Persuasive technology to support active and healthy ageing: An exploration of past, present, and future

Personalization Characteristics and Evaluation of Gamified Exercise for Middle-Aged and Older People: A Scoping Review

Many studies have shown that personalized exergames have a positive effect on promoting regular and proper exercise. However, there is no consensus on the design characteristics and evaluation of exergames. This systematic review of published research literature aimed to explore the general characteristics, personalization characteristics, and evaluation of personalized exergames for middle-aged and older people. We screened published studies in the Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, ACM, and IEEE Xplore databases, extracted data, and performed a thematic analysis according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklist. Three main themes and nine subthemes were generated from 24 included papers. Moreover, a personalization model (FACTS) and evaluation system (PMSS) of exergames were developed. Personalized exergames had potential positive effects on motivating middle-aged and older people to exercise and improve their health, particularly physical, mental, and social health. However, more fine-grained studies on personalized exergames are necessary in the future.

Health Access, Health Promotion, and Health Self-Management: Barriers When Building Comprehensive Ageing Communities

A new intervention model for promoting healthy ageing grounded on integrated value-based care was developed and tested in the city of Valencia (Spain). Its implementation raised relevant barriers for older adults in their access to health, health promotion, and health self-management linked with their health and digital literacy. This new intervention model included several aspects. On the one hand, researchers together with older adults and their informal caregivers participating in the study, designed personalized care plans, based on older adults' specific needs, to be implemented with the support of a digital solution. On the other hand, researchers and health and social professionals implemented a series of workshops in different locations of the city to encourage a sense of community among participants, reinforcing their trust in the new care model and increasing their adherence. Social activities were at the core of the workshops to understand older people's interaction with the health and social services provided in the neighborhood. Qualitative and quantitative methods were combined to extract information from older participants on how to engage them as active actors of their health and understand their values and preferences. In the present manuscript, we focus on the qualitative results, which show that after a post-pandemic situation, they were more concerned about social isolation and desired face-to-face contact with their professional care team; however, feelings of loneliness and/or sadness were not considered among the reasons to visit health professionals. Some of the conclusions revealed that the use of technology as a supportive tool is well received but with a stress on its role as "supportive", and not replacing the close contact with healthcare professionals. Professionals recognized the benefits of this new approach but required more time and incentives to dedicate the effort needed. The main aim of this study was to present these barriers related to health access, health promotion, and health self-management, as well as the actions developed to face them.

A Computer Interface Controlled by Upper Limb Muscles: Effects of a Two Weeks Training on Younger and Older Adults

As the population worldwide ages, there is a growing need for assistive technology and effective human-machine interfaces to address the wider range of motor disabilities that older adults may experience. Motor disabilities can make it difficult for individuals to perform basic daily tasks, such as getting dressed, preparing meals, or using a computer. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of two weeks of training with a myoelectric computer interface (MCI) on motor functions in younger and older adults. Twenty people were recruited in the study: thirteen younger (range: 22-35 years old) and seven older (range: 61-78 years old) adults. Participants completed six training sessions of about 2 hours each, during which the activity of right and left biceps and trapezius were mapped into a control signal for the cursor of a computer. Results highlighted significant improvements in cursor control, and therefore in muscle coordination, in both groups. All participants with training became faster and more accurate, although people in different age range learned with a different dynamic. Results of the questionnaire on system usability and quality highlighted a general consensus about easiness of use and intuitiveness. These findings suggest that the proposed MCI training can be a powerful tool in the framework of assistive technologies for both younger and older adults. Further research is needed to determine the optimal duration and intensity of MCI training for different age groups and to investigate long-term effects of training on physical and cognitive function.

