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Stival L, Pinto A, de Andrade FDSP, Santiago PRP, Biermann H, Torres RDS, Dias U. Using machine learning pipeline to predict entry into the attack zone in football. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0265372. [PMID: 36652409 PMCID: PMC9847968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sports sciences are increasingly data-intensive nowadays since computational tools can extract information from large amounts of data and derive insights from athlete performances during the competition. This paper addresses a performance prediction problem in soccer, a popular collective sport modality played by two teams competing against each other in the same field. In a soccer game, teams score points by placing the ball into the opponent's goal and the winner is the team with the highest count of goals. Retaining possession of the ball is one key to success, but it is not enough since a team needs to score to achieve victory, which requires an offensive toward the opponent's goal. The focus of this work is to determine if analyzing the first five seconds after the control of the ball is taken by one of the teams provides enough information to determine whether the ball will reach the final quarter of the soccer field, therefore creating a goal-scoring chance. By doing so, we can further investigate which conditions increase strategic leverage. Our approach comprises modeling players' interactions as graph structures and extracting metrics from these structures. These metrics, when combined, form time series that we encode in two-dimensional representations of visual rhythms, allowing feature extraction through deep convolutional networks, coupled with a classifier to predict the outcome (whether the final quarter of the field is reached). The results indicate that offensive play near the adversary penalty area can be predicted by looking at the first five seconds. Finally, the explainability of our models reveals the main metrics along with its contributions for the final inference result, which corroborates other studies found in the literature for soccer match analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Stival
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Allan Pinto
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Roberto Pereira Santiago
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrik Biermann
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport, University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ricardo da Silva Torres
- Department of ICT and Natural Sciences, NTNU—Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Aalesund, Norway
| | - Ulisses Dias
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Palucci Vieira LH, Santiago PRP, Pinto A, Aquino R, Torres RDS, Barbieri FA. Automatic Markerless Motion Detector Method against Traditional Digitisation for 3-Dimensional Movement Kinematic Analysis of Ball Kicking in Soccer Field Context. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031179. [PMID: 35162201 PMCID: PMC8834459 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Kicking is a fundamental skill in soccer that often contributes to match outcomes. Lower limb movement features (e.g., joint position and velocity) are determinants of kick performance. However, obtaining kicking kinematics under field conditions generally requires time-consuming manual tracking. The current study aimed to compare a contemporary markerless automatic motion estimation algorithm (OpenPose) with manual digitisation (DVIDEOW software) in obtaining on-field kicking kinematic parameters. An experimental dataset of under-17 players from all outfield positions was used. Kick attempts were performed in an official pitch against a goalkeeper. Four digital video cameras were used to record full-body motion during support and ball contact phases of each kick. Three-dimensional positions of hip, knee, ankle, toe and foot centre-of-mass (CMfoot) generally showed no significant differences when computed by automatic as compared to manual tracking (whole kicking movement cycle), while only z-coordinates of knee and calcaneus markers at specific points differed between methods. The resulting time-series matrices of positions (r2 = 0.94) and velocity signals (r2 = 0.68) were largely associated (all p < 0.01). The mean absolute error of OpenPose motion tracking was 3.49 cm for determining positions (ranging from 2.78 cm (CMfoot) to 4.13 cm (dominant hip)) and 1.29 m/s for calculating joint velocity (0.95 m/s (knee) to 1.50 m/s (non-dominant hip)) as compared to reference measures by manual digitisation. Angular range-of-motion showed significant correlations between methods for the ankle (r = 0.59, p < 0.01, large) and knee joint displacements (r = 0.84, p < 0.001, very large) but not in the hip (r = 0.04, p = 0.85, unclear). Markerless motion tracking (OpenPose) can help to successfully obtain some lower limb position, velocity, and joint angular outputs during kicks performed in a naturally occurring environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz H. Palucci Vieira
- Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(14)-3103-6000
| | - Paulo R. P. Santiago
- LaBioCoM Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory, EEFERP School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, USP University of São Paulo, Campus Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto 14040-907, SP, Brazil; (P.R.P.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Allan Pinto
- Reasoning for Complex Data Laboratory (RECOD Lab), Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-852, SP, Brazil;
| | - Rodrigo Aquino
- LaBioCoM Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory, EEFERP School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, USP University of São Paulo, Campus Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto 14040-907, SP, Brazil; (P.R.P.S.); (R.A.)
