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Cronin DS, Watson B, Khor F, Gierczycka D, Malcolm S. Cortical bone continuum damage mechanics constitutive model with stress triaxiality criterion to predict fracture initiation and pattern. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1022506. [PMID: 36324891 PMCID: PMC9618659 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1022506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A primary objective of finite element human body models (HBMs) is to predict response and injury risk in impact scenarios, including cortical bone fracture initiation, fracture pattern, and the potential to simulate post-fracture injury to underlying soft tissues. Current HBMs have been challenged to predict the onset of failure and bone fracture patterns owing to the use of simplified failure criteria. In the present study, a continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model, incorporating observed mechanical response (orthotropy, asymmetry, damage), was coupled to a novel phenomenological effective strain fracture criterion based on stress triaxiality and investigated to predict cortical bone response under different modes of loading. Three loading cases were assessed: a coupon level notched shear test, whole bone femur three-point bending, and whole bone femur axial torsion. The proposed material model and fracture criterion were able to predict both the fracture initiation and location, and the fracture pattern for whole bone and specimen level tests, within the variability of the reported experiments. There was a dependence of fracture threshold on finite element mesh size, where higher mesh density produced similar but more refined fracture patterns compared to coarser meshes. Importantly, the model was functional, accurate, and numerically stable even for relatively coarse mesh sizes used in contemporary HBMs. The proposed model and novel fracture criterion enable prediction of fracture initiation and resulting fracture pattern in cortical bone such that post-fracture response can be investigated in HBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. S Cronin
- Department of MME, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: D. S Cronin,
| | - B Watson
- Department of MME, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - F Khor
- Department of MME, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - D Gierczycka
- Department of MME, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - S Malcolm
- Honda Development and Manufacturing of America, Raymond, OH, United States
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2
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Fleps I, Morgan EF. A Review of CT-Based Fracture Risk Assessment with Finite Element Modeling and Machine Learning. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:309-319. [PMID: 36048316 PMCID: PMC10941185 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00743-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We reviewed advances over the past 3 years in assessment of fracture risk based on CT scans, considering methods that use finite element models, machine learning, or a combination of both. RECENT FINDINGS Several studies have demonstrated that CT-based assessment of fracture risk, using finite element modeling or biomarkers derived from machine learning, is equivalent to currently used clinical tools. Phantomless calibration of CT scans for bone mineral density enables accurate measurements from routinely taken scans. This opportunistic use of CT scans for fracture risk assessment is facilitated by high-quality automated segmentation with deep learning, enabling workflows that do not require user intervention. Modeling of more realistic and diverse loading conditions, as well as improved modeling of fracture mechanisms, has shown promise to enhance our understanding of fracture processes and improve the assessment of fracture risk beyond the performance of current clinical tools. CT-based screening for fracture risk is effective and, by analyzing scans that were taken for other indications, could be used to expand the pool of people screened, therefore improving fracture prevention. Finite element modeling and machine learning both provide valuable tools for fracture risk assessment. Future approaches should focus on including more loading-related aspects of fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingmar Fleps
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, USA.
| | - Elise F Morgan
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Rezaei A, Tilton M, Li Y, Yaszemski MJ, Lu L. Single-level subject-specific finite element model can predict fracture outcomes in three-level spine segments under different loading rates. Comput Biol Med 2021; 137:104833. [PMID: 34534795 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis-related vertebral compression fracture can occur under normal physiological activities. Bone metastasis is another source of vertebral fracture. Different loading rates, either high-energy traumas such as falls or low-energy traumas under normal physiological activities, can result in different fracture outcomes. The aim of the current study was to develop a quantitative computed tomography-based finite element analysis (QCT/FEA) technique for single vertebral bodies to predict fracture strength of three-level spine segments. Developed QCT/FEA technique was also used to characterize vertebral elastic moduli at two loading rates of 5 mm/min, representing a physiologic loading condition, and 12000 mm/min, representing a high-energy trauma. To this end, a cohort of human spine segments divided into three groups of intact, defect, and augmented were mechanically tested to fracture; then, experimental stiffness and fracture strength values were measured. Outcomes of this study showed no significant difference between the elastic modulus equations at the two testing speeds. Areal bone mineral density measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA/BMD) explained only 53% variability (R2 = 0.53) in fracture strength outcomes. However, QCT/FEA could explain 70% of the variability (R2 = 0.70) in experimentally measured fracture strength values. Adding disk degeneration grading, testing speed, and sex to QCT/FEA-estimated fracture strength values further increased the performance of our statistical model by 14% (adjusted R2 of 0.84 between the prediction and experimental fracture forces). In summary, our results indicated that a single-vertebra model, which is computationally less expensive and more time efficient, is capable of estimating fracture outcomes with acceptable performance (range: 70-84%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Rezaei
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Maryam Tilton
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael J Yaszemski
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lichun Lu
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Martelli S, Giorgi M, Dall' Ara E, Perilli E. Damage tolerance and toughness of elderly human femora. Acta Biomater 2021; 123:167-177. [PMID: 33454384 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Observations of elastic instability of trabecular bone cores supported the analysis of cortical thickness for predicting bone fragility of the hip in people over 60 years of age. Here, we falsified the hypothesis that elastic instability causes minimal energy fracture by analyzing, with a micrometric resolution, the deformation and fracture behavior of entire femora. Femur specimens were obtained from elderly women aged between 66 - 80 years. Microstructural images of the proximal femur were obtained under 3 - 5 progressively increased loading steps and after fracture. Bone displacements, strain, load bearing and energy absorption capacity were analyzed. Elastic instability of the cortex appeared at early loading stages in regions of peak compression. No elastic instability of trabecular bone was observed. The subchondral bone displayed local crushing in compression at early loading steps and progressed to 8 - 16% compression before fracture. The energy absorption capacity was proportional to the displacement. Stiffness decreased to near-zero values before fracture. Three-fourth of the fracture energy (10.2 - 20.2 J) was dissipated in the final 25% force increment. Fracture occurred in regions of peak tension and shear, adjacent to the location of peak compression, appearing immediately before fracture. Minimal permanent deformation was visible along the fracture surface. Elastic instability modulates the interaction between cortical and trabecular bone promoting an elastically stable fracture behavior of the femur organ, load bearing capacity, toughness, and damage tolerance. These findings will advance current methods for predicting hip fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Martelli
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Medical Device Research Institute, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide SA, Australia.
