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Dong R, Zhu S, Cheng X, Gao X, Wang Z, Wang Y. Study on the biodynamic characteristics and internal vibration behaviors of a seated human body under biomechanical characteristics. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2024; 23:1449-1468. [PMID: 38671153 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-024-01849-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
To provide reference and theoretical guidance for establishing human body dynamics models and studying biomechanical vibration behavior, this study aimed to develop and verify a computational model of a three-dimensional seated human body with detailed anatomical structure under complex biomechanical characteristics to investigate dynamic characteristics and internal vibration behaviors of the human body. Fifty modes of a seated human body were extracted by modal method. The intervertebral disc and head motions under uniaxial white noise excitation (between 0 and 20 Hz at 1.0, 0.5 and 0.5 m/s2 r.m.s. for vertical, fore-aft and lateral direction, respectively) were computed by random response analysis method. It was found that there were many modes of the seated human body in the low-frequency range, and the modes that had a great impact on seated human vibration were mainly distributed below 13 Hz. The responses of different positions of the spine varied greatly under the fore-aft and lateral excitation, but the maximum stress was distributed in the lumbar under different excitations, which could explain why drivers were prone to lower back pain after prolonged driving. Moreover, there was a large vibration coupling between the vertical and fore-aft direction of an upright seated human body, while the vibration couplings between the lateral and other directions were very small. Overall, the study could provide new insights into not only the overall dynamic characteristics of the human body, but also the internal local motion and biomechanical characteristics under different excitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- RuiChun Dong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuai Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Gao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - ZhongLong Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Dong R, Tang S, Cheng X, Wang Z, Zhang P, Wei Z. Influence of foot excitation and shin posture on the vibration behavior of the entire spine inside a seated human body. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2024; 27:1664-1679. [PMID: 37668064 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2023.2252956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to ethical issues and simplification of traditional biomechanical models, experimental methods and traditional computer methods were difficult to quantify the effects of foot excitation and shin posture on vibration behavior of the entire spine inside a seated human body under vertical whole-body vibration. This study developed and verified different three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) models of seated human body with detailed anatomical structure under the biomechanical characteristics to predict vibration behavior of the entire spine inside a seated human body with different foot excitation (with and without vibration) and shin posture (vertical and tilt posture). Random response analysis was performed to study the transmissibility of the entire spine to seat under vertical white noise excitation between 0 and 20 Hz at 0.5 m/s2 r.m.s. The results showed that although the foot excitation could reduce the fore-aft transmissibility in the cervical spine (23% reduction), it could significantly increase that in the lumbar spine (52% increase), which resulted in complex alternating stresses at lumbar spine and made the lumbar spine more vulnerable to injury in long-term vibration environment. Moreover, the shin tilt posture made the maximum fore-aft transmissibility in the lumbar spine move to the upper lumbar spine. The study provided new insights into the influence of foot excitation and shin posture on the vibration behavior of the entire spine inside a seated human body. Foot excitation exposed the lumbar spine to complex alternating stresses and made it more vulnerable to injury in long-term whole body vibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- RuiChun Dong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, P.R. China
| | - ShengJie Tang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, P.R. China
| | - ZongLiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - PeiBiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Wei
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, P.R. China
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Tang SJ, Dong RC, Cheng X, Liu YT, Wang ZL, Zhang PB. Effect of anteroposterior vibration frequency on the risk of lumbar injury in seated individuals. ERGONOMICS 2024:1-13. [PMID: 39150052 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2024.2391591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Few studies investigate the impact of anterior-posterior excitation frequency on the time-domain vibrational response and injury risk of the lumbar spine in seated individuals. Firstly, this study utilised a previously developed finite element model of an upright seated human body on a rigid chair without a backrest to investigate the modes that affect the anterior-posterior vibrations of the seated body. Subsequently, transient dynamic analysis was employed to calculate the lumbar spine's time-domain responses (displacement, stress, and pressure) and risk factors under anteroposterior sinusoidal excitation at varying frequencies (1-8 Hz). Modal analysis suggested the frequencies significantly affecting the lumbar spine's vibration were notably at 4.7 Hz and 5.5 Hz. The transient analysis results and risk factor assessment indicated that the lumbar responses were most pronounced at 5 Hz. In addition, risk factor assessment showed that long-term exposure to 8 Hz vibration was associated with a greater risk of lumbar injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Jie Tang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, PR China
