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Sabour-Takanlou M, Sabour-Takanlou L, Biray-Avci C. EZH2-associated tumor malignancy: A prominent target for cancer treatment. Clin Genet 2024; 106:377-385. [PMID: 38881299 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The discussion in this review centers around the significant relationships between EZH2 and the initiation, progression, metastasis, metabolism, drug resistance, and immune regulation of cancer. Polycomb group (PcG) proteins, which encompass two primary Polycomb repressor complexes (PRC1 and PRC2), have been categorized. PRC2 consists mainly of four subunits, namely EZH2, EED, SUZ12, and RbAp46/48. As the crucial catalytic component within the PRC2 complex, EZH2 plays a pivotal role in controlling a wide range of biological processes. Overexpression/mutations of EZH2 have been detected in a wide variety of tumors. Several mechanisms of EZH regulation have been identified, including regulation EZH2 mRNA by miRNAs, LncRNAs, accessibility to DNA via DNA-binding proteins, post-translational modifications, and transcriptional regulation. EZH2 signaling triggers cancer progression and may intervene with anti-tumor immunity; therefore it has charmed attention as an effective therapeutic target in cancer therapy. Numerous nucleic acid-based therapies have been used in the modification of EZH2. In addition to gene therapy approaches, pharmaceutical compounds can be used to target the EZH2 signaling pathway in the treatment of cancer. EZH2-associated tumor cells and immune cells enhance the effects of the immune response in a variety of human malignancies. The combination of epigenetic modifying agents, such as anti-EZH2 compounds with immunotherapy, could potentially be efficacious even in the context of immunosuppressive tumors. Summary, understanding the mechanisms underlying resistance to EZH2 inhibitors may facilitate the development of novel drugs to prevent or treat relapse in treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cigir Biray-Avci
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Piao X, Wu X, Yan Y, Li Y, Li N, Xue L, He F. Targeting EZH2 attenuates the ferroptosis-mediated osteoblast-osteoclast imbalance in rheumatoid arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 143:113201. [PMID: 39353382 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit (EZH2) can regulate osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. This study aimed to further explore the effects of EZH2 modification on ferroptosis and the osteoblast-osteoclast balance in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells were transfected with EZH2 overexpression (oeEZH2) and EZH2 shRNA (shEZH2) plasmids with or without ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) treatment and subjected to an osteoblast differentiation assay. The cells were then cocultured with bone marrow-derived macrophages and subjected to an osteoclast differentiation assay. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice were generated and injected with shEZH2 adeno-associated virus (AAV). RESULTS OeEZH2 repressed osteoblast differentiation, as reflected by decreased ALP and Alizarin Red S staining and increased OPN, RUNX2, OPG and RANKL; however, shEZH2 had the opposite effects. Besides, oeEZH2 promoted osteoblast ferroptosis, as suggested by increased MDA, Fe2+, ROS, and PTGS2 but decreased GPX4 and SLC7A11; these effects could be attenuated by Fer-1 treatment. In contrast, shEZH2 ameliorated osteoblast ferroptosis. OeEZH2 subsequently increased osteoclast differentiation, as indicated by increased TRAP+ multinucleated cells, NFATC1, CTSK, and c-FOS; however, shEZH2 had the opposite effect, except that it did not regulate CTSK. In CIA mice, shEZH2 AAV decreased the clinical symptom score, histological score of cartilage, and systemic inflammation (TNF-α and IL-6) and repressed bone ferroptosis and restored the osteoblast-osteoclast balance to some extent, as reflected by immunohistochemical staining of related markers. CONCLUSION Targeting EZH2 attenuates the ferroptosis-mediated osteoblast-osteoclast imbalance in RA, revealing its potential as a treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Piao
- Department of Rheumatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Xiangxiang Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Yixin Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Chongming District, Shanghai 202153, China
| | - Yongming Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Chongming District, Shanghai 202153, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Chongming District, Shanghai 202153, China
| | - Luan Xue
- Department of Rheumatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China.