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism and Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Certara QSP, Certara UK Limited, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Enrico Dall' Ara
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism and Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Egon Perilli
- Medical Device Research Institute, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide SA, Australia
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Sabet FA, Koric S, Idkaidek A, Jasiuk I. High-Performance Computing Comparison of Implicit and Explicit Nonlinear Finite Element Simulations of Trabecular Bone. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 200:105870. [PMID: 33280935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Finite element models built from micro-computed tomography scans have become a powerful tool to investigate the mechanical properties of trabecular bone. There are two types of solving algorithms in the finite element method: implicit and explicit. Both of these methods have been utilized to study the trabecular bone. However, an investigation comparing the results obtained using the implicit and explicit solvers is lacking. Thus, in this paper, we contrast implicit and explicit procedures by analyzing trabecular bone samples as a case study. METHODS Micro-computed tomography-based finite element analysis of trabecular bone under a direct quasi-static compression was done using implicit and explicit methods. The differences in the predictions of mechanical properties and computational time of the two methods were studied using high-performance computing. RESULTS Our findings indicate that the results using implicit and explicit solvers are well comparable, given that similar problem set up is carefully utilized. Also, the parallel scalability of the two methods was similar, while the explicit solver performed about five times faster than the implicit method. Along with faster performance, the explicit method utilized significantly less memory for the analysis, which shows another benefit of using an explicit solver for this case study. CONCLUSIONS The comparison of the implicit and explicit methods for the simulation of trabecular bone samples should be highly valuable to the bone modeling community and researchers studying complex cellular and architectured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh A Sabet
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Seid Koric
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ashraf Idkaidek
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Iwona Jasiuk
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Alexander SL, Weerasooriya T. Implementation and validation of finite element model of skull deformation and failure response during uniaxial compression. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 115:104302. [PMID: 33476873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Numerical studies aimed at evaluating head injury due to externally applied loading can be made more biofidelic by incorporating nonlinear mechanism-based and microstructurally-inspired material models representing the mechanical response and fracture (failure or injury) of the human skull bone. Thus, incorporation of these mechanism-based models would increase the ability of simulations of mechanical impact to identify more realistic fracture-based injuries at clinical relevancy, such as linear (tensile), depressed (compressive), or penetration (shear). One of the challenges for accurate modeling of the mechanical response of the human skull is the intricate location dependent heterogeneous mesostructural arrangement of bone within the structure of the skull. Recently, a power-law relationship between the localized bone volume fraction (BVF) and modulus (E) within the human skull was developed based on quasi-static compression experiments. However, the parameters of the power-law were optimized and obtained using approximations which were not experimentally or computationally validated for the actual heterogeneous 3D bone structure. Here, a hybrid experimental-modeling-computational (HEMC) based concept was used to develop a microstructurally compatible detailed meso-scale finite element (FE) model of the heterogeneous microstructure of one of the human skull bone coupons previously used to derive the E-BVF relationship. Finite elements were mapped to the corresponding regions from microcomputed tomography images, and the BVF of each element was identified. Then, element-specific moduli were calculated from the E-BVF power relationship. The goal of the simulations was twofold: to assess the assumptions used to derive the E-BVF relationship from the linear regime of the experimental response, and also to model the subsequent deviation from linearity. Using the E-BVF relationship, the 3D simulation was able to match the experimentally measured global modulus to within 3%. After validating the E-BVF power law using the initial linear response, to develop and validate failure models, the following steps were completed. The subsequent deviation of the mechanical response from its initial linearity was assumed to be due to failure of elements either by compression or tension. Elemental microstructure-specific compressive and tensile failure thresholds (σf) for each element were modeled by BVF (fBV) power functional relationships of the form: [Formula: see text] MPa. The initial leading coefficients (σf,0) for compression and tension were derived from prior reported experimental work. Through incorporating element-level failure and then iterating the leading coefficients, the simulation was able to represent the nonlinearity of the stress-strain curve and its catastrophic failure in the experiment. Evolution of the measured non-uniform full-strain-fields on two surfaces of the coupon, showing the localized regions of failure, was compared between experiment and simulation, and was approximately similar, thus validating the developed HEMC procedure and failure models. The simulation methodology developed here allowed for identification of failure location within the skull coupon specimen, thereby providing a tool to predict the localized failure (fracture or injury) initiation within the human skull in FE simulations at larger length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tusit Weerasooriya
- Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005, USA.