| | - Rui-Chun Dong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, PR China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, PR China
| | - Yi-Tang Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, PR China
| | - Zong-Liang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, PR China
| | - Pei-Biao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, PR China
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Zhu S, Dong R, Liu Z, Liu H, Lu Z, Guo Y. A finite element method study of the effect of vibration on the dynamic biomechanical response of the lumbar spine. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2024; 111:106164. [PMID: 38159326 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2023.106164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies focusing on lumbar spine biomechanics are very limited, and the mechanism of the effect of vibration on lumbar spine biodynamics is unclear. To provide guidance and reference for lumbar spine biodynamics research and vibration safety assessment, this study aims to investigate the effects of different vibrations on lumbar spine biodynamics. METHODS A validated finite element model of the lumbosacral spine was utilized. The model incorporated a 40 kg mass on the upper side and a 400 N follower preload. As a comparison, another model without a coupled mass was also employed. A sinusoidal acceleration with an amplitude of 1 m/s2 and a frequency of 5 Hz was applied to the upper and lower sides of the model respectively. FINDINGS When the coupled mass point is not introduced: in the case of upper-side excitation, the lumbar spine shows a significantly larger response in the x-direction than in the z-direction, while in the case of lower-side excitation, the lumbar spine experiences rigid body displacement in the z-direction without any movement, deformation, rotation, or stress changes in the x-direction. When the coupled mass point is introduced: both upper and lower-side excitations result in significant differences in z-directional displacement, with relatively small differences in vertebral rotation angle, disc deformation, and stress. Under upper excitation, low-frequency oscillations occur in the x-direction. In both types of excitations, the anterior-posterior deformation of the L2-L3 and L4-L5 intervertebral discs is greater than the vertical deformation. The peak (maximum) disc stress exceeds the average stress and stress amplitude across the entire disc. Regardless of the excitation type, the stress distribution within the disc at the moment of peak displacement remains nearly identical, with the maximum stress consistently localized on the anterior side of the L4-L5 disc. INTERPRETATION Accurately simulating lumbar spine biodynamics requires the inclusion of the upper body mass in the lumbosacral spine model. The physiological curvature of the lumbar spine could escalate the risk of lumbar spine vibration injuries. It is more instructive to apply local high stress in the disc as a lumbar spine vibration safety evaluation parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, PR China
| | - RuiChun Dong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, PR China.
| | - Zhong Liu
- Oncology Department, ZiBo Central Hospital, Zibo 255000, PR China
| | - Hong Liu
- Oncology Department, ZiBo Central Hospital, Zibo 255000, PR China
| | - ZhuangQi Lu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, PR China
| | - YunQiang Guo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, PR China
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Mo F, Meng Q, Wu K, Zhang Q, Li K, Liao Z, Zhao H. A neuromuscular human body model for lumbar injury risk analysis in a vibration loading environment. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 232:107442. [PMID: 36905749 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Long-term intensive exposure to whole-body vibration substantially increases the risk of low back pain and degenerative diseases in special occupational groups, like motor vehicle drivers, military vehicle occupants, aircraft pilots, etc. This study aims to establish and validate a neuromuscular human body model focusing on improvement of the detailed description of anatomic structures and neural reflex control, for lumbar injury analysis in vibration loading environments. METHODS A whole-body musculoskeletal in Opensim codes was first improved by including a detailed anatomic description of spinal ligaments, non-linear intervertebral disc, and lumbar facet joints, and coupling a proprioceptive feedback closed-loop control strategy with GTOs and muscle spindles modeling in Python codes. Then, the established neuromuscular model was multi-levelly validated from sub-segments to the whole model, from regular movements to dynamic responses to vibration loadings. Finally, the neuromuscular model was combined with a dynamic model of an armored vehicle to analyze occupant lumbar injury risk in vibration loadings due to different road conditions and traveling velocities. RESULT Based on a series of biomechanical indexes, including lumbar joint rotation angles, the lumbar intervertebral pressures, the displacement of the lumbar segments, and the lumbar muscle activities, the validation results show that the present neuromuscular model is available and feasible in predicting lumbar biomechanical responses in normal daily movement and vibration loading environments. Furthermore, the combined analysis with the armored vehicle model predicted similar lumbar injury risk to the experimental or epidemiologic studies. The preliminary analysis results also showed that road types and travelling velocities have substantial combined effects on lumbar muscle activities, and indicated that intervertebral joint pressure and muscle activity indexes can need to be jointly considered for lumbar injury risk evaluation. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the established neuromuscular model is an effective tool to evaluate vibration loading effects on injury risk of the human body and assist vehicle design vibration comfort by directly concerning the human body injury itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhao Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacture for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Qingnan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacture for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Ke Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacture for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacture for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Kui Li
- Institute for Traffic Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Zhikang Liao
- Institute for Traffic Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Institute for Traffic Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
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Patterson F, Miralami R, Tansey KE, Prabhu RK, Priddy LB. Deleterious effects of whole-body vibration on the spine: A review of in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models. Animal Model Exp Med 2021; 4:77-86. [PMID: 34179716 PMCID: PMC8212824 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational exposure to whole-body vibration is associated with the development of musculoskeletal, neurological, and other ailments. Low back pain and other spine disorders are prevalent among those exposed to whole-body vibration in occupational and military settings. Although standards for limiting exposure to whole-body vibration have been in place for decades, there is a lack of understanding of whole-body vibration-associated risks among safety and healthcare professionals. Consequently, disorders associated with whole-body vibration exposure remain prevalent in the workforce and military. The relationship between whole-body vibration and low back pain in humans has been established largely through cohort studies, for which vibration inputs that lead to symptoms are rarely, if ever, quantified. This gap in knowledge highlights the need for the development of relevant in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models to study such pathologies. The parameters of vibrational stimuli (eg, frequency and direction) play critical roles in such pathologies, but the specific cause-and-effect relationships between whole-body vibration and spinal pathologies remain mostly unknown. This paper provides a summary of whole-body vibration parameters; reviews in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models for spinal pathologies resulting from whole-body vibration; and offers suggestions to address the gaps in translating injury biomechanics data to inform clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folly Patterson
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringMississippi State UniversityMississippi StateMSUSA
- Center for Advanced Vehicular SystemsMississippi State UniversityStarkvilleMSUSA
| | - Raheleh Miralami
- Center for Advanced Vehicular SystemsMississippi State UniversityStarkvilleMSUSA
| | - Keith E. Tansey
- Department of Neurosurgery and NeurobiologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA
- Center for Neuroscience and Neurological RecoveryMethodist Rehabilitation CenterJacksonMSUSA
- Spinal Cord Injury Medicine and Research ServicesG.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA
| | - Raj K. Prabhu
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringMississippi State UniversityMississippi StateMSUSA
- Center for Advanced Vehicular SystemsMississippi State UniversityStarkvilleMSUSA
| | - Lauren B. Priddy
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringMississippi State UniversityMississippi StateMSUSA
- Center for Advanced Vehicular SystemsMississippi State UniversityStarkvilleMSUSA
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Holsgrove TP, Zeeman ME, Welch WC, Winkelstein BA. Pain After Whole-Body Vibration Exposure Is Frequency Dependent and Independent of the Resonant Frequency: Lessons From an In Vivo Rat Model. J Biomech Eng 2020; 142:061005. [PMID: 31513714 DOI: 10.1115/1.4044547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Occupational whole-body vibration (WBV) increases the risk of developing low back and neck pain; yet, there has also been an increased use of therapeutic WBV in recent years. Although the resonant frequency (fr) of the spine decreases as the exposure acceleration increases, effects of varying the vibration profile, including peak-to-peak displacement (sptp), root-mean-squared acceleration (arms), and frequency (f), on pain onset are not known. An established in vivo rat model of WBV was used to characterize the resonance of the spine using sinusoidal sweeps. The relationship between arms and fr was defined and implemented to assess behavioral sensitivity-a proxy for pain. Five groups were subjected to a single 30-min exposure, each with a different vibration profile, and a sham group underwent only anesthesia exposure. The behavioral sensitivity was assessed at baseline and for 7 days following WBV-exposure. Only WBV at 8 Hz induced behavioral sensitivity, and the higher arms exposure at 8 Hz led to a more robust pain response. These results suggest that the development of pain is frequency-dependent, but further research into the mechanisms leading to pain is warranted to fully understand which WBV profiles may be detrimental or beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Holsgrove