The Problem of Monitoring the Psycho-Physical Condition of Seniors during Proposed Activities in Urban Space

The world's population is rapidly ageing, which places a heavy burden on traditional healthcare systems with increased economic and social costs. Technology can assist in the implementation of strategies that enable active and independent ageing by promoting and motivating health-related behaviours, monitoring, and collecting data on daily life for assessment and for aiding in independent living. ICT (Information and Communication Technology) tools can help prevent cognitive and physical decline and social isolation, and enable elderly people to live independently. In this paper, we introduced a comprehensive tool for guiding seniors along the designed urban health paths employing urban architecture as an impulse to perform physical and cognitive exercises. The behaviour of seniors is monitored during their activities using wearable sensors and mobile application. We distinguished three types of data recipients (seniors, path/exercise designers, and the public), for whom we proposed methods of analysing the obtained data and examples of their use. In this work, a wide range of diverse information was examined from which short- and long-term patterns can be drawn. We have also shown that by fusing sensory data and data from mobile applications, we can give context to sensory data, thanks to which we can formulate more insightful assessments of seniors' behaviour.

Low- and Medium-Socioeconomic-Status Group Members' Perceived Challenges and Solutions for Healthy Nutrition: Qualitative Focus Group Study

BACKGROUND

Although digital tools for healthy nutrition have shown great potential, their actual impact remains variable as digital solutions often do not fit users' needs and barriers. This is especially poignant for priority communities in society. Involving these groups in citizen science may have great benefits even beyond the increase in knowledge of the lives and experiences of these groups. However, this requires specialized skills. Participants from priority groups could benefit from an approach that offers sensitization and discussion to help them voice their needs regarding healthy nutrition and technology to support healthy eating.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to gather insights into people's thoughts on everyday eating practices, self-regulation in healthy eating, and skill acquisition and on applying technological innovations to these domains.

METHODS

Participants answered 3 daily questionnaires to garner their current practices regarding habits, self-regulation, skills, and technology use surrounding healthy eating and make it easier for them to collect their thoughts and experiences (sensitization). Within a week of filling out the 3 questionnaires, participants took part in a web-based focus group discussion session. All sessions were transcribed and analyzed using a thematic qualitative approach.

RESULTS

A total of 42 people took part in 7 focus group interviews of 6 people each. The analysis showed that participants would like to receive support from technology for a broad range of aspects of nutrition, such as measuring the effect their personal nutrition has on their individual health, providing them with reliable product information, giving them practical guidance for healthy eating and snacking, and reducing the burden of registering food intake. Technology should be easy to use, reduce burdens, and be tailored to personal situations. Privacy and cost were major concerns for the participants.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows that people from low- and medium-socioeconomic-status groups have a need for specific support in tailoring their knowledge of healthy nutrition to their own situation and see technology as a means to achieve this.

A Scoping Review of the Conceptual Differentiation of Technology for Healthy Aging

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

With the emergence of healthy aging as a key societal issue in recent decades, technology has often been proposed as a solution to the challenges faced by aging societies. From a public health perspective, however, aging-related technologies have been inconsistently conceptualized and ill-defined. By examining how relevant concepts in "technology for aging" have been developed to date, we hope to identify gaps and begin clarifying the topic.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We conducted a scoping review according to PRISMA-ScR, drawing on PubMed and Embase. We selected articles that directly reported concepts of technology for aging, or from which such concepts could be inferred.

RESULTS

We identified 43 articles, most of which were narrative reviews (n = 31). Concepts of technology for aging were presented in diverse ways with some overlap. Most studies provided some terminology (n = 36), but with little conceptual uniformity. Conceptual discourse was often focused on the aging agenda; while technological aspects were poorly defined. A conceptual framework from a public health perspective was derived from 8 articles-it showed that technology strategies do not take a population approach.

DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS

While the potential of "technology for aging" is vast, its real capacity to deliver a desirable life for older people remains underdeveloped. Clearer concepts and realistic goals at population level are lacking. Efficient investment must be made throughout the social system, and technology needs to be integrated via macro-level practices.