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Falcinelli C, Whyne C. Image-based finite-element modeling of the human femur. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2020; 23:1138-1161. [PMID: 32657148 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1789863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fracture is considered a critical clinical endpoint in skeletal pathologies including osteoporosis and bone metastases. However, current clinical guidelines are limited with respect to identifying cases at high risk of fracture, as they do not account for many mechanical determinants that contribute to bone fracture. Improving fracture risk assessment is an important area of research with clear clinical relevance. Patient-specific numerical musculoskeletal models generated from diagnostic images are widely used in biomechanics research and may provide the foundation for clinical tools used to quantify fracture risk. However, prior to clinical translation, in vitro validation of predictions generated from such numerical models is necessary. Despite adopting radically different models, in vitro validation of image-based finite element (FE) models of the proximal femur (predicting strains and failure loads) have shown very similar, encouraging levels of accuracy. The accuracy of such in vitro models has motivated their application to clinical studies of osteoporotic and metastatic fractures. Such models have demonstrated promising but heterogeneous results, which may be explained by the lack of a uniform strategy with respect to FE modeling of the human femur. This review aims to critically discuss the state of the art of image-based femoral FE modeling strategies, highlighting principal features and differences among current approaches. Quantitative results are also reported with respect to the level of accuracy achieved from in vitro evaluations and clinical applications and are used to motivate the adoption of a standardized approach/workflow for image-based FE modeling of the femur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Falcinelli
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cari Whyne
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
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Keaveny TM, Clarke BL, Cosman F, Orwoll ES, Siris ES, Khosla S, Bouxsein ML. Biomechanical Computed Tomography analysis (BCT) for clinical assessment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2020; 31:1025-1048. [PMID: 32335687 PMCID: PMC7237403 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05384-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The surgeon general of the USA defines osteoporosis as "a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength, predisposing to an increased risk of fracture." Measuring bone strength, Biomechanical Computed Tomography analysis (BCT), namely, finite element analysis of a patient's clinical-resolution computed tomography (CT) scan, is now available in the USA as a Medicare screening benefit for osteoporosis diagnostic testing. Helping to address under-diagnosis of osteoporosis, BCT can be applied "opportunistically" to most existing CT scans that include the spine or hip regions and were previously obtained for an unrelated medical indication. For the BCT test, no modifications are required to standard clinical CT imaging protocols. The analysis provides measurements of bone strength as well as a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-equivalent bone mineral density (BMD) T-score at the hip and a volumetric BMD of trabecular bone at the spine. Based on both the bone strength and BMD measurements, a physician can identify osteoporosis and assess fracture risk (high, increased, not increased), without needing confirmation by DXA. To help introduce BCT to clinicians and health care professionals, we describe in this review the currently available clinical implementation of the test (VirtuOst), its application for managing patients, and the underlying supporting evidence; we also discuss its main limitations and how its results can be interpreted clinically. Together, this body of evidence supports BCT as an accurate and convenient diagnostic test for osteoporosis in both sexes, particularly when used opportunistically for patients already with CT. Biomechanical Computed Tomography analysis (BCT) uses a patient's CT scan to measure both bone strength and bone mineral density at the hip or spine. Performing at least as well as DXA for both diagnosing osteoporosis and assessing fracture risk, BCT is particularly well-suited to "opportunistic" use for the patient without a recent DXA who is undergoing or has previously undergone CT testing (including hip or spine regions) for an unrelated medical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Keaveny
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - B L Clarke
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - F Cosman
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - E S Orwoll
- Bone and Mineral Unit, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - E S Siris
- Toni Stabile Osteoporosis Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Khosla
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M L Bouxsein
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Jazinizadeh F, Mohammadi H, Quenneville CE. Comparing the fracture limits of the proximal femur under impact and quasi-static conditions in simulation of a sideways fall. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 103:103593. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Bouxsein ML, Zysset P, Glüer CC, McClung M, Biver E, Pierroz DD, Ferrari SL. Perspectives on the non-invasive evaluation of femoral strength in the assessment of hip fracture risk. Osteoporos Int 2020; 31:393-408. [PMID: 31900541 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-019-05195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We reviewed the experimental and clinical evidence that hip bone strength estimated by BMD and/or finite element analysis (FEA) reflects the actual strength of the proximal femur and is associated with hip fracture risk and its changes upon treatment. INTRODUCTION The risk of hip fractures increases exponentially with age due to a progressive loss of bone mass, deterioration of bone structure, and increased incidence of falls. Areal bone mineral density (aBMD), measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), is the most used surrogate marker of bone strength. However, age-related declines in bone strength exceed those of aBMD, and the majority of fractures occur in those who are not identified as osteoporotic by BMD testing. With hip fracture incidence increasing worldwide, the development of accurate methods to estimate bone strength in vivo would be very useful to predict the risk of hip fracture and to monitor the effects of osteoporosis therapies. METHODS We reviewed experimental and clinical evidence regarding the association between aBMD and/orCT-finite element analysis (FEA) estimated femoral strength and hip fracture risk as well as their changes with treatment. RESULTS Femoral aBMD and bone strength estimates by CT-FEA explain a large proportion of femoral strength ex vivo and predict hip fracture risk in vivo. Changes in femoral aBMD are strongly associated with anti-fracture efficacy of osteoporosis treatments, though comparable data for FEA are currently not available. CONCLUSIONS Hip aBMD and estimated femoral strength are good predictors of fracture risk and could potentially be used as surrogate endpoints for fracture in clinical trials. Further improvements of FEA may be achieved by incorporating trabecular orientations, enhanced cortical modeling, effects of aging on bone tissue ductility, and multiple sideway fall loading conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Zysset