- Department of Engineering, University of Exeter, Harrison Building, Streatham Campus, Exeter EX4 4AG, UK
| | - Martha E Zeeman
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33rd Street, Room 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - William C Welch
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Hospital, Washington Square West Building, 235 South 8th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106
| | - Beth A Winkelstein
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33rd Street, Room 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia PA 19104; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Hospital, Washington Square West Building, 235 South 8th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106
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Song S, Lee K, Jung S, Park S, Cho H, Lee G. Effect of Horizontal Whole-Body Vibration Training on Trunk and Lower-Extremity Muscle Tone and Activation, Balance, and Gait in a Child with Cerebral Palsy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2018; 19:1292-1300. [PMID: 30377290 PMCID: PMC6223197 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.910468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Male, 10 Final Diagnosis: Cerebral palsy Symptoms: Movement disorder Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Rehabilitation
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhae Song
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Kyungnam University, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Kyeongbong Lee
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sunhye Jung
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Kyungnam University, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Suho Park
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Kyungnam University, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Hyunrae Cho
- Department of Physical Therapy, Masan University, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Gyuchang Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kyungnam University, Changwon, South Korea
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Spörri J, Kröll J, Fasel B, Aminian K, Müller E. The Use of Body Worn Sensors for Detecting the Vibrations Acting on the Lower Back in Alpine Ski Racing. Front Physiol 2017; 8:522. [PMID: 28775695 PMCID: PMC5517454 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explored the use of body worn sensors to evaluate the vibrations that act on the human body in alpine ski racing from a general and a back overuse injury prevention perspective. In the course of a biomechanical field experiment, six male European Cup-level athletes each performed two runs on a typical giant slalom (GS) and slalom (SL) course, resulting in a total of 192 analyzed turns. Three-dimensional accelerations were measured by six inertial measurement units placed on the right and left shanks, right and left thighs, sacrum, and sternum. Based on these data, power spectral density (PSD; i.e., the signal's power distribution over frequency) was determined for all segments analyzed. Additionally, as a measure expressing the severity of vibration exposure, root-mean-square (RMS) acceleration acting on the lower back was calculated based on the inertial acceleration along the sacrum's longitudinal axis. In both GS and SL skiing, the PSD values of the vibrations acting at the shank were found to be largest for frequencies below 30 Hz. While being transmitted through the body, these vibrations were successively attenuated by the knee and hip joint. At the lower back (i.e., sacrum sensor), PSD values were especially pronounced for frequencies between 4 and 10 Hz, whereas a corresponding comparison between GS and SL revealed higher PSD values and larger RMS values for GS. Because vibrations in this particular range (i.e., 4 to 10 Hz) include the spine's resonant frequency and are known to increase the risk of structural deteriorations/abnormalities of the spine, they may be considered potential components of mechanisms leading to overuse injuries of the back in alpine ski racing. Accordingly, any measure to control and/or reduce such skiing-related vibrations to a minimum should be recognized and applied. In this connection, wearable sensor technologies might help to better monitor and manage the overall back overuse-relevant vibration exposure of athletes in regular training and or competition settings in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Spörri
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of SalzburgHallein-Rif, Austria.,Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Josef Kröll
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of SalzburgHallein-Rif, Austria
| | - Benedikt Fasel
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kamiar Aminian
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erich Müller
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of SalzburgHallein-Rif, Austria