- FMRP Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
- LabSport, Department of Sports, CEFD Center of Physical Education and Sports, UFES Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, ES, Brazil
| | - Ricardo da S. Torres
- Department of ICT and Natural Sciences, NTNU–Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 6009 Ålesund, Norway;
| | - Fabio A. Barbieri
- Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil;
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Palucci Vieira LH, Barbieri FA, Kellis E, Oliveira L, Aquino R, Cunha S, Bedo B, Manechini J, Santiago P. Organisation of instep kicking in young U11 to U20 soccer players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2020; 5:111-120. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1807043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz H. Palucci Vieira
- LaBioCoM Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, Campus Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- FMRP Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- MOVI-LAB Human Movement Research Laboratory, School of Sciences, Physical Education Department, UNESP São Paulo State University, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Fabio A. Barbieri
- MOVI-LAB Human Movement Research Laboratory, School of Sciences, Physical Education Department, UNESP São Paulo State University, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Eleftherios Kellis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences of Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Lucas Oliveira
- FMRP Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Aquino
- Department of Sports, Center of Physical Education and Sports (CEFD), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Cunha
- LIB Laboratory of Instrumentation for Biomechanics, FEF Faculty of Physical Education, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Bruno Bedo
- LaBioCoM Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, Campus Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- FMRP Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João Manechini
- FMRP Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Paulo Santiago
- LaBioCoM Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport, Campus Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- FMRP Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Silva-Pereyra V, Fábrica CG, Biancardi CM, Pérez-Miles F. Kinematics of male Eupalaestrus weijenberghi (Araneae, Theraphosidae) locomotion on different substrates and inclines. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7748. [PMID: 31579616 PMCID: PMC6766366 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanics and energetics of spider locomotion have not been deeply investigated, despite their importance in the life of a spider. For example, the reproductive success of males of several species is dependent upon their ability to move from one area to another. The aim of this work was to describe gait patterns and analyze the gait parameters of Eupalaestrus weijenberghi (Araneae, Theraphosidae) in order to investigate the mechanics of their locomotion and the mechanisms by which they conserve energy while traversing different inclinations and surfaces. METHODS Tarantulas were collected and marked for kinematic analysis. Free displacements, both level and on an incline, were recorded using glass and Teflon as experimental surfaces. Body segments of the experimental animals were measured, weighed, and their center of mass was experimentally determined. Through reconstruction of the trajectories of the body segments, we were able to estimate their internal and external mechanical work and analyze their gait patterns. RESULTS Spiders mainly employed a walk-trot gait. Significant differences between the first two pairs and the second two pairs were detected. No significant differences were detected regarding the different planes or surfaces with respect to duty factor, time lags, stride frequency, and stride length. However, postural changes were observed on slippery surfaces. The mechanical work required for traversing a level plane was lower than expected. In all conditions, the external work, and within it the vertical work, accounted for almost all of the total mechanical work. The internal work was extremely low and did not rise as the gradient increased. DISCUSSION Our results support the idea of considering the eight limbs functionally divided into two quadrupeds in series. The anterior was composed of the first two pairs of limbs, which have an explorative and steering purpose and the posterior was more involved in supporting the weight of the body. The mechanical work to move one unit of mass a unit distance is almost constant among the different species tested. However, spiders showed lower values than expected. Minimizing the mechanical work could help to limit metabolic energy expenditure that, in small animals, is relatively very high. However, energy recovery due to inverted pendulum mechanics only accounts for only a small fraction of the energy saved. Adhesive setae present in the tarsal, scopulae, and claw tufts could contribute in different ways during different moments of the step cycle, compensating for part of the energetic cost on gradients which could also help to maintain constant gait parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Silva-Pereyra
- Unidad de Investigación en Biomecánica de la Locomoción Humana, Departamento de Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - C Gabriel Fábrica
- Unidad de Investigación en Biomecánica de la Locomoción Humana, Departamento de Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlo M. Biancardi
- Laboratorio de Biomecánica y Análisis del Movimiento, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - Fernando Pérez-Miles