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C C Glüer
- Section of Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - M McClung
- Oregon Osteoporosis Center, Portland, OR, USA
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - E Biver
- Division of Bone Disease, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - D D Pierroz
- International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF), Nyon, Switzerland
| | - S L Ferrari
- Division of Bone Disease, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
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11
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QU AILI, WANG DONGMEI, WANG FANG, WANG QIU. EFFECT OF MATERIAL MODEL SELECTION ON LATERAL IMPACT SIMULATIONS OF PELVIC COMPLEX. J MECH MED BIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519419400323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Material mechanical behavior plays an important role in pelvic complex simulation under lateral impact. Aiming to investigate effects of material model selection on the responses of lateral impact simulations, a seating pelvic complex model was constructed. The model was subjected to a series of impacts at velocity of 3–10[Formula: see text]m/s, and two material models were, respectively, assigned to the pelvic bone to evaluate the accuracy of the simulation. The results showed that the pelvic response and fracture pattern with plastic–elastic material model agreed well with the literature, while linear elastic material model was dissatisfied factory, especially the pelvic response at low velocity deviated from most cadaveric test data. In addition, drastic change of arterial pressure was responsible for hemorrhages associated with pelvic fracture. Ligament loading sequence verified that the posterior pelvic ring bore the greatest amount of load during the impact. Based on the above findings, we concluded that a plastic–elastic with strain rate effect material model can improve the simulation accuracy of pelvic complex under lateral impact, and pelvic fracture pattern may help to estimate the parameters’ selection in impact simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- AILI QU
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxi 750021, P. R. China
| | - DONGMEI WANG
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - FANG WANG
- Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, P. R. China
| | - QIU’GEN WANG
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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12
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Altai Z, Qasim M, Li X, Viceconti M. The effect of boundary and loading conditions on patient classification using finite element predicted risk of fracture. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2019; 68:137-143. [PMID: 31202100 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporotic proximal femoral fractures associated to falls are a major health burden in the ageing society. Recently, bone strength estimated by finite element models emerged as a feasible alternative to areal bone mineral density as a predictor of fracture risk. However, previous studies showed that the accuracy of patients' classification under their risk of fracture using finite element strength when simulating posterolateral falls is only marginally better than that of areal bone mineral density. Patients tend to fall in various directions: since the predicted strength is sensitive to the fall direction, a prediction based on certain fall directions might not be fully representative of the physical event. Hence, side fall boundary conditions may not be completely representing the physical event. METHODS The effect of different side fall boundary and loading conditions on a retrospective cohort of 98 postmenopausal women was evaluated to test models' ability to discriminate fracture and control cases. Three different boundary conditions (Linear, Multi-point constraints and Contact model) were investigated under various anterolateral and posterolateral falls. FINDINGS The stratification power estimated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was highest for Contact model (0.82), followed by Multi-point constraints and Linear models with 0.80. Both Contact and MPC models predicted high strains in various locations of the proximal femur including the greater trochanter, which has rarely reported previously. INTERPRETATION A full range of fall directions and less restrictive displacement constraints can improve the finite element strength ability to classify patients under their risk of fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Altai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care, Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK
| | - Xinshan Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Marco Viceconti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Italy; Laboratorio di Tecnologia Medica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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13
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Fleps I, Fung A, Guy P, Ferguson SJ, Helgason B, Cripton PA. Subject-specific ex vivo simulations for hip fracture risk assessment in sideways falls. Bone 2019; 125:36-45. [PMID: 31071479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The risk of hip fracture of a patient due to a fall can be described from a mechanical perspective as the capacity of the femur to withstand the force that it experiences in the event of a fall. So far, impact forces acting on the lateral aspect of the pelvic region and femur strength have been investigated separately. This study used inertia-driven cadaveric impact experiments that mimic falls to the side from standing in order to evaluate the subject-specific force applied to the hip during impact and the fracture outcome in the same experimental model. Eleven fresh-frozen pelvis-femur constructs (6 female, 5 male, age = 77 years (SD = 13 years), BMI = 22.8 kg/m2 (SD = 7.8 kg/m2), total hip aBMD = 0.734 g/cm2 (SD = 0.149 g/cm2)), were embedded into soft tissue surrogate material that matched subject-specific mass and body shape. The specimens were attached to metallic lower-limb constructions with subject-specific masses and subjected to an inverted pendulum motion. Impact forces were recorded with a 6-axis force plate at 10,000 Hz and three dimensional deflections in the pelvic region were tracked with two high-speed cameras at 5000 Hz. Of the 11 specimens, 5 femur fractures and 3 pelvis fractures were observed. Three specimens did not fracture. aBMD alone did not reliably separate femur fractures from non-fractures. However, a mechanical risk ratio, which was calculated as the impact force divided by aBMD, classified specimens reliably into femur fractures and non-fractures. Single degree of freedom models, based on specimen kinetics, were able to predict subject-specific peak impact forces (RMSE = 2.55% for non-fractures). This study provides direct evidence relating subject-specific impact forces and subject-specific strength estimates and improves the assessment of the mechanical risk of hip fracture for a specific femur/pelvis combination in a sideways fall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingmar Fleps