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Influence of different frequencies of axial cyclic loading on time-domain vibration response of the lumbar spine: A finite element study. Comput Biol Med 2017; 86:75-81. [PMID: 28511121 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Very few studies have quantitatively analyzed influence of the loading frequency on time-domain vibration response of the whole lumbar spine in the presence of a physiologic compressive preload. In this study, a three-dimensional non-linear finite element model of ligamentous L1-S1 segment was developed to predict time-domain dynamic response of the whole lumbar spine to axial cyclic loading with different frequencies. A compressive follower preload of 400 N was applied to the model to simulate the physiologic compressive load. Modal analysis was initially performed to extract axial resonant frequency of the model under a 40 kg upper body mass and the 400 N preload. The result showed that the axial resonant frequency was 7.77 Hz. Subsequently, transient dynamic analyses were performed on the model under a sinusoidal axial load of ±40 N at frequencies of 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 Hz with the 400 N preload and 40 kg mass. The computational results (strains and stresses in the spinal components) were collected and plotted as a function of time. These predicted results were found to be frequency-dependent and consistent with the notion in engineering dynamics texts that the closer the loading frequency approaches the resonant frequency, the larger the response is. For example, the results for 5 Hz load compared to 3 Hz load showed a 68.6-111.5% increase in peak-to-bottom variations of the predicted response parameters, and the results for 13 Hz load compared to 11 Hz load showed a 26.4-37.8% decrease in these variations.
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SKRZYPIEC DM, NAGEL K, SELLENSCHLOH K, KLEIN A, PÜSCHEL K, MORLOCK MM, HUBER G. Failure of the human lumbar motion-segments resulting from anterior shear fatigue loading. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2016; 54:308-314. [PMID: 26829975 PMCID: PMC4963543 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2015-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An in-vitro experiment was designed to investigate the mode of failure following shear fatigue loading of lumbar motion-segments. Human male lumbar motion-segments (age 32-42 years, n=6) were immersed in Ringer solution at 37°C and repeatedly loaded, using a modified materials testing machine. Fatigue loading consisted of a sinusoidal shear load from 0 N to 1,500 N (750 N±750 N) applied to the upper vertebra of the motion-segment, at a frequency of 5 Hz. During fatigue experiments, several failure events were observed in the dynamic creep curves. Post-test x-ray, CT and dissection revealed that all specimens had delamination of the intervertebral disc. Anterior shear fatigue predominantly resulted in fracture of the apophyseal processes of the upper vertebrae (n=4). Exposure to the anterior shear fatigue loading caused motion-segment instability and resulted in vertebral slip corresponding to grade I and 'mild' grade II spondylolisthesis, as observed clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. SKRZYPIEC
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, U.K.
- Institute of Biomechanics, TUHH Hamburg University of Technology, Germany
| | - Katrin NAGEL
- Institute of Biomechanics, TUHH Hamburg University of Technology, Germany
| | - Kay SELLENSCHLOH
- Institute of Biomechanics, TUHH Hamburg University of Technology, Germany
| | - Anke KLEIN
- Department of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Klaus PÜSCHEL
- Department of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Michael M. MORLOCK
- Institute of Biomechanics, TUHH Hamburg University of Technology, Germany
| | - Gerd HUBER
- Institute of Biomechanics, TUHH Hamburg University of Technology, Germany
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Microstructural investigation of vibration-induced disruption of the flexed lumbar disc. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to explore micro-level structural damage in motion segments subjected to vibration at subcritical peak loads. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Epidemiological evidence suggests that cumulative whole body vibration may damage the disc and thus play an important role in low back pain. In vitro investigations have produced herniations via cyclic loading (and cyclic with added vibrations as an exacerbating exposure), but offered only limited microstructural analysis. METHODS Twenty-nine healthy mature ovine lumbar motion segments flexed 7° and subjected to vibration loading (1300 ± 500 N) in a sinusoidal waveform at 5 Hz to simulate moderately severe physiologic exposure. Discs were tested either in the range of 20,000 to 48,000 cycles (medium dose) or 70,000 to 120,000 cycles (high dose). Damaged discs were analyzed microstructurally. RESULTS There was no large drop in displacement over the duration of both vibration doses indicating an absence of catastrophic failure in all tests. The tested discs experienced internal damage that included delamination and disruption to the inner and mid-annular layers as well as diffuse tracking of nucleus material, and involved both the posterior and anterior regions. Less frequent tearing between the inner disc and endplate was also observed. Annular distortions also progressed into a more severe form of damage, which included intralamellar tearing and buckling and obvious strain distortion around the bridging elements within the annular wall. CONCLUSION Vibration loading causes delamination and disruption of the inner and mid-annular layers and limited diffuse tracking of nucleus material. These subtle levels of disruption could play a significant role in initiating the degenerative cascade via micro-level disruption leading to cell death and altered nutrient pathways. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5.