- Sección Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Pereira Santiago PR, Palucci Vieira LH, Barbieri FA, Moura FA, Exel Santana J, de Andrade VL, de Souza Bedo BL, Cunha SA. Comparison of the Kinematic Patterns of Kick Between Brazilian and Japanese Young Soccer Players. Asian J Sports Med 2016; 7:e33645. [PMID: 27625761 PMCID: PMC5003309 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.33645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kicking performance is the most studied technical action in soccer and lower limbs kinematics is closely related to success in kicking, mainly because they are essential in imparting high velocity to the ball. Previous studies demonstrated that soccer leagues in different countries exhibit different physical demands and technical requirements during the matches. However, evidencewhether nationality has any influence in the kinematics of soccer-related skills has not yet been reported. The nationality of the players is an aspect that might be also relevant to the performance in kicking. Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the lower limbs kinematic patterns during kicking, between Brazilian and Japanese young top soccer players. Patients and Methods Seven Brazilian (GA) and seven Japanese (GB) U-17 players performed 15 side-foot kicks each, with a distance of 20 m away from the goal, aiming a target of 1 × 1 m in upper corner, constrained by a defensive wall (1.8 × 2 m). Four digital video cameras (120 Hz) recorded the performance for further 3D reconstruction of thigh, shank and foot segments of both kicking and support limbs. The selected kicking cycle was characterized by the toe-off of the kicking limb to the end of the kicking foot when it came in contact with the ball. Stereographical projection of each segment was applied to obtain the representative curves of kicking as function of time for each participant in each trial. Cluster analysis was performed to identify the mean GA and GB curves for each segment. Silhouette coefficient (SC) was calculated, in order to determine the degree of separation between the two groups’ curves. Results Comparison between the median confidence intervals of the SC showed no differences between groups as regards lower limb patterns of movements. Task accuracy was determined by the relative frequency that the ball reached the target for all attempts and no differences were found (GA: 10.48 ± 14.33%; GB: 9.52 ± 6.51%; P = 0.88). Conclusions We conclude that lower limb kinematic patterns, in support and ball contact phases, are similar in young Brazilian and Japanese soccer players during free kicks when adopting the side-foot kick style.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Roberto Pereira Santiago
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Motor Control, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
- Corresponding author: Paulo Roberto Pereira Santiago, Laboratory of Biomechanics and Motor Control, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. Tel: +55-1636020529, Fax: +55-1935264100, E-mail:
| | - Luiz Henrique Palucci Vieira
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Motor Control, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Augusto Barbieri
- Laboratory of Information, Vision and Action, Sao Paulo State University, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Arruda Moura
- Laboratory of Applied Biomechanics, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Juliana Exel Santana
- Laboratory of Instrumentation for Biomechanics, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor Luiz de Andrade
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Motor Control, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Luiz de Souza Bedo
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Motor Control, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Augusto Cunha
- Laboratory of Instrumentation for Biomechanics, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Rozin Kleiner AF, Galli M, Araujo do Carmo A, Barros RML. Effects of flooring on required coefficient of friction: Elderly adult vs. middle-aged adult barefoot gait. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2015; 50:147-152. [PMID: 25959329 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of flooring on barefoot gait according to age and gender. Two groups of healthy subjects were analyzed: the elderly adult group (EA; 10 healthy subjects) and the middle-aged group (MA; 10 healthy subjects). Each participant was asked to walk at his or her preferred speed over two force plates on the following surfaces: 1) homogeneous vinyl (HOV), 2) carpet, 3) heterogeneous vinyl (HTV) and 4) mixed (in which the first half of the pathway was covered by HOV and the second by HTV). Two force plates (Kistler 9286BA) embedded in the data collection room floor measured the ground reaction forces and friction. The required coefficient of friction (RCOF) was analyzed. For the statistical analysis, a linear mixed-effects model for repeated measures was performed. During barefoot gait, there were differences in the RCOF among the flooring types during the heel contact and toe-off phases. Due to better plantar proprioception during barefoot gait, the EA and MA subjects were able to distinguish differences among the flooring types. Moreover, when the EA were compared with the MA subjects, differences could be observed in the RCOF during the toe-off phase, and gender differences in the RCOF could also be observed during the heel contact phase in barefoot gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Francisca Rozin Kleiner
- Laboratory of Instrumentation for Biomechanics, College of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, DF CEP: 70.040-020, Brazil; "Luigi Divieti" Posture and Movement Analysis Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Manuela Galli
- "Luigi Divieti" Posture and Movement Analysis Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; "Motion Analysis Lab", IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via della Pisana, 235, Rome, Italy.