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Orthopaedics and Injury Biomechanics Group, Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedics and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Anita Fung
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Orthopaedics and Injury Biomechanics Group, Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedics and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Pierre Guy
- Division of Orthopaedic Trauma, Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | - Peter A Cripton
- Orthopaedics and Injury Biomechanics Group, Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedics and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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14
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Marco M, Giner E, Caeiro-Rey JR, Miguélez MH, Larraínzar-Garijo R. Numerical modelling of hip fracture patterns in human femur. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 173:67-75. [PMID: 31046997 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Hip fracture morphology is an important factor determining the ulterior surgical repair and treatment, because of the dependence of the treatment on fracture morphology. Although numerical modelling can be a valuable tool for fracture prediction, the simulation of femur fracture is not simple due to the complexity of bone architecture and the numerical techniques required for simulation of crack propagation. Numerical models assuming homogeneous fracture mechanical properties commonly fail in the prediction of fracture patterns. This paper focuses on the prediction of femur fracture based on the development of a finite element model able to simulate the generation of long crack paths. METHODS The finite element model developed in this work demonstrates the capability of predicting fracture patterns under stance loading configuration, allowing the distinction between the main fracture paths: intracapsular and extracapsular fractures. It is worth noting the prediction of different fracture patterns for the same loading conditions, as observed during experimental tests. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The internal distribution of bone mineral density and femur geometry strongly influences the femur fracture morphology and fracture load. Experimental fracture paths have been analysed by means of micro-computed tomography allowing the comparison of predicted and experimental crack surfaces, confirming the good accuracy of the numerical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Marco
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. de la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eugenio Giner
- CIIM-Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Ramón Caeiro-Rey
- Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology Service, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa de Ramón Baltar, s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - M Henar Miguélez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. de la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Larraínzar-Garijo
- Orthopaedics and Trauma Department, Surgery Department, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Enns-Bray WS, Bahaloo H, Fleps I, Pauchard Y, Taghizadeh E, Sigurdsson S, Aspelund T, Büchler P, Harris T, Gudnason V, Ferguson SJ, Pálsson H, Helgason B. Biofidelic finite element models for accurately classifying hip fracture in a retrospective clinical study of elderly women from the AGES Reykjavik cohort. Bone 2019; 120:25-37. [PMID: 30240961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical retrospective studies have only reported limited improvements in hip fracture classification accuracy using finite element (FE) models compared to conventional areal bone mineral density (aBMD) measurements. A possible explanation is that state-of-the-art quasi-static models do not estimate patient-specific loads. A novel FE modeling technique was developed to improve the biofidelity of simulated impact loading from sideways falling. This included surrogate models of the pelvis, lower extremities, and soft tissue that were morphed based on subject anthropometrics. Hip fracture prediction models based on aBMD and FE measurements were compared in a retrospective study of 254 elderly female subjects from the AGES-Reykjavik study. Subject fragility ratio (FR) was defined as the ratio between the ultimate forces of paired biofidelic models, one with linear elastic and the other with non-linear stress-strain relationships in the proximal femur. The expected end-point value (EEV) was defined as the FR weighted by the probability of one sideways fall over five years, based on self-reported fall frequency at baseline. The change in maximum volumetric strain (ΔMVS) on the surface of the femoral neck was calculated between time of ultimate femur force and 90% post-ultimate force in order to assess the extent of tensile tissue damage present in non-linear models. After age-adjusted logistic regression, the area under the receiver-operator curve (AUC) was highest for ΔMVS (0.72), followed by FR (0.71), aBMD (0.70), and EEV (0.67), however the differences between FEA and aBMD based prediction models were not deemed statistically significant. When subjects with no history of falling were excluded from the analysis, thus artificially assuming that falls were known a priori with no uncertainty, a statistically significant difference in AUC was detected between ΔMVS (0.85), and aBMD (0.74). Multivariable linear regression suggested that the variance in maximum elastic femur force was best explained by femoral head radius, pelvis width, and soft tissue thickness (R2 = 0.79; RMSE = 0.46 kN; p < 0.005). Weighting the hip fracture prediction models based on self-reported fall frequency did not improve the models' sensitivity, however excluding non-fallers lead to significant differences between aBMD and FE based models. These findings suggest that an accurate assessment of fall probability is necessary for accurately identifying individuals predisposed to hip fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Enns-Bray
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - H Bahaloo
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - I Fleps
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Y Pauchard
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - E Taghizadeh
- Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - S Sigurdsson
- The Icelandic Heart Association Research Institute, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - T Aspelund
- The Icelandic Heart Association Research Institute, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - P Büchler
- Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - T Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - V Gudnason
- The Icelandic Heart Association Research Institute, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - S J Ferguson
