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Ito E, Yamasaki S. Regulation of MAIT cells through host-derived antigens. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1424987. [PMID: 38979423 PMCID: PMC11228242 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1424987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a major subset of innate-like T cells that function at the interface between innate and acquired immunity. MAIT cells recognize vitamin B2-related metabolites produced by microbes, through semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) and contribute to protective immunity. These foreign-derived antigens are presented by a monomorphic antigen presenting molecule, MHC class I-related molecule 1 (MR1). MR1 contains a malleable ligand-binding pocket, allowing for the recognition of compounds with various structures. However, interactions between MR1 and self-derived antigens are not fully understood. Recently, bile acid metabolites were identified as host-derived ligands for MAIT cells. In this review, we will highlight recent findings regarding the recognition of self-antigens by MAIT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Ito
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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2
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Ciacchi L, Mak JYW, Le JP, Fairlie DP, McCluskey J, Corbett AJ, Rossjohn J, Awad W. Mouse mucosal-associated invariant T cell receptor recognition of MR1 presenting the vitamin B metabolite, 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-d-ribitylaminouracil. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107229. [PMID: 38537698 PMCID: PMC11066510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells can elicit immune responses against riboflavin-based antigens presented by the evolutionary conserved MHC class I related protein, MR1. While we have an understanding of the structural basis of human MAIT cell receptor (TCR) recognition of human MR1 presenting a variety of ligands, how the semi-invariant mouse MAIT TCR binds mouse MR1-ligand remains unknown. Here, we determine the crystal structures of 2 mouse TRAV1-TRBV13-2+ MAIT TCR-MR1-5-OP-RU ternary complexes, whose TCRs differ only in the composition of their CDR3β loops. These mouse MAIT TCRs mediate high affinity interactions with mouse MR1-5-OP-RU and cross-recognize human MR1-5-OP-RU. Similarly, a human MAIT TCR could bind mouse MR1-5-OP-RU with high affinity. This cross-species recognition indicates the evolutionary conserved nature of this MAIT TCR-MR1 axis. Comparing crystal structures of the mouse versus human MAIT TCR-MR1-5-OP-RU complexes provides structural insight into the conserved nature of this MAIT TCR-MR1 interaction and conserved specificity for the microbial antigens, whereby key germline-encoded interactions required for MAIT activation are maintained. This is an important consideration for the development of MAIT cell-based therapeutics that will rely on preclinical mouse models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ciacchi
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y W Mak
- Centre for Chemistry and Drug Discovery and ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeremy P Le
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Centre for Chemistry and Drug Discovery and ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Culp ML, Mahmoud S, Liu D, Haworth IS. An Artificial Intelligence-Supported Medicinal Chemistry Project: An Example for Incorporating Artificial Intelligence Within the Pharmacy Curriculum. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2024; 88:100696. [PMID: 38574998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2024.100696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to integrate and use AI to teach core concepts in a medicinal chemistry course and to increase the familiarity of pharmacy students with AI in pharmacy practice and drug development. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a multidisciplinary science that aims to build software tools that mimic human intelligence. AI is revolutionizing pharmaceutical research and patient care. Hence, it is important to include AI in pharmacy education to prepare a competent workforce of pharmacists with skills in this area. METHODS AI principles were introduced in a required medicinal chemistry course for first-year pharmacy students. An AI software, KNIME, was used to examine structure-activity relationships for 5 drugs. Students completed a data sheet that required comprehension of molecular structures and drug-protein interactions. These data were then used to make predictions for molecules with novel substituents using AI. The familiarity of students with AI was surveyed before and after this activity. RESULTS There was an increase in the number of students indicating familiarity with use of AI in pharmacy (before vs after: 25.3% vs 74.5%). The introduction of AI stimulated interest in the course content (> 60% of students indicated increased interest in medicinal chemistry) without compromising the learning outcomes. Almost 70% of students agreed that more AI should be taught in the PharmD curriculum. CONCLUSION This is a successful and transferable example of integrating AI in pharmacy education without changing the main learning objectives of a course. This approach is likely to stimulate student interest in AI applications in pharmacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Culp
- University of Southern California, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sara Mahmoud
- University of the Pacific Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Stockton, CA, USA.
