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Shen WC, Cheng HT, Jan YK, Liau BY, Hsieh CW, Bau JG, Tai CC, Lung CW. Effect of negative pressure therapy on the treatment response to scar thickness and viscoelasticity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1353418. [PMID: 38712331 PMCID: PMC11070486 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1353418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with scars face a grave threat to their mental and physical health. Negative pressure has been used for scar therapy in medical care and provides a microenvironment conducive to scar healing while stimulating cell regeneration. Negative pressure may disrupt scar tissue regeneration when the pressure is too high or too low, so finding a suitable negative pressure is important. We hypothesized that different negative pressure magnitudes would affect scar tissue properties differently. This research aimed to provide practical recommendations for scar therapy. This study used three negative pressures (-105 mmHg, -125 mmHg, and -145 mmHg) to compare scar material properties. We measured scar tissue thickness and viscoelasticity with a motor-driven ultrasound indentation system. According to the results of this study, scar thickness is most effectively reduced at a negative pressure of -105 mmHg. In comparison, scar viscoelasticity continuously increases at a negative pressure of -125 mmHg. Negative pressure therapy can be recommended to scar care clinics based on the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Cheng Shen
- Department of Creative Product Design, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Tang Cheng
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asia University Hospital, Asia University College of Medical and Health Science, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Kuen Jan
- Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ben-Yi Liau
- Department of Automatic Control Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Wei Hsieh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Guo Bau
- Department of Agricultural Technology, National Formosa University, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Cheng Tai
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wen Lung
- Department of Creative Product Design, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Rehabilitation Engineering Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Singh G, Chanda A. Biomechanical modeling of progressive wound healing: A computational study. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2022.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Pond D, McBride A, Davids L, Reddy B, Limbert G. Microstructurally-based constitutive modelling of the skin – Linking intrinsic ageing to microstructural parameters. J Theor Biol 2018; 444:108-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chanda A, Ruchti T, Unnikrishnan V. Computational Modeling of Wound Suture: A Review. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2018; 11:165-176. [DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2018.2804219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Limbert G. Mathematical and computational modelling of skin biophysics: a review. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2017; 473:20170257. [PMID: 28804267 PMCID: PMC5549575 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2017.0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to provide a review on some aspects of the mathematical and computational modelling of skin biophysics, with special focus on constitutive theories based on nonlinear continuum mechanics from elasticity, through anelasticity, including growth, to thermoelasticity. Microstructural and phenomenological approaches combining imaging techniques are also discussed. Finally, recent research applications on skin wrinkles will be presented to highlight the potential of physics-based modelling of skin in tackling global challenges such as ageing of the population and the associated skin degradation, diseases and traumas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Limbert
- National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS), Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Biomechanics and Mechanobiology Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Division, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
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Swain D, Gupta A. Mechanics of cutaneous wound rupture. J Biomech 2016; 49:3722-3730. [PMID: 27765266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A cutaneous wound may rupture during healing as a result of stretching in the skin and incompatibility at the wound-skin interface, among other factors. By treating both wound and skin as hyperelastic membranes, and using a biomechanical framework of interfacial growth, we study rupturing as a problem of cavitation in nonlinear elastic materials. We obtain analytical solutions for deformation and residual stress field in the skin-wound configuration while emphasizing the coupling between wound rupture and wrinkling in the skin. The solutions are analyzed in detail for variations in stretching environment, healing condition, and membrane stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digendranath Swain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Anurag Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India.