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - H Pálsson
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - B Helgason
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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16
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Fleps I, Enns-Bray WS, Guy P, Ferguson SJ, Cripton PA, Helgason B. On the internal reaction forces, energy absorption, and fracture in the hip during simulated sideways fall impact. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200952. [PMID: 30114192 PMCID: PMC6095517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of hip fractures have been reported to occur as a result of a fall with impact to the greater trochanter of the femur. Recently, we developed a novel cadaveric pendulum-based hip impact model and tested two cadaveric femur-pelvis constructs, embedded in a soft tissue surrogate. The outcome was a femoral neck fracture in a male specimen while a female specimen had no fracture. The aim of the present study was, first, to develop a methodology for constructing and assessing the accuracy of explicit Finite Element Models (FEMs) for simulation of sideways falls to the hip based on the experimental model. Second, to use the FEMs for quantifying the internal reaction forces and energy absorption in the hip during impact. Third, to assess the potential of the FEMs in terms of separating a femoral fracture endpoint from a non-fracture endpoint. Using a non-linear, strain rate dependent, and heterogeneous material mapping strategy for bone tissue in these models, we found the FEM-derived results to closely match the experimental test results in terms of impact forces and displacements of pelvic video markers up to the time of peak impact force with errors below 10%. We found the internal reaction forces in the femoral neck on the impact side to be approximately 35% lower than the impact force measured between soft tissue and ground for both specimens. In addition, we found the soft tissue to be the component that absorbed the largest part of the energy of the tissue types in the hip region. Finally, we found surface strain patterns derived from FEM results to match the fracture location and extent based on post testing x-rays of the specimens. This is the first study with quantitative data on the energy absorption in the pelvic region during a sideways fall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingmar Fleps
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Pierre Guy
- Division of Orthopaedic Trauma, Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Peter A. Cripton
- Orthopaedics and Injury Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedics and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Benedikt Helgason
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
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17
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Martelli S, Perilli E. Time-elapsed synchrotron-light microstructural imaging of femoral neck fracture. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 84:265-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Fleps I, Vuille M, Melnyk A, Ferguson SJ, Guy P, Helgason B, Cripton PA. A novel sideways fall simulator to study hip fractures ex vivo. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201096. [PMID: 30040858 PMCID: PMC6057661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Falls to the side are the leading cause of hip fractures in the elderly. The load that a person experiences during a fall cannot be measured with volunteers for ethical reasons. To evaluate injurious loads, while considering relevant energy input and body posture for a sideways fall, a subject-specific cadaveric impact experiment was developed. Full cadaveric femur-pelvis constructs (N = 2) were embedded in surrogate soft tissue material and attached to metallic surrogate lower limbs. The specimens were then subjected to an inverted pendulum motion, simulating a fall to the side with an impact to the greater trochanter. The load at the ground and the deformation of the pelvis were evaluated using a 6-axis force transducer and two high-speed cameras. Post-test, a trauma surgeon (PG) evaluated specimen injuries. Peak ground contact forces were 7132 N and 5641 N for the fractured and non-fractured specimen, respectively. We observed a cervical fracture of the femur in one specimen and no injuries in a second specimen, showing that the developed protocol can be used to differentiate between specimens at high and low fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingmar Fleps
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Muriel Vuille
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Melnyk
- Orthopaedics and Injury Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedics and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Pierre Guy
- Division of Orthopaedic Trauma, Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Benedikt Helgason
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Peter A. Cripton
- Orthopaedics and Injury Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedics and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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19
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Enns-Bray WS, Ferguson SJ, Helgason B. Strain rate dependency of bovine trabecular bone under impact loading at sideways fall velocity. J Biomech 2018; 75:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Tang T, Cripton PA, Guy P, McKay HA, Wang R. Clinical hip fracture is accompanied by compression induced failure in the superior cortex of the femoral neck. Bone 2018; 108:121-131. [PMID: 29277713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hip fractures pose a major health problem throughout the world due to their devastating impact. Current theories for why these injuries are so prevalent in the elderly point to an increased propensity to fall and decreases in bone mass with ageing. However, the fracture mechanisms, particularly the stress and strain conditions leading to bone failure at the hip remain unclear. Here, we directly examined the cortical bone from clinical intra-capsular hip fractures at a microscopic level, and found strong evidence of compression induced failure in the superior cortex. A total of 143 sections obtained from 24 femoral neck samples that were retrieved from 24 fracturing patients at surgery were examined using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) after fluorescein staining. The stained microcracks showed significantly higher density in the superior cortex than in the inferior cortex, indicating a greater magnitude of strain in the superior femoral neck during the failure-associated deformation and fracture process. The predominant stress state for each section was reconstructed based on the unique correlation between the microcrack pattern and the stress state. Specifically, we found clear evidence of longitudinal compression and buckling as the primary failure mechanisms in the superior cortex. These findings demonstrate the importance of microcrack analysis in studying clinical hip fractures, and point to the central role of the superior cortex failure as an important aspect of the failure initiation in clinical intra-capsular hip fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengteng Tang