| | - Feng He
- The Center for Cancer Research, School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Zhang J, Liu H, Liu Y, Luo E, Liu S. Unlocking the potential of histone modification in regulating bone metabolism. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00181-0. [PMID: 39154977 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Bone metabolism plays a crucial role in maintaining normal bone tissue homeostasis and function. Imbalances between bone formation and resorption can lead to osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and other bone diseases. The dynamic and complex process of bone remodeling is driven by various factors, including epigenetics. Histone modification, one of the most important and well-studied components of epigenetic regulation, has emerged as a promising area of research in bone metabolism. Different histone proteins and modification sites exert diverse effects on osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent progress in understanding histone modifications in bone metabolism, including specific modification sites and potential regulatory enzymes. Comprehensive knowledge of histone modifications in bone metabolism could reveal new therapeutic targets and treatment strategies for bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hanghang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - En Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Shibo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Taheri N, Choi EL, Nguyen VTT, Zhang Y, Huynh NM, Kellogg TA, van Wijnen AJ, Ordog T, Hayashi Y. Inhibition of EZH2 Reduces Aging-Related Decline in Interstitial Cells of Cajal of the Mouse Stomach. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 18:101376. [PMID: 38969206 PMCID: PMC11359770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.101376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Restricted gastric motor functions contribute to aging-associated undernutrition, sarcopenia, and frailty. We previously identified a decline in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC; gastrointestinal pacemaker and neuromodulator cells) and their stem cells (ICC-SC) as a key factor of gastric aging. Altered functionality of the histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is central to organismal aging. Here, we investigated the role of EZH2 in the aging-related loss of ICC/ICC-SC. METHODS klotho mice, a model of accelerated aging, were treated with the most clinically advanced EZH2 inhibitor, EPZ6438 (tazemetostat; 160 mg/kg intraperitoneally twice a day for 3 weeks). Gastric ICC were analyzed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. ICC and ICC-SC were quantified by flow cytometry. Gastric slow wave activity was assessed by intracellular electrophysiology. Ezh2 was deactivated in ICC by treating KitcreERT2/+;Ezh2fl/fl mice with tamoxifen. TRP53, a key mediator of aging-related ICC loss, was induced with nutlin 3a in gastric muscle organotypic cultures and an ICC-SC line. RESULTS In klotho mice, EPZ6438 treatment mitigated the decline in the ICC growth factor KIT ligand/stem cell factor and gastric ICC. EPZ6438 also improved gastric slow wave activity and mitigated the reduced food intake and impaired body weight gain characteristic of this strain. Conditional genomic deletion of Ezh2 in Kit-expressing cells also prevented ICC loss. In organotypic cultures and ICC-SC, EZH2 inhibition prevented the aging-like effects of TRP53 stabilization on ICC/ICC-SC. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of EZH2 with EPZ6438 mitigates aging-related ICC/ICC-SC loss and gastric motor dysfunction, improving slow wave activity and food intake in klotho mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Taheri
- Enteric Neuroscience Program and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota; Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Egan L Choi
- Enteric Neuroscience Program and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota; Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Vy Truong Thuy Nguyen
- Enteric Neuroscience Program and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota; Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yuebo Zhang
- Enteric Neuroscience Program and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota; Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nick M Huynh
- Enteric Neuroscience Program and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota; Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Todd A Kellogg
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Tamas Ordog
- Enteric Neuroscience Program and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota; Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- Enteric Neuroscience Program and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota; Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Dashti P, Lewallen EA, Gordon JAR, Montecino MA, Davie JR, Stein GS, van Leeuwen JPTM, van der Eerden BCJ, van Wijnen AJ. Epigenetic regulators controlling osteogenic lineage commitment and bone formation. Bone 2024; 181:117043. [PMID: 38341164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Bone formation and homeostasis are controlled by environmental factors and endocrine regulatory cues that initiate intracellular signaling pathways capable of modulating gene expression in the nucleus. Bone-related gene expression is controlled by nucleosome-based chromatin architecture that limits the accessibility of lineage-specific gene regulatory DNA sequences and sequence-specific transcription factors. From a developmental perspective, bone-specific gene expression must be suppressed during the early stages of embryogenesis to prevent the premature mineralization of skeletal elements during fetal growth in utero. Hence, bone formation is initially inhibited by gene suppressive epigenetic regulators, while other epigenetic regulators actively support osteoblast differentiation. Prominent epigenetic regulators that stimulate or attenuate osteogenesis include lysine methyl transferases (e.g., EZH2, SMYD2, SUV420H2), lysine deacetylases (e.g., HDAC1, HDAC3, HDAC4, HDAC7, SIRT1, SIRT3), arginine methyl transferases (e.g., PRMT1, PRMT4/CARM1, PRMT5), dioxygenases (e.g., TET2), bromodomain proteins (e.g., BRD2, BRD4) and chromodomain proteins (e.g., CBX1, CBX2, CBX5). This narrative review provides a broad overview of the covalent modifications of DNA and histone proteins that involve hundreds of enzymes that add, read, or delete these epigenetic modifications that are relevant for self-renewal and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, skeletal stem cells and osteoblasts during osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Dashti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eric A Lewallen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Martin A Montecino
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Santiago, Chile
| | - James R Davie
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada; CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0V9, Canada.
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Bram C J van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Banaszek N, Kurpiewska D, Kozak K, Rutkowski P, Sobczuk P. Hedgehog pathway in sarcoma: from preclinical mechanism to clinical application. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:17635-17649. [PMID: 37815662 PMCID: PMC10657326 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Sarcomas are a diverse group of malignant neoplasms of mesenchymal origin. They develop rarely, but due to poor prognosis, they are a challenging and significant clinical problem. Currently, available therapeutic options have very limited activity. A better understating of sarcomas' pathogenesis may help develop more effective therapies in the future. The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is involved in both embryonic development and mature tissue repair and carcinogenesis. Shh pathway inhibitors are presently used in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Its increased activity has been demonstrated in many sarcomas, including osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and malignant rhabdoid tumor. In vitro studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of inhibitors of the Hedgehog pathway in inhibiting proliferation in those sarcomas in which the components of the pathway are overexpressed. These results were confirmed by in vivo studies, which additionally proved the influence of Shh pathway inhibitors on limiting the metastatic potential of sarcoma cells. However, until now, the efficacy of sarcomas treatment with Shh pathway inhibitors has not been established in clinical trials. The reason for that may be the non-canonical activation of the pathway or interactions with other signaling pathways, such as Wnt or Notch. In this review, we present the Shh signaling pathway's role in the pathogenesis of sarcomas, including both canonical and non-canonical signaling. We also propose how this knowledge could be potentially translated into clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Banaszek
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Kurpiewska
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kozak
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Sobczuk
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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