"Am I representative (of my age)? No, I'm not"-Attitudes to technologies and technology development differ but unite individuals across rather than within generations

While a broad spectrum of technologies is integrated in everyday life and routines, most research on ageing, health and technology has focused on attitudes toward and adoption of digital technologies including e-health, or home based monitoring systems. The aim of this study was to explore differences and similarities in attitudes and experiences with different types of technologies and development within and between three generations. We applied a qualitative, descriptive design and recruited a purposeful sample of participants from three generations (30–39, 50–59, 70–79 year old). The 25 participants took part in 3 x 2 focus groups. Forming four categories, the findings show that technologies enable as well as complicate everyday life. Participants expressed trust as well as uncertainty about risks when using technology and stated that use of digital services is required while support is limited. They identified that technology development is inevitable but not always in the service of users. In conclusion, experiences of and attitudes towards technologies and technology development are not limited to generation; perspectives sometimes unite individuals across rather than within generations. Thus future technologies and technology development, as well as services and policies aiming to support the use of said technologies should consider individual user perspectives including needs, desires, beliefs or goals neglected in the existing technology models, and involve users beyond generations defined by chronological age. Such strategies are likely to be more successful in supporting development of technologies usable for all.

A review on deep learning approaches in healthcare systems: Taxonomies, challenges, and open issues

In the last few years, the application of Machine Learning approaches like Deep Neural Network (DNN) models have become more attractive in the healthcare system given the rising complexity of the healthcare data. Machine Learning (ML) algorithms provide efficient and effective data analysis models to uncover hidden patterns and other meaningful information from the considerable amount of health data that conventional analytics are not able to discover in a reasonable time. In particular, Deep Learning (DL) techniques have been shown as promising methods in pattern recognition in the healthcare systems. Motivated by this consideration, the contribution of this paper is to investigate the deep learning approaches applied to healthcare systems by reviewing the cutting-edge network architectures, applications, and industrial trends. The goal is first to provide extensive insight into the application of deep learning models in healthcare solutions to bridge deep learning techniques and human healthcare interpretability. And then, to present the existing open challenges and future directions.

Breast Cancer Survivors' Perspectives on Motivational and Personalization Strategies in Mobile App-Based Physical Activity Coaching Interventions: Qualitative Study

Background

Despite growing evidence supporting the vital benefits of physical activity (PA) for breast cancer survivors, the majority do not meet the recommended levels of activity. Mobile app–based PA coaching interventions might be a feasible strategy to facilitate adherence of breast cancer survivors to the PA guidelines. To engage these individuals, PA apps need to be specifically designed based on their needs and preferences and to provide targeted support and motivation. However, more information is needed to understand how these technologies can provide individual and relevant experiences that have the ability to increase PA adherence and retain the individual’s interest in the long term.

Objective

The aim of this study is to explore insights from breast cancer survivors on motivational and personalization strategies to be used in PA coaching apps and interventions.

Methods

A qualitative study was conducted, using individual semistructured interviews, with 14 breast cancer survivors. The moderator asked open-ended questions and made use of a slideshow presentation to elicit the participants’ perspectives on potential mobile app–based intervention features. Transcribed interviews were evaluated by 3 reviewers using thematic content analysis.

Results

Participants (mean age 53.3, SD 8.7 years) were White women. In total, 57% (8/14) of the participants did not adhere to the PA guidelines. In general, participants had access to and were interested in using technology. The identified themes included (1) barriers to PA, (2) psychological mediators of PA motivation, (3) needs and suggestions for reinforcing motivation support, (4) personalization aspects of the PA coaching experience, and (5) technology trustworthiness. Motivational determinants included perceived control, confidence and perceived growth, and connectedness. Participants were interested in having a straightforward app for monitoring and goal setting, which would include a prescribed activity program and schedule, and positive communication. Opinions varied in terms of social and game-like system possibilities. In addition, they expressed a desire for a highly personalized coaching experience based on as much information collected from them as possible (eg, disease stage, physical limitations, preferences) to provide individualized progress information, dynamic adjustment of the training plan, and context-aware activity suggestions (eg, based on weather and location). Participants also wanted the app to be validated or backed by professionals and were willing to share their data in exchange for a more personalized experience.