| | - Daniel Liu
- University of Southern California, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ian S Haworth
- University of Southern California, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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4
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Shrinivasan R, Wyatt-Johnson SK, Brutkiewicz RR. The MR1/MAIT cell axis in CNS diseases. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 116:321-328. [PMID: 38157945 PMCID: PMC10842441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subpopulation of innate-like T cells that can be found throughout the body, predominantly in mucosal sites, the lungs and in the peripheral blood. MAIT cells recognize microbial-derived vitamin B (e.g., riboflavin) metabolite antigens that are presented by the major histocompatibility complex class I-like protein, MR1, found on a variety of cell types in the periphery and the CNS. Since their original discovery, MAIT cells have been studied predominantly in their roles in diseases in the periphery; however, it was not until the early 2000s that these cells were first examined for their contributions to disorders of the CNS, with the bulk of the work being done within the past few years. Currently, the MR1/MAIT cell axis has been investigated in only a few neurological diseases including, multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, brain cancer/tumors, ischemia, cerebral palsy, general aging and, most recently, Alzheimer's disease. Each of these diseases demonstrates a role for this under-studied innate immune axis in its neuropathology. Together, they highlight the importance of studying the MR1/MAIT cell axis in CNS disorders. Here, we review the contributions of the MR1/MAIT cell axis in the progression or remission of these neurological diseases. This work has shed some light in terms of potentially exploiting the MR1/MAIT cell axis in novel therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Shrinivasan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Season K Wyatt-Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Randy R Brutkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Ito E, Inuki S, Izumi Y, Takahashi M, Dambayashi Y, Ciacchi L, Awad W, Takeyama A, Shibata K, Mori S, Mak JYW, Fairlie DP, Bamba T, Ishikawa E, Nagae M, Rossjohn J, Yamasaki S. Sulfated bile acid is a host-derived ligand for MAIT cells. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eade6924. [PMID: 38277465 PMCID: PMC11147531 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.ade6924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that recognize bacterial riboflavin-based metabolites as activating antigens. Although MAIT cells are found in tissues, it is unknown whether any host tissue-derived antigens exist. Here, we report that a sulfated bile acid, cholic acid 7-sulfate (CA7S), binds the nonclassical MHC class I protein MR1 and is recognized by MAIT cells. CA7S is a host-derived metabolite whose levels were reduced by more than 98% in germ-free mice. Deletion of the sulfotransferase 2a family of enzymes (Sult2a1-8) responsible for CA7S synthesis reduced the number of thymic MAIT cells in mice. Moreover, recognition of CA7S induced MAIT cell survival and the expression of a homeostatic gene signature. By contrast, recognition of a previously described foreign antigen, 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-d-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU), drove MAIT cell proliferation and the expression of inflammatory genes. Thus, CA7S is an endogenous antigen for MAIT cells, which promotes their development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Ito
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masatomo Takahashi
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuki Dambayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Lisa Ciacchi
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ami Takeyama
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kensuke Shibata
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shotaro Mori
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jeffrey Y. W. Mak
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Division of Metabolomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Eri Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masamichi Nagae
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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6
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Matsuoka T, Hattori A, Oishi S, Araki M, Ma B, Fujii T, Arichi N, Okuno Y, Kakeya H, Yamasaki S, Ohno H, Inuki S. Establishment of an MR1 Presentation Reporter Screening System and Identification of Phenylpropanoid Derivatives as MR1 Ligands. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12520-12535. [PMID: 37638616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that are modulated by ligands presented on MHC class I-related proteins (MR1). These cells have attracted attention as potential drug targets because of their involvement in the initial response to infection and various disorders. Herein, we have established the MR1 presentation reporter assay system employing split-luciferase, which enables the efficient exploration of MR1 ligands. Using our screening system, we identified phenylpropanoid derivatives as MR1 ligands, including coniferyl aldehyde, which have an ability to inhibit the MR1-MAIT cell axis. Further, the structure-activity relationship study of coniferyl aldehyde analogs revealed the key structural features of ligands required for MR1 recognition. These results will contribute to identifying a broad range of endogenous and exogenous MR1 ligands and to developing novel MAIT cell modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Hattori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Araki