| | - Aline Araujo do Carmo
- Laboratory of Instrumentation for Biomechanics, College of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil; University of Brasilia, QNN14, Área Especial, Ceilândia Sul, Distrito Federal CEP: 72.220-710, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo M L Barros
- Laboratory of Instrumentation for Biomechanics, College of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
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do Carmo AA, Kleiner AFR, Barros RML. Alteration in the center of mass trajectory of patients after stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil 2015; 22:349-56. [PMID: 25906834 DOI: 10.1179/1074935714z.0000000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The movement disorders due to stroke can alter the motion of the Center of Mass (CoM) of the body. Thus, the analysis of the CoM motion can be an alternative to diagnostic the stroke gait disturbances and has not been widely explored. OBJECTIVE To identify and to analyze the alterations of CoM trajectory during both of gait cycles, affected and unaffected, of post-stroke patients comparing to healthy subjects. METHODS The CoM trajectory was obtained using a gold standard method, the three-dimensional (3D) kinematics associate to anthropometry. Two experimental groups were compared: Hemiparetic Group (HG) consisted of fourteen chronic hemiparetic patients and Control Group (CG) by fourteen able-bodied subjects. RESULTS The statistical analysis (P ≤ 0.05) revealed the following average gait alterations in the HG, in the stance phase of the affected side: higher lateral (midstance), lower vertical (midstance and terminal stance), and lower forward displacement (heel strike until terminal stance). In the swing phase of the affected side, HG showed higher lateral (preswing and initial swing) and vertical displacement (preswing until terminal swing), and lower forward (preswing until terminal swing) displacement of the CoM. There was also anticipation of the instants of maximum displacements in the lateral and vertical directions and lower total range in the forward direction. CONCLUSION The CoM trajectory analysis pointed out that the gait after stroke was altered such in the affected as in the unaffected lower limbs, mainly in the single support phase of the affected side, but also in the swing phase of the gait cycle.
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Influence of wedges on lower limbs' kinematics and net joint moments during healthy elderly gait using principal component analysis. Hum Mov Sci 2014; 38:319-30. [PMID: 25457428 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The elderly are susceptible to many disorders that alter the gait pattern and could lead to falls and reduction of mobility. One of the most applied therapeutical approaches to correct altered gait patterns is the insertion of insoles. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a powerful method used to reduce redundant information and it allows the comparison of the complete waveform. The purpose of this study was to verify the influence of wedges on lower limbs' net joint moment and range of motion (ROM) during the gait of healthy elderly participants using PCA. In addition, discrete values of lower limbs' peak net moment and ROM were also evaluated. 20 subjects walked with no wedges (control condition) and wearing six different wedges. The variables analyzed were the Principal Components from joint net moments and ROM in the sagittal plane in the ankle and knee and joint net moments in frontal plane in the knee. The discrete variables were peak joint net moments and ROM in sagittal plane in knee and ankle. The results showed the influence of the wedges to be clearer by analyzing through PCA methods than to use discrete parameters of gait curves, where the differences between conditions could be hidden.
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A comparison between flexible electrogoniometers, inclinometers and three-dimensional video analysis system for recording neck movement. Med Eng Phys 2013; 35:1629-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Shoulder kinematics is not influenced by external load during elevation in the scapular plane. J Appl Biomech 2013; 30:66-74. [PMID: 23877028 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2012-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to compare the shoulder kinematics (3D scapular orientation, scapular angular displacement and scapulohumeral rhythm) of asymptomatic participants under unloaded and loaded conditions during unilateral shoulder elevation in the scapular plane. We used a repeated-measures design with a convenience sample. Eleven male participants with an age range of 21-28 years with no recent history of shoulder injury participated in the study. The participants performed isometric shoulder elevation from a neutral position to approximately 150 degrees of elevation in the scapular plane in intervals of approximately 30 degrees during unloaded and loaded conditions. Shoulder kinematic data were obtained with videogrammetry. During shoulder elevation, the scapula rotated upwardly and externally, and tilted posteriorly. The addition of an external load did not affect 3D scapular orientation, scapular angular displacement, or scapulohumeral rhythm throughout shoulder elevation (P > .05). In clinical practice, clinicians should expect to observe upward and external rotation and posterior tilt of the scapula during their assessments of shoulder elevation. Such behavior was not influenced by an external load normalized to 5% of body weight when performed in an asymptomatic population.