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13
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Barrett JM, Gooyers CE, Karakolis T, Callaghan JP. The Impact of Posture on the Mechanical Properties of a Functional Spinal Unit During Cyclic Compressive Loading. J Biomech Eng 2016; 138:2530162. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4033916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To assess how posture affects the transmission of mechanical energy up the spinal column during vibration, 18 porcine functional spinal units (FSUs) were exposed to a sinusoidal force (1500 ± 1200 N) at 5 Hz for 120 min in either a flexed, extended, or neutral posture. Force and FSU height were measured continuously throughout the collection. From these data, specimen height loss, dynamic stiffness, hysteresis, and parameters from a standard linear solid (SLS) model were determined and analyzed for differences between postures. Posture had an influence on all of these parameters. In extension, the FSU had higher dynamic stiffness values than when neutral or flexed (p < 0.0001). In flexion, the FSU had higher hysteresis than both an extended or neutral posture (p < 0.0001). Height loss was greatest in a flexed posture and smallest in an extended posture (p < 0.0001). In extension, the series spring element in the SLS model had a stiffness value higher than both flexed and neutral posture conditions, whereas the stiffness in the parallel spring was the same between extension and neutral (p < 0.01), both higher than in flexion. Viscosity coefficients were highest in extension compared to both flexed and neutral (p < 0.01). Based on these results, it was determined that posture had a significant influence in determining the mechanical properties of the spine when exposed to cyclic compressive loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff M. Barrett
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 6P2, Canada e-mail:
| | - Chad E. Gooyers
- Giffin Koerth Forensic Engineering and Science, 40 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5J 1T1, Canada e-mail:
| | - Thomas Karakolis
- Defence Research and Development Canada, 1133 Sheppard Avenue West, Toronto, ON M3K 2C9, Canada e-mail:
| | - Jack P. Callaghan
- Mem. ASME, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Burt Matthews Hall, Room 3122, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 6P2, Canada e-mail:
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Zeeman ME, Kartha S, Jaumard NV, Baig HA, Stablow AM, Lee J, Guarino BB, Winkelstein BA. Whole-body Vibration at Thoracic Resonance Induces Sustained Pain and Widespread Cervical Neuroinflammation in the Rat. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2015; 473:2936-47. [PMID: 25917423 PMCID: PMC4523525 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-015-4315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole-body vibration (WBV) is associated with back and neck pain in military personnel and civilians. However, the role of vibration frequency and the physiological mechanisms involved in pain symptoms are unknown. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES This study asked the following questions: (1) What is the resonance frequency of the rat spine for WBV along the spinal axis, and how does frequency of WBV alter the extent of spinal compression/extension? (2) Does a single WBV exposure at resonance induce pain that is sustained? (3) Does WBV at resonance alter the protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) response in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG)? (4) Does WBV at resonance alter expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the spinal dorsal horn? (5) Does WBV at resonance alter the spinal neuroimmune responses that regulate pain? METHODS Resonance of the rat (410 ± 34 g, n = 9) was measured by imposing WBV at frequencies from 3 to 15 Hz. Separate groups (317 ± 20 g, n = 10/treatment) underwent WBV at resonance (8 Hz) or at a nonresonant frequency (15 Hz). Behavioral sensitivity was assessed throughout to measure pain, and PKCε in the DRG was quantified as well as spinal CGRP, glial activation, and cytokine levels at Day 14. RESULTS Accelerometer-based thoracic transmissibility peaks at 8 Hz (1.86 ± 0.19) and 9 Hz (1.95 ± 0.19, mean difference [MD] 0.290 ± 0.266, p < 0.03), whereas the video-based thoracic transmissibility peaks at 8 Hz (1.90 ± 0.27), 9 Hz (2.07 ± 0.20), and 10 Hz (1.80 ± 0.25, MD 0.359 ± 0.284, p < 0.01). WBV at 