monooxygenase, CWR-1, in Neurospora crassa allorecognition. eLife 2022; 11:e80459. [PMID: 36040303 PMCID: PMC9550227 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms require the ability to differentiate themselves from organisms of different or even the same species. Allorecognition processes in filamentous fungi are essential to ensure identity of an interconnected syncytial colony to protect it from exploitation and disease. Neurospora crassa has three cell fusion checkpoints controlling formation of an interconnected mycelial network. The locus that controls the second checkpoint, which allows for cell wall dissolution and subsequent fusion between cells/hyphae, cwr (cell wall remodeling), encodes two linked genes, cwr-1 and cwr-2. Previously, it was shown that cwr-1 and cwr-2 show severe linkage disequilibrium with six different haplogroups present in N. crassa populations. Isolates from an identical cwr haplogroup show robust fusion, while somatic cell fusion between isolates of different haplogroups is significantly blocked in cell wall dissolution. The cwr-1 gene encodes a putative polysaccharide monooxygenase (PMO). Herein we confirm that CWR-1 is a C1-oxidizing chitin PMO. We show that the catalytic (PMO) domain of CWR-1 was sufficient for checkpoint function and cell fusion blockage; however, through analysis of active-site, histidine-brace mutants, the catalytic activity of CWR-1 was ruled out as a major factor for allorecognition. Swapping a portion of the PMO domain (V86 to T130) did not switch cwr haplogroup specificity, but rather cells containing this chimera exhibited a novel haplogroup specificity. Allorecognition to mediate cell fusion blockage is likely occurring through a protein-protein interaction between CWR-1 with CWR-2. These data highlight a moonlighting role in allorecognition of the CWR-1 PMO domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler C Detomasi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Adriana M Rico-Ramírez
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Richard I Sayler
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - A Pedro Gonçalves
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Michael A Marletta
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - N Louise Glass
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
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Qu M, Guo X, Tian S, Yang Q, Kim M, Mun S, Noh MY, Kramer KJ, Muthukrishnan S, Arakane Y. AA15 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase is required for efficient chitinous cuticle turnover during insect molting. Commun Biol 2022; 5:518. [PMID: 35641660 PMCID: PMC9156745 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) catalyze the oxidative cleavage of crystalline polysaccharides including chitin and cellulose. The discovery of a large assortment of LPMO-like proteins widely distributed in insect genomes suggests that they could be involved in assisting chitin degradation in the exoskeleton, tracheae and peritrophic matrix during development. However, the physiological functions of insect LPMO-like proteins are still undetermined. To investigate the functions of insect LPMO15 subgroup I-like proteins (LPMO15-1s), two evolutionarily distant species, Tribolium castaneum and Locusta migratoria, were chosen. Depletion by RNAi of T. castaneum TcLPMO15-1 caused molting arrest at all developmental stages, whereas depletion of the L. migratoria LmLPMO15-1, prevented only adult eclosion. In both species, LPMO15-1-deficient animals were unable to shed their exuviae and died. TEM analysis revealed failure of turnover of the chitinous cuticle, which is critical for completion of molting. Purified recombinant LPMO15-1-like protein from Ostrinia furnacalis (rOfLPMO15-1) exhibited oxidative cleavage activity and substrate preference for chitin. These results reveal the physiological importance of catalytically active LPMO15-1-like proteins from distant insect species and provide new insight into the enzymatic mechanism of cuticular chitin turnover during molting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingbo Qu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoxi Guo
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Shuang Tian
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China.
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Myeongjin Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Seulgi Mun
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Mi Young Noh
- Department of Forest Resources, AgriBio Institute of Climate Change Management, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Karl J Kramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Arakane
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea.
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