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Silvatti AP, Sarro KJ, Cerveri P, Baroni G, Barros RML. A 3D kinematic analysis of breathing patterns in competitive swimmers. J Sports Sci 2012; 30:1551-60. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.713976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Fernandes LFRM, de Barros RML. Grip pattern and finger coordination differences between pianists and non-pianists. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2012; 22:412-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Moura FA, Martins LEB, Anido RDO, de Barros RML, Cunha SA. Quantitative analysis of Brazilian football players' organisation on the pitch. Sports Biomech 2012; 11:85-96. [PMID: 22518947 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2011.637123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterise Brazilian teams' coverage area and spread on the pitch while attacking and defending and to analyse the teams' organisation in tackle and shot on goal situations. We obtained the trajectories of 223 players in eight games with a tracking method. Team area was defined as the area of the convex hull formed by players' positions. Team spread was defined as the Frobenius norm of the distance-between-player matrix. We calculated teams' area and spread over time and in situations of shots on goal (n = 233) and tackles (n = 1897). While the players attacked, spread and area (median +/- confidence interval) ranged from 322.9 +/- 0.8 to 387.8 +/- 1.0 m and from 905.4 +/- 4.4 to 1407.6 +/- 5.5 m2, respectively. On defence, the values were smaller (p < 0.05) and ranged from 283.4 +/- 0.9 to 325.8 +/- 0.9 m and from 773.8 +/- 4.6 to 1158.4 +/- 5.5 m2 for the spread and the area. In defending circumstances, the teams presented a greater area and spread when they suffered shots on goal than when the teams performed tackles. In attacking situations, the teams presented a greater area and spread when they suffered tackles than when they performed shots on goal. The results allowed showing the attacking-defending interaction between Brazilian teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Arruda Moura
- Laboratory of Instrumentation for Biomechanics, College of Physical Education, Campinas State University, Campinas, Brazil.
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Carmo AA, Kleiner AFR, Costa PHLD, Barros RML. Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of upper and lower limb motion during gait of post-stroke patients. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:537-45. [PMID: 22473324 PMCID: PMC3854295 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the alterations of arm and leg movements of patients during stroke gait. Joint angles of upper and lower limbs and spatiotemporal variables were evaluated in two groups: hemiparetic group (HG, 14 hemiparetic men, 53 ± 10 years) and control group (CG, 7 able-bodied men, 50 ± 4 years). The statistical analysis was based on the following comparisons (P ≤ 0.05): 1) right versus left sides of CG; 2) affected (AF) versus unaffected (UF) sides of HG; 3) CG versus both the affected and unaffected sides of HG, and 4) an intracycle comparison of the kinematic continuous angular variables between HG and CG. This study showed that the affected upper limb motion in stroke gait was characterized by a decreased range of motion of the glenohumeral (HG: 6.3 ± 4.5, CG: 20.1 ± 8.2) and elbow joints (AF: 8.4 ± 4.4, UF: 15.6 ± 7.6) on the sagittal plane and elbow joint flexion throughout the cycle (AF: 68.2 ± 0.4, CG: 46.8 ± 2.7). The glenohumeral joint presented a higher abduction angle (AF: 14.2 ± 1.6, CG: 11.5 ± 4.0) and a lower external rotation throughout the cycle (AF: 4.6 ± 1.2, CG: 22.0 ± 3.0). The lower limbs showed typical alterations of the stroke gait patterns. Thus, the changes in upper and lower limb motion of stroke gait were identified. The description of upper limb motion in stroke gait is new and complements gait analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Carmo
- Laboratório de Instrumentação para Biomecânica, Faculdade de Educação Física, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, Brasil.
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Comparison of different camera calibration approaches for underwater applications. J Biomech 2012; 45:1112-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Meyer F, Bahr A, Lochmatter T, Borrani F. Wireless GPS-based phase-locked synchronization system for outdoor environment. J Biomech 2012; 45:188-90. [PMID: 22001610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Synchronization of data coming from different sources is of high importance in biomechanics to ensure reliable analyses. This synchronization can either be performed through hardware to obtain perfect matching of data, or post-processed digitally. Hardware synchronization can be achieved using trigger cables connecting different devices in many situations; however, this is often impractical, and sometimes impossible in outdoors situations. The aim of this paper is to describe a wireless system for outdoor use, allowing synchronization of different types of - potentially embedded and moving - devices. In this system, each synchronization device is composed of: (i) a GPS receiver (used as time reference), (ii) a radio transmitter, and (iii) a microcontroller. These components are used to provide synchronized trigger signals at the desired frequency to the measurement device connected. The synchronization devices communicate wirelessly, are very lightweight, battery-operated and thus very easy to set up. They are adaptable to every measurement device equipped with either trigger input or recording channel. The accuracy of the system was validated using an oscilloscope. The mean synchronization error was found to be 0.39 μs and pulses are generated with an accuracy of <2 μs. The system provides synchronization accuracy about two orders of magnitude better than commonly used post-processing methods, and does not suffer from any drift in trigger generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Meyer
- Sport Science Institute, Lausanne University, Switzerland.
