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Johansson F, Sirat Z, Hebelka H, Brisby H, Nordström F, Lagerstrand K. Non-Invasive Evaluation of Intradiscal Deformation during Axial Loading of the Spine Using Deformation-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Potential Tool for Micro-Instability Measurements. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11164665. [PMID: 36012904 PMCID: PMC9410209 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration alters the structural components of the disc and its mechanical behavior. Understanding this pathophysiological process is of great importance, as it may lead to back pain. However, non-invasive methods to characterize the disc mechanics in vivo are lacking. Here, a potential method for measurements of the intradiscal deformation under stress is presented. The method utilizes a standard MRI protocol, commercial loading equipment, and registration software. The lumbar spine (L1/L2–L5/S1) of 36 human subjects was imaged with and without axial loading of the spine. The resulting images were registered, and changes in the images during the registration were displayed pixel-by-pixel to visualize the internal deformation of the disc. The degeneration grade, disc height, disc angle and tilt angle were determined and correlated with the deformation using multivariate regression analysis. The largest deformation was found at the lower lumbar spine, and differences in regional behaviors between individual discs were found. Weak to moderate correlations between the deformation and different disc characteristics were found, where the degeneration grade and tilt angle were the main contributing factors. To conclude, the image-based method offers a potential tool to study the pathophysiological process of the disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Johansson
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Correspondence:
| | - Zainab Sirat
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hanna Hebelka
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Brisby
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Nordström
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Lagerstrand
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Yang M, Xiang D, Wang S, Liu W. In Vitro Studies for Investigating Creep of Intervertebral Discs under Axial Compression: A Review of Testing Environment and Results. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072500. [PMID: 35407833 PMCID: PMC9000064 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Creep responses of intervertebral discs (IVDs) are essential for spinal biomechanics clarification. Yet, there still lacks a well-recognized investigation protocol for this phenomenon. Current work aims at providing researchers with an overview of the in vitro creep tests reported by previous studies, specifically specimen species, testing environment, loading regimes and major results, based on which a preliminary consensus that may guide future creep studies is proposed. Specimens used in creep studies can be simplified as a “bone–disc–bone” structure where three mathematical models can be adopted for describing IVDs’ responses. The preload of 10–50 N for 30 min or three cycles followed by 4 h-creep under constant compression is recommended for ex vivo simulation of physiological condition of long-time sitting or lying. It is worth noticing that species of specimens, environment temperature and humidity all have influences on biomechanical behaviors, and thus are summarized and compared through the literature review. All factors should be carefully set according to a guideline before tests are conducted to urge comparable results across studies. To this end, this review also provides a guideline, as mentioned before, and specific steps that might facilitate the community of biomechanics to obtain more repeatable and comparable results from both natural specimens and novel biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Biomechanics and Biotechnology Lab, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Dingding Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Song Wang
- Biomechanics and Biotechnology Lab, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (W.L.)
| | - Weiqiang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Biomechanics and Biotechnology Lab, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (W.L.)
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Ben-Abraham EI, Chen J, Felmlee JP, Rossman P, Manduca A, An KN, Ehman RL. Feasibility of MR elastography of the intervertebral disc. Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 39:132-137. [PMID: 26743429 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2015.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) is a costly and widely prevalent health disorder in the U.S. One of the most common causes of LBP is degenerative disc disease (DDD). There are many imaging techniques to characterize disc degeneration; however, there is no way to directly assess the material properties of the intervertebral disc (IVD) within the intact spine. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is an MRI-based technique for non-invasively mapping the mechanical properties of tissues in vivo. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using MRE to detect shear wave propagation in and determine the shear stiffness of an axial cross-section of an ex vivo baboon IVD, and compare with shear displacements from a finite element model of an IVD motion segment in response to harmonic shear vibration. MRE was performed on two baboon lumbar spine motion segments (L3-L4) with the posterior elements removed at a range of frequencies (1000-1500Hz) using a standard clinical 1.5T MR scanner. Propagating waves were visualized in an axial cross-section of the baboon IVDs in all three motion-encoding directions, which resembled wave patterns predicted using finite element modeling. The baboon nucleus pulposus showed an average shear stiffness of 79±15kPa at 1000Hz. These results suggest that MRE is capable of visualizing shear wave propagation in the IVD, assessing the stiffness of the nucleus of the IVD, and can differentiate the nucleus and annulus regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephraim I Ben-Abraham
- Mayo Graduate School, Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Track, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Joel P Felmlee
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Phil Rossman
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Armando Manduca
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Kai-Nan An
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Richard L Ehman
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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Yoder JH, Peloquin JM, Song G, Tustison NJ, Moon SM, Wright AC, Vresilovic EJ, Gee JC, Elliott DM. Internal three-dimensional strains in human intervertebral discs under axial compression quantified noninvasively by magnetic resonance imaging and image registration. J Biomech Eng 2015; 136:1897007. [PMID: 25109533 DOI: 10.1115/1.4028250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Study objectives were to develop, validate, and apply a method to measure three-dimensional (3D) internal strains in intact human discs under axial compression. A custom-built loading device applied compression and permitted load-relaxation outside of the magnet while also maintaining compression and hydration during imaging. Strain was measured through registration of 300 μm isotropic resolution images. Excellent registration accuracy was achieved, with 94% and 65% overlap of disc volume and lamellae compared to manual segmentation, and an average Hausdorff, a measure of distance error, of 0.03 and 0.12 mm for disc volume and lamellae boundaries, respectively. Strain maps enabled qualitative visualization and quantitative regional annulus fibrosus (AF) strain analysis. Axial and circumferential strains were highest in the lateral AF and lowest in the anterior and posterior AF. Radial strains were lowest in the lateral AF, but highly variable. Overall, this study provided new methods that will be valuable in the design and evaluation surgical procedures and therapeutic interventions.
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Freutel M, Seitz AM, Galbusera F, Bornstedt A, Rasche V, Knothe Tate ML, Ignatius A, Dürselen L. Medial meniscal displacement and strain in three dimensions under compressive loads: MR assessment. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 40:1181-8. [PMID: 24323799 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the 3D displacement and the local strain of the medial meniscus and its attachments under compressive loading. MATERIALS AND METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of six porcine knee joints were performed under unloaded and loaded conditions (100% and 200% body weight [BW]). Volumes were registered to obtain a 3D displacement field of the medial meniscus and its attachments, which were divided into five anatomic compartments. Finally, displacements of the center of mass of each compartment and the local strain were analyzed. RESULTS The meniscus and its attachments significantly displaced by up to 2.6 ± 1.2 mm (P < 0.01) under knee joint loads of 200% BW. An increase of 0.9 mm in the distance between posterior and anterior horn (P < 0.001) was observed. The meniscus and its attachment showed an average radial stretch of 0.6%, an average circumferential stretch of 0.9%, and an average axial compression of 11.6% at 200% BW. CONCLUSION High-resolution MRI was successfully combined with image registration to investigate the displacement and strain of the meniscus and its attachments under compression. The results of this study contribute to the basic understanding of meniscal movement which may impact the design of meniscal implants and the validation of finite element models in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Freutel
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Centre of Musculoskeletal Research, Ulm, University of Ulm, Germany
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