8 Hz produces more cervical extension (0.745 ± 0.582 mm, MD 0.242 ± 0.214, p < 0.03) and compression (0.870 ± 0.676 mm, MD 0.326 ± 0.261, p < 0.02) than 15 Hz (extension, 0.503 ± 0.279 mm; compression, 0.544 ± 0.400 mm). Pain is longer lasting (through Day 14) and more robust (p < 0.01) after WBV at the resonant frequency (8 Hz) compared with 15 Hz WBV. PKCε in the nociceptors of the DRG increases according to the severity of WBV with greatest increases after 8 Hz WBV (p < 0.03). However, spinal CGRP, cytokines, and glial activation are only evident after painful WBV at resonance. CONCLUSIONS WBV at resonance produces long-lasting pain and widespread activation of a host of nociceptive and neuroimmune responses as compared with WBV at a nonresonance condition. Based on this work, future investigations into the temporal and regional neuroimmune response to resonant WBV in both genders would be useful. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although WBV is a major issue affecting the military population, there is little insight about its mechanisms of injury and pain. The neuroimmune responses produced by WBV are similar to other pain states, suggesting that pain from WBV may be mediated by similar mechanisms as other neuropathic pain conditions. This mechanistic insight suggests WBV-induced injury and pain may be tempered by antiinflammatory intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha E. Zeeman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321 USA
| | - Sonia Kartha
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321 USA
| | - Nicolas V. Jaumard
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321 USA
| | - Hassam A. Baig
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321 USA
| | - Alec M. Stablow
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321 USA
| | - Jasmine Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321 USA
| | - Benjamin B. Guarino
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321 USA
| | - Beth A. Winkelstein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321 USA
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Garcia-Mendez Y, Pearlman JL, Boninger ML, Cooper RA. Health risks of vibration exposure to wheelchair users in the community. J Spinal Cord Med 2013; 36:365-75. [PMID: 23820152 PMCID: PMC3758533 DOI: 10.1179/2045772313y.0000000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate whole-body vibration (WBV) exposure to wheelchair (WC) users in their communities and to determine the effect of WC frame type (folding, rigid, and suspension) in reducing WBV transmitted to the person. DESIGN An observational case-control study of the WBV exposure levels among WC users. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-seven WC users, with no pressure sores, 18 years old or older and able to perform independent transfers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES WC users were monitored for 2 weeks to collect WBV exposure, as well as activity levels, by using custom vibration and activity data-loggers. Vibration levels were evaluated using ISO 2631-1 methods. RESULTS All WC users who participated in this study were continuously exposed to WBV levels at the seat that were within and above the health caution zone specified by ISO 2631-1 during their day-to-day activities (0.83 ± 0.17 m/second(2), weighted root-mean-squared acceleration, for 13.07 ± 3.85 hours duration of exposure). WCs with suspension did not attenuate vibration transmitted to WC users (V = 0.180, F(8, 56) = 0.692, P = 0.697). Conclusions WBV exposure to WC users exceeds international standards. Suspension systems need to be improved to reduce vibrations transmitted to the users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Garcia-Mendez
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, VA Rehabilitation Research and Development Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; and Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma el Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Jonathan L. Pearlman
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, VA Rehabilitation Research and Development Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; and VA Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, Center of Excellence in WCs and Related Technology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Correspondence to: Jonathan L. Pearlman, Human Engineering Research Laboratories, VA Pittsburgh Health Care System, 6425 Penn Ave. Suite 400, Pittsburgh, PA 15206.