Conclusions

This work suggests the need to develop simple, guiding, encouraging, trustworthy, and personalized PA coaching apps. The findings are in line with behavioral and personalization theories and methods that can be used to inform intervention design decisions. This paper opens new possibilities for the design of personalized and motivating PA coaching app experiences for breast cancer survivors, which might ultimately facilitate the sustained adherence of these individuals to the recommended levels of activity.

Survey on virtual coaching for older adults

Virtual coaching has emerged as a promising solution to extend independent living for older adults. A virtual coach system is an always-attentive personalized system that continuously monitors user's activity and surroundings and delivers interventions - that is, intentional messages - in the appropriate moment. This article presents a survey of different approaches in virtual coaching for older adults, from the less technically supported tools to the latest developments and future avenues for research. It focuses on the technical aspects, especially on software architectures, user interaction and coaching personalization. Nevertheless, some aspects from the fields of personality/social psychology are also presented in the context of coaching strategies. Coaching is considered holistically, including matters such as physical and cognitive training, nutrition, social interaction and mood.

A Personalized Physical Activity Coaching App for Breast Cancer Survivors: Design Process and Early Prototype Testing

Background

Existing evidence supports the many benefits of physical activity (PA) in breast cancer survival. However, few breast cancer survivors adhere to the recommended levels of activity. A PA coaching app that provides personalized feedback, guidance, and motivation to the user might have the potential to engage these individuals in a more active lifestyle, in line with the general recommendations. To develop a successful tool, it is important to involve the end users in the design process and to make theoretically grounded design decisions.

Objective

This study aimed to execute the design process and early prototype evaluation of a personalized PA coaching app for posttreatment breast cancer survivors. In particular, the study explored a design combining behavioral theory and tailored coaching strategies.

Methods

The design process was led by a multidisciplinary team, including technical and health professionals, and involved input from a total of 22 survivors. The process comprised 3 stages. In stage 1, the literature was reviewed and 14 patients were interviewed to understand the needs and considerations of the target population toward PA apps. In stage 2, the global use case for the tool was defined, the features were ideated and refined based on theory, and a digital interactive prototype was created. In stage 3, the prototype went through usability testing with 8 patients and was subjected to quality and behavior change potential evaluations by 2 human-computer interaction experts.

Results

The design process has led to the conceptualization of a personalized coaching app for walking activities that addresses the needs of breast cancer survivors. The main features of the tool include a training plan and schedule, adaptive goal setting, real-time feedback and motivation during walking sessions, activity status through the day, activity history, weekly summary reports, and activity challenges. The system was designed to measure users’ cadence during walking, use this measure to infer their training zone, and provide real-time coaching to control the intensity of the walking sessions. The outcomes from user testing and expert evaluation of the digital prototype were very positive, with scores from the system usability scale, mobile app rating scale, and app behavior change scale of 95 out of 100, 4.6 out of 5, and 15 out of 21, respectively.

Conclusions

Implementing a user-centered design approach for the development and early evaluation of an app brings essential considerations to tailor the solution to the user’s needs and context. In addition, informing the design on behavioral and tailored coaching theories supports the conceptualization of the PA coaching system. This is critical for optimizing the usability, acceptability, and long-term effectiveness of the tool. After successful early in-laboratory testing, the app will be developed and evaluated in a pilot study in a real-world setting.