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Tjoa T, Manuel CT, Leary RP, Harb R, Protsenko DE, Wong BJF. A Finite Element Model to Simulate Formation of the Inverted-V Deformity. JAMA FACIAL PLAST SU 2016; 18:136-43. [PMID: 26720757 PMCID: PMC5828020 DOI: 10.1001/jamafacial.2015.1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Computational modeling can be used to mimic the forces acting on the nasal framework that lead to the inverted-V deformity (IVD) after surgery and potentially determine long-range outcomes. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the use of the finite element method (FEM) to predict the formation of the IVD after separation of the upper lateral cartilages (ULCs) from the nasal septum. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A computer model of a nose was derived from human computed tomographic data. The septum and upper and lower lateral cartilages were designed to fit within the soft-tissue envelope using computer-aided design software. Mechanical properties were obtained from the literature. The 3 simulations created included (1) partial fusion of the ULCs to the septum, (2) separation of the ULCs from the septum, and (3) a fully connected model to serve as a control. Forces caused by wound healing were prescribed at the junction of the disarticulated ULCs and septum. Using FEM software, equilibrium stress and strain were calculated. Displacement of the soft tissue along the nasal dorsum was measured and evaluated for evidence of morphologic change consistent with the IVD. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES Morphologic changes on the computer models in response to each simulation. RESULTS When a posteroinferior force vector was applied along the nasal dorsum, the areas of highest stress were along the medial edge of the ULCs and at the junction of the ULCs and the nasal bones. With full detachment of ULCs and the dorsal septum, the characteristic IVD was observed. Both separation FEMs produced a peak depression of 0.3 mm along the nasal dorsum. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The FEM can be used to simulate the long-term structural complications of a surgical maneuver in rhinoplasty, such as the IVD. When applied to other rhinoplasty maneuvers, the use of FEMs may be useful to simulate the long-term outcomes, particularly when long-term clinical results are not available. In the future, use of FEMs may simulate rhinoplasty results beyond simply morphing the outer contours of the nose and allow estimation of potentially long-term clinical outcomes that may not be readily apparent. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjoson Tjoa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Boston
| | - Cyrus T Manuel
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine
| | - Ryan P Leary
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine
| | - Rani Harb
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine
| | | | - Brian J F Wong
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine3Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Irvine
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Swain D, Gupta A. Interfacial growth during closure of a cutaneous wound: stress generation and wrinkle formation. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:6499-6508. [PMID: 26186165 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01135c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A biomechanical growth model for the proliferation stage of cutaneous wound healing is developed emphasizing the emergence of stress and wrinkled skin during the healing process. The healing is assumed to be primarily driven by growth at the wound edge (i.e. the interface between the wound and the skin) leading to incompatible growth strains. A closed form solution of the boundary value problem is obtained using a Varga hyperelastic membrane model for both the skin and the wound. The nature of the solution is explored for various parametric values of the skin tension, healing rate, edge incompatibility, wrinkled region radius, and wound stiffness. The obtained results for the stress field, wrinkling, and rate of healing are qualitatively in good agreement with the existing experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digendranath Swain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India.
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Leyva-Mendivil MF, Page A, Bressloff NW, Limbert G. A mechanistic insight into the mechanical role of the stratum corneum during stretching and compression of the skin. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 49:197-219. [PMID: 26042766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study of skin biophysics has largely been driven by consumer goods, biomedical and cosmetic industries which aim to design products that efficiently interact with the skin and/or modify its biophysical properties for health or cosmetic benefits. The skin is a hierarchical biological structure featuring several layers with their own distinct geometry and mechanical properties. Up to now, no computational models of the skin have simultaneously accounted for these geometrical and material characteristics to study their complex biomechanical interactions under particular macroscopic deformation modes. The goal of this study was, therefore, to develop a robust methodology combining histological sections of human skin, image-processing and finite element techniques to address fundamental questions about skin mechanics and, more particularly, about how macroscopic strains are transmitted and modulated through the epidermis and dermis. The work hypothesis was that, as skin deforms under macroscopic loads, the stratum corneum does not experience significant strains but rather folds/unfolds during skin extension/compression. A sample of fresh human mid-back skin was processed for wax histology. Sections were stained and photographed by optical microscopy. The multiple images were stitched together to produce a larger region of interest and segmented to extract the geometry of the stratum corneum, viable epidermis and dermis. From the segmented structures a 2D finite element mesh of the skin composite model was created and geometrically non-linear plane-strain finite element analyses were conducted to study the sensitivity of the model to variations in mechanical properties. The hybrid experimental-computational methodology has offered valuable insights into the simulated mechanics of the skin, and that of the stratum corneum in particular, by providing qualitative and quantitative information on strain magnitude and distribution. Through a complex non-linear interplay, the geometry and mechanical characteristics of the skin layers (and their relative balance), play a critical role in conditioning the skin mechanical response to macroscopic in-plane compression and extension. Topographical features of the skin surface such as furrows were shown to act as an efficient means to deflect, convert and redistribute strain-and so stress-within the stratum corneum, viable epidermis and dermis. Strain reduction and amplification phenomena were also observed and quantified. Despite the small thickness of the stratum corneum, its Young׳s modulus has a significant effect not only on the strain magnitude and directions within the stratum corneum layer but also on those of the underlying layers. This effect is reflected in the deformed shape of the skin surface in simulated compression and extension and is intrinsically linked to the rather complex geometrical characteristics of each skin layer. Moreover, if the Young׳s modulus of the viable epidermis is assumed to be reduced by a factor 12, the area of skin folding is likely to increase under skin compression. These results should be considered in the light of published computational models of the skin which, up to now, have ignored these characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Leyva-Mendivil
- National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS), Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Anton Page
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Neil W Bressloff
- Computational Engineering and Design Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Georges Limbert
- National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS), Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK; Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7935, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Full-field bulge test for planar anisotropic tissues: part II--a thin shell method for determining material parameters and comparison of two distributed fiber modeling approaches. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:5926-42. [PMID: 23220451 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A thin shell method is presented to analyze the results of the bulge test presented in Part I of this paper. The method accounts for the effects of bending, which can be significant for thick tissues inflated from a planar state. We fit two commonly used hyperelastic distributed fiber constitutive models to the stretch-stress resultant data for human skin tissue calculated in Part I from the measured inflation pressure and deformed geometry of the tissue. To validate the method, the resulting parameters were implemented in a specimen-specific finite-element analysis. The method was capable of reproducing the experimentally measured pressure-stretch response of the tissue for a fully integrated distributed fiber model, but not for the pre-integrated distributed fiber models. The parameters obtained for the pre-integrated models significantly underestimated the anisotropic properties of the tissue. The thin shell method presented in this work has been applied to human skin tissues but is sufficiently general to be applied to analyze the inflation response of other planar tissues.