| | - Michael L. Boninger
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, VA Rehabilitation Research and Development Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Departments of Bioengineering and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; and VA Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, Center of Excellence in WCs and Related Technology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rory A. Cooper
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, VA Rehabilitation Research and Development Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Departments of Bioengineering and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; and VA Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, Center of Excellence in WCs and Related Technology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Crequy S, Chiementin X, Bertucci W. Experimental protocol for the risk assessment in cycling. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2013; 16 Suppl 1:88-9. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2013.815855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Morgado Ramírez DZ, Strike S, Lee RY. Measurement of transmission of vibration through the human spine using skin-mounted inertial sensors. Med Eng Phys 2013; 35:690-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Marini G, Ferguson SJ. Nonlinear numerical analysis of the structural response of the intervertebral disc to impact loading. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2012; 17:1002-11. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2012.731688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Desmoulin GT, Enns-Bray WS, Hewitt CR, Hunter CJ. Multi-unit sustained vibration loading platform for biological tissues: design, validation and experimentation. J Biomech 2012; 46:116-21. [PMID: 23159093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between mechanical inputs and resulting biological tissue structure, composition, and metabolism are critical to detailing the nuances of tissue mechanobiology in both healthy and injured tissues. Developing a model system to test the mechanobiology of tissues ex-vivo is a complex task, as controlling chemical and mechanical boundary layers in-vitro are difficult to replicate. A novel multi-unit vibration loading platform for intervertebral discs was designed and validated with both independent electronic data and experimental loading of 6 bovine intervertebral discs (IVDs) and an equal number of unloaded controls. Sustained vibration was applied using closed-loop positional control of pushrods within four independent bioreactors with circulating phosphate buffered saline. The bioreactors were designed to be modular with removable components allowing for easy cleaning and replacement. The loading regime was chosen to maximize target mRNA expression as reported in previous research. Aggrecan, decorin, and versican mRNA all reported statistically significant increases above control levels. Biglycan, collagen type I and II showed no significant difference from the control group. Further study is required to determine the resulting effect of increased mRNA expressions on long-term disc health. However these results indicate that this research is past the proof of concept stage, supporting future studies of mechanobiology utilizing this new device. The next stage in developing this novel loading platform should consider modifying the tissue grips to explore the effects of different directional loading on different gene expression, and also loading different types of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey T Desmoulin
- Optima Health Solutions International Corporation, Vancouver, BC, KKT International, Canada.
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Numerical techniques were used to study the vibration response of idiopathic scoliosis patients with single thoracic curve. OBJECTIVE To analyze the dynamic characteristics of the idiopathic scoliotic spine under the whole-body vibration condition. The influence of the upper body mass was also studied. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The relationship between the whole-body vibration and the spinal disorders has been investigated using finite element method. However, the dynamic response features of the scoliotic spine to the vibration were poorly understood. METHODS The resonant frequencies of the scoliotic spine and the effects of the body weight were studied using a finite element model described previously. Modal and harmonic analysis was conducted. The amplitudes of 6 fundamental vertebral movements around the long, coronal and sagittal axis were quantified in the frequency range of 1 to 35 Hz. RESULTS The vibration-induced rotation amplitudes of the apex of the thoracic deformity were higher than that of the lumbar segments. The apical vertebrae had the greatest rotation amplitudes at 2 and 8 Hz, and the largest lateral translation amplitudes at 16 Hz. Vibration could cause large lateral flexion amplitudes in the apex of the thoracic deformity. The apical vertebrae had the largest side flexion amplitudes at 6 Hz. Increasing upper body mass could not change resonant frequency of vibration-induced lateral translation and rotation around the long axis of the apical vertebrae. CONCLUSION The scoliotic spine is more sensitive to vibration than the normal spine. For a patient with single thoracic curve, long-term whole-body vibration may do more harm to the thoracic deformity than to the lower lumbar segments. Axial cyclic loads applied to an already deformed spine may cause further rotational and scoliotic deformity. The patients with idiopathic scoliosis are more likely to suffer from vibration-induced spinal disorders than those by normal persons.
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