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Peter A Cripton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, BC, Canada; International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pierre Guy
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Heather A McKay
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rizhi Wang
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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21
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Enns-Bray W, Bahaloo H, Fleps I, Ariza O, Gilchrist S, Widmer R, Guy P, Pálsson H, Ferguson S, Cripton P, Helgason B. Material mapping strategy to improve the predicted response of the proximal femur to a sideways fall impact. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 78:196-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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On the Failure Initiation in the Proximal Human Femur Under Simulated Sideways Fall. Ann Biomed Eng 2017; 46:270-283. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-017-1952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Nasiri Sarvi M, Luo Y. Sideways fall-induced impact force and its effect on hip fracture risk: a review. Osteoporos Int 2017; 28:2759-2780. [PMID: 28730547 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-4138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Osteoporotic hip fracture, mostly induced in falls among the elderly, is a major health burden over the world. The impact force applied to the hip is an important factor in determining the risk of hip fracture. However, biomechanical researches have yielded conflicting conclusions about whether the fall-induced impact force can be accurately predicted by the available models. It also has been debated whether or not the effect of impact force has been considered appropriately in hip fracture risk assessment tools. This study aimed to provide a state-of-the-art review of the available methods for predicting the impact force, investigate their strengths/limitations, and suggest further improvements in modeling of human body falling. METHODS We divided the effective parameters on impact force to two categories: (1) the parameters that can be determined subject-specifically and (2) the parameters that may significantly vary from fall to fall for an individual and cannot be considered subject-specifically. RESULTS The parameters in the first category can be investigated in human body fall experiments. Video capture of real-life falls was reported as a valuable method to investigate the parameters in the second category that significantly affect the impact force and cannot be determined in human body fall experiments. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of the gathered data revealed that there is a need to develop modified biomechanical models for more accurate prediction of the impact force and appropriately adopt them in hip fracture risk assessment tools in order to achieve a better precision in identifying high-risk patients. Graphical abstract Impact force to the hip induced in sideways falls is affected by many parameters and may remarkably vary from subject to subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nasiri Sarvi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5V6, Canada.
- AI Incorporated, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Y Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5V6, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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24
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Dragomir-Daescu D, Rezaei A, Rossman T, Uthamaraj S, Entwistle R, McEligot S, Lambert V, Giambini H, Jasiuk I, Yaszemski MJ, Lu L. Method and Instrumented Fixture for Femoral Fracture Testing in a Sideways Fall-on-the-Hip Position. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28872111 DOI: 10.3791/54928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical testing of femora brings valuable insights into understanding the contribution of clinically-measureable variables such as bone mineral density distribution and geometry on the femoral mechanical properties. Currently, there is no standard protocol for mechanical testing of such geometrically complex bones to measure strength, and stiffness. To address this gap we have developed a protocol to test cadaveric femora to fracture and to measure their biomechanical parameters. This protocol describes a set of adaptable fixtures to accommodate the various load magnitudes and directions accounting for possible bone orientations in a fall on the hip configuration, test speed, bone size, and left leg-right leg variations. The femora were prepared for testing by cleaning, cutting, scanning, and potting the distal end and greater trochanter contact surfaces in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as presented in a different protocol. The prepared specimens were placed in the testing fixture in a position mimicking a sideways fall on the hip and loaded to fracture. During testing, two load cells measured vertical forces applied to the femoral head and greater trochanter, a six-axis load cell measured forces and moments at the distal femoral shaft, and a displacement sensor measured differential displacement between the femoral head and trochanter contact supports. High speed video cameras were used to synchronously record the sequence of fracture events during testing. The reduction of this data allowed us to characterize the strength, stiffness, and fracture energy for nearly 200 osteoporotic, osteopenic, and normal cadaveric femora for further development of engineering-based diagnostic tools for osteoporosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Dragomir-Daescu
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic; Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic;
| | - Asghar Rezaei
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic; Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Iwona Jasiuk
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | | | - Lichun Lu
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic
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25
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Abe S, Narra N, Nikander R, Hyttinen J, Kouhia R, Sievänen H. Exercise loading history and femoral neck strength in a sideways fall: A three-dimensional finite element modeling study. Bone 2016; 92:9-17. [PMID: 27477004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Over 90% of hip fractures are caused by falls. Due to a fall-induced impact on the greater trochanter, the posterior part of the thin superolateral cortex of the femoral neck is known to experience the highest stress, making it a fracture-prone region. Cortical geometry of the proximal femur, in turn, reflects a mechanically appropriate form with respect to habitual exercise loading. In this finite element (FE) modeling study, we investigated whether specific exercise loading history is associated with femoral neck structural strength and estimated fall-induced stresses along the femoral neck. One hundred and eleven three-dimensional (3D) proximal femur FE models for a sideways falling situation were constructed from magnetic resonance (MR) images of 91 female athletes (aged 24.7±6.1years, >8years competitive career) and 20 non-competitive habitually active women (aged 23.7±3.8years) that served as a control group. The athletes were divided into five distinct groups based on the typical loading pattern of their sports: high-impact (H-I: triple-jumpers and high-jumpers), odd-impact (O-I: soccer and squash players), high-magnitude (H-M: power-lifters), repetitive-impact (R-I: endurance runners), and repetitive non-impact (R-NI: swimmers). The von Mises stresses obtained from the FE models were used to estimate mean fall-induced stresses in eight anatomical octants of the cortical bone cross-sections at the proximal, middle, and distal sites along the femoral neck axis. Significantly (p<0.05) lower stresses compared to the control group were observed: the H-I group - in the superoposterior (10%) and posterior (19%) octants at the middle site, and in the superoposterior (13%) and posterior (22%) octants at the distal site; the O-I group - in the superior (16%), superoposterior (16%), and posterior (12%) octants at the middle site, and in the superoposterior (14%) octant at the distal site; the H-M group - in the superior (13%) and superoposterior (15%) octants at the middle site, and a trend (p=0.07, 9%) in the superoposterior octant at the distal site; the R-I group - in the superior (14%), superoposterior (23%) and posterior (22%) octants at the middle site, and in the superoposterior (19%) and posterior (20%) octants at the distal site. The R-NI group did not differ significantly from the control group. These results suggest that exercise loading history comprising various impacts in particular is associated with a stronger femoral neck in a falling situation and may have potential to reduce hip fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Abe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Systems, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Nathaniel Narra
- Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, BioMediTech, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Riku Nikander
- Gerontology Research Center, Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland; GeroCenter Foundation for Aging Research and Development, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Hyttinen
- Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, BioMediTech, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Reijo Kouhia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Systems, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Harri Sievänen
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland.
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26
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Nasiri M, Luo Y. Study of sex differences in the association between hip fracture risk and body parameters by DXA-based biomechanical modeling. Bone 2016; 90:90-8. [PMID: 27292653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is controversy about whether or not body parameters affect hip fracture in men and women in the same way. In addition, although bone mineral density (BMD) is currently the most important single discriminator of hip fracture, it is unclear if BMD alone is equally effective for men and women. The objective of this study was to quantify and compare the associations of hip fracture risk with BMD and body parameters in men and women using our recently developed two-level biomechanical model that combines a whole-body dynamics model with a proximal-femur finite element model. Sideways fall induced impact force of 130 Chinese clinical cases, including 50 males and 80 females, were determined by subject-specific dynamics modeling. Then, a DXA-based finite element model was used to simulate the femur bone under the fall-induced loading conditions and calculate the hip fracture risk. Body weight, body height, body mass index, trochanteric soft tissue thickness, and hip bone mineral density were determined for each subject and their associations with impact force and hip fracture risk were quantified. Results showed that the association between impact force and hip fracture risk was not strong enough in both men (r=-0.31,p<0.05) and women (r=0.42,p<0.001) to consider the force as a sole indicator of hip fracture risk. The correlation between hip BMD and hip fracture risk in men (r=-0.83,p<0.001) was notably stronger than that in women (r=-0.68,p<0.001). Increased body mass index was not a protective factor against hip fracture in men (r=-0.13,p>0.05), but it can be considered as a protective factor among women (r=-0.28,p<0.05). In contrast to men, trochanteric soft tissue thickness can be considered as a protective factor against hip fracture in women (r=-0.50,p<0.001). This study suggested that the biomechanical risk/protective factors for hip fracture are sex-specific. Therefore, the effect of body parameters should be considered differently for men and women in hip fracture risk assessment tools. These findings support further exploration of sex-specific preventive and protective measurements to reduce the incidence of hip fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Nasiri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yunhua Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Canada.
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Le Pense S, Chen Y. Contribution of fluid in bone extravascular matrix to strain-rate dependent stiffening of bone tissue - A poroelastic study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 65:90-101. [PMID: 27569757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporotic fractures represent an increasing cost to society, and its diagnosis methods based on bone density still lack accuracy in identifying risk of fracture. This is why a better understanding of mechanical behavior of bone tissue is of importance, especially when it comes to relating experimental observations to realistic physiological fall loading conditions. This study aims at exploring the stiffening effect of pore fluid in bone extravascular matrix subject to high strain rate loading that is more realistic to simulate a physiological fall. A computational approach is used, where bone tissue microstructure extracted from micro-CT images is modeled using finite elements. The solid phase of bone tissue is modeled as a poroelastic material, a porous matrix filled with fluid. When the extravascular matrix experiences certain volumetric deformation, the fluid in pores presents load carrying capacity, which consequently varies the apparent stiffness of bone tissue. It is shown that effects of fluid stiffening in bone can be significant, depending on the chosen material properties, the amount of volumetric strain in tissue and the loading rate with respect to hydraulic conductivity and drainage conditions. It is also shown that such stiffening effect is influenced by bone microstructure, and is more significant in cortical bone than in trabecular bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solenn Le Pense
- Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Yuhang Chen
- Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
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Nonlinear quasi-static finite element simulations predict in vitro strength of human proximal femora assessed in a dynamic sideways fall setup. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 57:116-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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