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Biao Ma
- RIKEN Center for Computational Science, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Toshiki Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Norihito Arichi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okuno
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Computational Science, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kakeya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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7
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Hua L, Wang D, Wang K, Wang Y, Gu J, Zhang Q, You Q, Wang L. Design of Tracers in Fluorescence Polarization Assay for Extensive Application in Small Molecule Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2023; 66:10934-10958. [PMID: 37561645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Development of fluorescence polarization (FP) assays, especially in a competitive manner, is a potent and mature tool for measuring the binding affinities of small molecules. This approach is suitable for high-throughput screening (HTS) for initial ligands and is also applicable for further study of the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of candidate compounds for drug discovery. Buffer and tracer, especially rational design of the tracer, play a vital role in an FP assay system. In this perspective, we provided different kinds of approaches for tracer design based on successful cases in recent years. We classified these tracers by different types of ligands in tracers, including peptide, nucleic acid, natural product, and small molecule. To make this technology accessible for more targets, we briefly described the basic theory and workflow, followed by highlighting the design and application of typical FP tracers from a perspective of medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Danni Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Keran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jinying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qiuyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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8
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Awad W, Ciacchi L, McCluskey J, Fairlie DP, Rossjohn J. Molecular insights into metabolite antigen recognition by mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 83:102351. [PMID: 37276819 PMCID: PMC11056607 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolite-based T-cell immunity is emerging as a major player in antimicrobial immunity, autoimmunity, and cancer. Here, small-molecule metabolites were identified to be captured and presented by the major histocompatibility complex class-I-related molecule (MR1) to T cells, namely mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT) and diverse MR1-restricted T cells. Both MR1 and MAIT are evolutionarily conserved in many mammals, suggesting important roles in host immunity. Rational chemical modifications of these naturally occurring metabolites, termed altered metabolite ligands (AMLs), have advanced our understanding of the molecular correlates of MAIT T cell receptor (TCR)-MR1 recognition. This review provides a generalized framework for metabolite recognition and modulation of MAIT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Lisa Ciacchi
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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9
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Wang NI, Ninkov M, Haeryfar SMM. Classic costimulatory interactions in MAIT cell responses: from gene expression to immune regulation. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 213:50-66. [PMID: 37279566 PMCID: PMC10324557 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are evolutionarily conserved, innate-like T lymphocytes with enormous immunomodulatory potentials. Due to their strategic localization, their invariant T cell receptor (iTCR) specificity for major histocompatibility complex-related protein 1 (MR1) ligands of commensal and pathogenic bacterial origin, and their sensitivity to infection-elicited cytokines, MAIT cells are best known for their antimicrobial characteristics. However, they are thought to also play important parts in the contexts of cancer, autoimmunity, vaccine-induced immunity, and tissue repair. While cognate MR1 ligands and cytokine cues govern MAIT cell maturation, polarization, and peripheral activation, other signal transduction pathways, including those mediated by costimulatory interactions, regulate MAIT cell responses. Activated MAIT cells exhibit cytolytic activities and secrete potent inflammatory cytokines of their own, thus transregulating the biological behaviors of several other cell types, including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, conventional T cells, and B cells, with significant implications in health and disease. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of how costimulatory pathways control MAIT cell responses may introduce new targets for optimized MR1/MAIT cell-based interventions. Herein, we compare and contrast MAIT cells and mainstream T cells for their expression of classic costimulatory molecules belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/TNF receptor superfamily, based not only on the available literature but also on our transcriptomic analyses. We discuss how these molecules participate in MAIT cells' development and activities. Finally, we introduce several pressing questions vis-à-vis MAIT cell costimulation and offer new directions for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole I Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marina Ninkov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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