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Moraes KJRD, Cunha DAD, Bezerra LÂ, Cunha RAD, Silva HJD. Surface electromyography: proposal of a protocol for cervical muscles. REVISTA CEFAC 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-18462011005000133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: to present a proposal of a surface electromyography evaluation method for cervical muscles specific and detailed protocol, with a standardized collection method of electrical signal in these muscles. METHODS: the researchers took as reference the existing publications about this subject which evidenced a need for standardization, clarity, better reproducibility and greater specificity for the surface electromyography evaluation of the upper trapezium and sternocleidomastoid muscles fibers. The proposal preparation process for the current protocol included the cleaning of the target area, placing the electrodes, required tasks in order to collect and register the electrical signal and interpretation of the electromyography signal parameters. This evaluation method was carried out in 24 healthy volunteers of both genders, with an average age of 26 years. We used the electromyography Miotool 400 with 4 channels. RESULT: an evaluation surface electromyography method for upper trapezium and sternocleidomastoid muscles fibers was developed and tested in order to determine the best form of electrical signal data collection for these muscles. CONCLUSION: we submitted a protocol proposal to evaluate the cervical muscles by a surface electromyography, allowing the healthy professionals and researchers to get more information about this electrical potential evaluation method for the sternocleidomastoid and the upper trapezium muscles fibers. This knowledge will be an adjuvant in a more specific therapy.
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Biancardi CM, Fabrica CG, Polero P, Loss JF, Minetti AE. Biomechanics of octopedal locomotion: kinematic and kinetic analysis of the spider Grammostola mollicoma. J Exp Biol 2011; 214:3433-42. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.057471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Despite the abundance of octapodal species and their evolutionary importance in originating terrestrial locomotion, the locomotion mechanics of spiders has received little attention so far. In this investigation we use inverse dynamics to study the locomotor performance of Grammostola mollicoma (18 g). Through 3-D kinematic measurements, the trajectory of the eight limbs and cephalothorax or abdomen allowed us to estimate the motion of the body centre of mass (COM) at different speeds. Classic mechanics of locomotion and multivariate analysis of several variables such as stride length and frequency, duty factor, mechanical external work and energy recovery, helped to identify two main gaits, a slow (speed <11 cm s–1) one and a fast one characterised by distinctive 3-D trajectories of COM. The total mechanical work (external + internal) calculated in the present study and metabolic data from the literature allowed us to estimate the locomotion efficiency of this species, which was less than 4%. Gait pattern due to alternating limb support, which generates asymmetrical COM trajectories and a small but consistent energy transfer between potential and kinetic energies of COM, is discussed both in terms of coordination indices and by referring to the octopod as formed by two quadrupeds in series. Analogies and differences of the newly obtained parameters with the allometric data and predictions are also illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo M. Biancardi
- Physiomechanics of Locomotion Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - C. Gabriel Fabrica
- Departamento de Biofísica (Unidad de Investigación en Biomecánica de la Locomoción Humana), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Patricia Polero
- Departamento de Biofísica (Unidad de Investigación en Biomecánica de la Locomoción Humana), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jefferson Fagundes Loss
- Esçola de Educación Física (Laboratorio de Pesquisa en el Ejercicio), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua Felizardo 750, Campus Olímpico, 90040-060Porto Alegre/RS
| | - Alberto E. Minetti
- Physiomechanics of Locomotion Laboratory, Department of Human Physiology, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Tremea VW, Gomes LE, Loss JF. Descrição do comportamento da força do kite em relação ao seu posicionamento e ao deslocamento da barra de controle. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIAS DO ESPORTE 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-32892011000300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introdução. No kitesurfing, os velejadores deslocam-se alterando o ângulo de ataque do kite de duas formas: mudando o kite na janela de vento e movimentando a barra de controle. Objetivo. Descrever o comportamento da força do kite em relação ao seu posicionamento e à distância percorrida pela barra de controle. Métodos. Foram utilizados sistemas de videogrametria e dinamometria. Duas situações foram testadas: movimentando o kite na janela de vento e deslocando a barra. Resultados. A força aumentou quando a barra foi abaixada. Movimentando o kite, a zona de força foi definida pela combinação de ângulos verticais menores que 60° com ângulos horizontais menores que 20°. Conclusão. A força aumenta quando a barra é abaixada. O ângulo vertical pode exercer maior influência na força.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lara Elena Gomes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Brasil