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A mathematical model of the process of ligament repair: effect of cold therapy and mechanical stress. J Theor Biol 2012; 302:53-61. [PMID: 22381538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This article proposes a mathematical model that predicts the wound healing process of the ligament after a sprain, grade II. The model describes the swelling, expression of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), formation and migration of fibroblasts into the injury area and the expression of collagen fibers. Additionally, the model can predict the effect of ice treatment in reducing inflammation and the action of mechanical stress in the process of remodeling of collagen fibers. The results obtained from computer simulation show a high concordance with the clinical data previously reported by other authors.
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Wilkes RP, Kilpad DV, Zhao Y, Kazala R, McNulty A. Closed incision management with negative pressure wound therapy (CIM): biomechanics. Surg Innov 2011; 19:67-75. [PMID: 21868417 DOI: 10.1177/1553350611414920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel closed incision management with negative pressure wound therapy (CIM) has been developed for convenient use with closed incisions that has the potential to be beneficial for patients at risk for postoperative complications. Incisions are typically under lateral tension. This study explored the biomechanical mechanisms by which integrity of the incisional closure is enhanced by CIM. CIM was hypothesized to affect local stresses around closed incisions in a beneficial manner. Finite element analyses (FEA) indicated that application of CIM decreased the lateral stresses ~50% around the incision and changed the direction of the stresses to a distribution that is typical of intact tissue. Bench evaluations corroborated findings that CIM significantly increased the force required to disrupt the closed incision by ~50% as compared with closure alone. In conclusion, using 2 FEAs and bench modeling, CIM was shown to reduce and normalize tissue stresses and bolster appositional forces at the incision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Peyton Wilkes
- Global Research and Development, Kinetic Concepts, Inc, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
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Garzón-Alvarado DA, Cárdenas Sandoval RP, Vanegas Acosta JC. A mathematical model of medial collateral ligament repair: migration, fibroblast proliferation and collagen formation. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2011; 15:571-83. [PMID: 21491258 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2010.550887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The partial rupture of ligament fibres leads to an injury known as grade 2 sprain. Wound healing after injury consists of four general stages: swelling, release of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast migration and proliferation and collagen production. The aim of this paper is to present a mathematical model based on reaction-diffusion equations for describing the repair of the medial collateral ligament when it has suffered a grade 2 sprain. We have used the finite element method to solve the equations of this. The results have simulated the tissue swelling at the time of injury, predicted PDGF influence, the concentration of fibroblasts migrating towards the place of injury and reproduced the random orientation of immature collagen fibres. These results agree with experimental data reported by other authors. The model describes wound healing during the 9 days following such injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Garzón-Alvarado
- Group of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Methods, GNUM-UN, National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Mechanical characterisation of in vivo human skin using a 3D force-sensitive micro-robot and finite element analysis. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2010; 10:27-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-010-0216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Flynn C, McCormack BA. Simulating the wrinkling and aging of skin with a multi-layer finite element model. J Biomech 2010; 43:442-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Evans S. On the implementation of a wrinkling, hyperelastic membrane model for skin and other materials. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2009; 12:319-32. [DOI: 10.1080/10255840802546762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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