Personalization in Real-Time Physical Activity Coaching Using Mobile Applications: A Scoping Review

Mobile monitoring for health and wellness is becoming more sophisticated and accurate, with an increased use of real-time personalization technologies that may improve the effectiveness of physical activity coaching systems. This study aimed to review real-time physical activity coaching applications that make use of personalization mechanisms. A scoping review, using the PRISMA-ScR checklist, was conducted on the literature published from July 2007 to July 2018. A data extraction tool was developed to analyze the systems on general characteristics, personalization, design foundations (behavior change and gamification) and evaluation methods. 28 papers describing 17 different mobile applications were included. The most used personalization concepts were Feedback (17/17), Goal Setting (15/17), User Targeting (9/17) and Inter-human Interaction (8/17), while the less commonly covered were Self-Learning (4/17), Context Awareness (3/17) and Adaptation (2/17). Few systems considered behavior change theories for design (6/17). A total of 42 instances of gamification-related elements were found across 15 systems, but only 6 explicitly mention its use. Most systems (15/17) were submitted to some type of evaluation. However, few assessed the effects of particular strategies or overall system effectiveness using randomized experimental designs (5/17). Although personalization is thought to improve user adherence in physical activity coaching applications, it is still far from reaching its full potential. We believe that future work should consider the theory and suggestions reported in prior work; leverage the needs of the target users for personalization; include behavior change foundations and explore gamification theory; and properly evaluate these systems.

Enabling older adults to carry out paperless falls-risk self-assessments using guidetomeasure-3D: A mixed methods study

BACKGROUND

The home environment falls-risk assessment process (HEFAP) is a widely used falls prevention intervention strategy which involves a clinician using paper-based measurement guidance to ensure that appropriate information and measurements are taken and recorded accurately. Despite the current use of paper-based guidance, over 30% of all assistive devices installed within the home are abandoned by patients. This is in part due to poor fit between the device, the patient, and the environment in which it is installed. Currently HEFAP is a clinician-led process, however, older adult patients are increasingly being expected to collect HEFAP measurements themselves as part of the personalisation agenda. Without appropriate patient-centred guidance, levels of device abandonment to are likely to rise to unprecedented levels. This study presents guidetomeasure-3D, a mobile 3D measurement guidance application designed to support patients in carrying out HEFAP self-assessments.

AIM

The aim of this study is to present guidetomeasure-3D, a web-enabled 3D mobile application that enables older-adult patients to carry out self-assessment measurement tasks, and to carry out a mixed-methods evaluation of its performance, and associated user perceptions of the application, compared with a 2D paper-based equivalent.

METHODS

Thirty-four older adult participants took part in a mixed-methods within-subjects repeated measures study set within a living lab. A series of HEFAP self-assessment tasks were carried out according to two treatment conditions: (1) using the 3D guidetomeasure-3D application; (2) using a 2D paper-based guide. SUS questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were completed at the end of the task. A comparative statistical analysis explored performance with regards to measurement accuracy, accuracy consistency, task efficiency, and system usability. Interview transcripts were analysed using inductive and deductive thematic analysis (informed by UTAUT).

RESULTS

The guidetomeasure-3D application outperformed the 2D paper-based guidance in terms of accuracy (smaller mean error difference in 11 out of 12 items), accuracy consistency (p < 0.05, for 6 out of 12 items), task efficiency (p = 0.003), system usability (p < 0.00625, for two out of 10 SUS items), and clarity of guidance (p < 0.0125, for three out of four items). Three high-level themes emerged from interviews: Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, and Social Influence. Participants reported that guidetomeasure-3D provided improved visual quality, clarity, and more precise guidance overall. Real-time audio instruction was reported as being particularly useful, as was the use of the object rotation and zoom functions which were associated with improving user confidence particularly when carrying out more challenging tasks.

CONCLUSIONS

This study reveals that older adults using guidetomeasure-3D achieved improved levels of accuracy and efficiency along with improved satisfaction and increased levels of confidence compared with the 2D paper-based equivalent. These results are significant and promising for overcoming HEFAP equipment abandonment issue. Furthermore they constitute an important step towards overcoming challenges associated with older adult patients, the digitisation of healthcare, and realising the enablement of patient self-care and management via the innovative use of mobile technologies. Numerous opportunities for the generalisability and transferability of the findings of this research are also proposed. Future research will explore the extent to which mobile 3D visualisation technologies may be utilised to optimise the clinical utility of HEFAP when deployed by clinicians.