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Lodovico A, Cerveri P, Ferrigno G, Barros RM. A novel video-based method using projected light to measure trunk volumes during respiration. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2011; 14:707-13. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2010.493518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Cerveri P, Sarro KJ, Marchente M, Barros RML. Isomap transform for segmenting human body shapes. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2011; 14:783-95. [PMID: 21360362 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2010.495065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Segmentation of the 3D human body is a very challenging problem in applications exploiting volume capture data. Direct clustering in the Euclidean space is usually complex or even unsolvable. This paper presents an original method based on the Isomap (isometric feature mapping) transform of the volume data-set. The 3D articulated posture is mapped by Isomap in the pose of Da Vinci's Vitruvian man. The limbs are unrolled from each other and separated from the trunk and pelvis, and the topology of the human body shape is recovered. In such a configuration, Hoshen-Kopelman clustering applied to concentric spherical shells is used to automatically group points into the labelled principal curves. Shepard interpolation is utilised to back-map points of the principal curves into the original volume space. The experimental results performed on many different postures have proved the validity of the proposed method. Reliability of less than 2 cm and 3° in the location of the joint centres and direction axes of rotations has been obtained, respectively, which qualifies this procedure as a potential tool for markerless motion analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cerveri
- Bioengineering Department , Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
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Proposition and Evaluation of a Novel Method Based on Videogrammetry to Measure Three-Dimensional Rib Motion during Breathing. J Appl Biomech 2009; 25:247-52. [DOI: 10.1123/jab.25.3.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel method based on kinematical analysis is proposed to describe the three-dimensional motion of the ribs during breathing. The three-dimensional coordinates of markers on the ribs and vertebrae were used to calculate the orientation of the ribs as a function of time. A test measured the relative motion between the markers and the ribs using magnetic resonance and the results revealed that the skin motion artifact found for the ribs (absolute mean value 3.9 mm) would induce maximum errors of 4° on rib motion calculation. The method identified a signal coherent with the breathing cycle for the angles of the ribs around the mediolateral axis and was also able to show differences between healthy nonathletes and swimmers, which presented greater angular variation of the ribs (p < .05). In conclusion, this study has shown the reliability of using three-dimensional kinematic analysis to evaluate the movement of the ribs during breathing as well as its potential to identify differences in the behavior of the rib motion in trained swimmers and untrained healthy subjects.
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Christopher GA, Yoon S, Kwon YH. Accuracy of sequential sub-field synchronization of multiple digital camcorders through numerical optimization. Sports Biomech 2008; 7:288-95. [PMID: 18610779 DOI: 10.1080/14763140701841332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of digital camcorders in biomechanical analyses can introduce errors due to inter-camera time offsets. The faster the motion being recorded the greater the error. A sequential synchronization method was developed in this study to achieve sub-field camera synchronization for multiple camcorders through numerical optimization. A recreational golfer performed ten drives while being recorded with four digital camcorders (60-Hz sampling rate). Video signals were sampled at 10,000 Hz to determine the actual inter-camera time offsets. The optimized inter-camera time offsets were computed based on three markers placed on the shaft, each separated by 200 mm. The inter-camera time offset error was computed as the difference between the optimized and actual inter-camera time offsets. The inter-camera time offset error reduced on average from 0.518 to 0.019 fields (1 field = 16.7 ms) or less due to sequential optimization. The optimized global reconstruction errors were less than 19% of the unadjusted values. It was concluded that the ability to synchronize multiple (two or more) cameras using a sequential sub-field optimization strategy promises to extend the use of relatively inexpensive digital camcorders to motions considered too fast for the low field rates of such cameras. The sequential approach presented provides a balance between computation time and reconstruction accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Christopher
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas 76204-5647, USA
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