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Ibrahim CRM, Sameh A, Askar O. A finite element analysis study on different angle correction designs for inclined implants in All-On-Four protocol. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:331. [PMID: 38481220 PMCID: PMC10938696 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to investigate, through finite element analysis (FEA), the biomechanical behavior of the built-in angle corrected dental implant versus implant with angled multiunit abutment used in All-On-Four treatment protocol. METHODS Two (3D) finite element models of a simplified edentulous mandible were constructed with two different posterior implant designs based on the All-On-Four protocol. Four implants were placed in each model, the two anterior implants were positioned vertically at the lateral incisor/canine sites. Depending on the implant fixture design in posterior area, there are two models created; Model I; the mandible was rehabilitated with four co-axis (4 mm in diameter × 15 mm in length) implants with distally built-in angle corrected implants (24-degree angle correction) .While Model II, the mandible was rehabilitated with four conventional (4 mm in diameter × 14 mm in length) implants with a distally inclined posterior implants (25 degree) and angled multiunit abutments. CAD software (Solidworks© 2017; Dassault Systems Solidworks Corp) was used to model the desired geometry. Axial and inclined Loads were applied on the two models. A Finite element analysis study was done using an efficient software ANSYS© with specified materials. The resultant equivalent Von-Misses stresses (VMS), maximum principal stresses and deformation analysis were calculated for each part (implants and prosthetic components). RESULTS When applying axial and non-axial forces, model II (angled multiunit model) showed higher deformation on the level of Ti mesh about 13.286 μm and higher VMS 246.68 MPa than model I (angle corrected implant). Model I exhibited higher maximum stresses 107.83 MPa than Model II 94.988 MPa but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Within the limitation of the FEA study, although angle correcting implant design is showing higher values in maximum principle stresses compared with angled multiunit abutments, model deformation and resultant VMS increased with angled multiunit abutments. The angle correcting designs at implant level have more promising results in terms of deformation and VMS distribution than angle correction at abutment level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Sameh
- Production Engineering and Mechanical Design Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Eldakahlia, Egypt
| | - Osama Askar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Eldakahlia, Egypt
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Ganesh T, Scully J, Walker MP, Petrie CS. Biomechanical Evaluation of Mandibular Overdentures Supported by Mini-Implants: A Finite Element Analysis. J MECH MED BIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519422500543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Hu J, Gundry M, Zheng K, Zhong J, Hourigan P, Meakin JR, Winlove CP, Toms AD, Knapp KM, Chen J. The biomechanics of metaphyseal cone augmentation in revision knee replacement. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 131:105233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Solakoğlu Ö, Ofluoğlu D, Schwarzenbach H, Heydecke G, Reißmann D, Ergun S, Götz W. A 3-year prospective randomized clinical trial of alveolar bone crest response and clinical parameters through 1, 2, and 3 years of clinical function of implants placed 4 months after alveolar ridge preservation using two different allogeneic bone-grafting materials. Int J Implant Dent 2022; 8:5. [PMID: 35102440 PMCID: PMC8804085 DOI: 10.1186/s40729-022-00402-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to longitudinally evaluate changes in alveolar bone crest (ABC) levels and differences in resorption rates (RR) between the tested grafting materials following alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) after tooth extraction after 1, 2, and 3 years (T1–T8) of clinical function.
Methods Patients were randomly assigned to two different bone allografts (group 1 maxgraft®, group 2 Puros®) for ARP. Non-restorable teeth were minimal traumatically extracted. Sockets were augmented with the tested materials and covered with a pericardium membrane. After 4 months of healing, 36 implants were placed and sites were clinically and radiographically monitored in the mesial (ABC-M), the distal (ABC-D, T1–T8), the bucco-lingual (ABC-BL), buccal (ABC-B) and oral (ABC-O) aspect (T1–T4). Results Changes in (ABC-M), (ABC-D), (ABC-BL), (ABC-B), and (ABC-O) levels showed statistically highly significant differences between T1 and T2 for both bone allografts (p < 0.001). Changes at the ABC-M and ABC-BL levels between T2 and T3 of group 1 showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). Both groups achieved and maintained increased ABC levels without statistically significant differences throughout the monitoring periods of 1–3 years (T6–T8) of clinical function. No failures or adverse events were observed. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this study is within its limitations the first study to directly compare ABC-changes and differences in RR of two different allogeneic grafting materials for a period of 3 years after ARP. It was demonstrated to be, despite significant differences in RR, a successful method of preserving increased ABC levels through 1, 2, and 3 years of clinical function. Trial registration DRKS00013010, registered 07/30/2018, http://apps.who.int/trialsearch
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Affiliation(s)
- Önder Solakoğlu
- Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany. .,Specialty Dental Practice Limited to Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Duygu Ofluoğlu
- Department of Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Heidi Schwarzenbach
- Institute of Tumor Biology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Heydecke
- Department of Prosthodontics Dental, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Reißmann
- Department of Prosthodontics Dental, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sertan Ergun
- Department of Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Werner Götz
- Laboratory for Oral Biologic Basic Science, Department of Orthodontics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Bone Remodeling Following Mandibular Reconstruction using Fibula Free Flap. J Biomech 2022; 133:110968. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.110968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Paras A, Ma S, Waddell JN, Choi JJE. Real-time in vitro measurement of denture-mucosa pressure distribution in a typical edentulous patient with and without implants: Development of a methodology. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 119:104531. [PMID: 33894527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure the pressure distribution on the oral mucosa in vitro by comparing the pressure distributions under a complete denture and that of an implant overdenture. MATERIALS AND METHOD Anatomically accurate models and conventional Class I complete denture (CD) were produced and subjected to cyclic loading using a 100 N vertical centric and unilateral masticatory load with the universal testing machine (Instron 3369). Four miniature pressure sensors were positioned at four different locations in the intaglio surface of the denture and recorded pressure at 100 Hz frequency measured during a 10-cycle load at 1 Hz. Testing was repeated in different clinical combinations; CD vs. single implant overdentures (1-IOD), CD vs. two, three and four implant overdentures (2-IOD, 3-IOD vs. 4-IOD). The pressure profile (kPa) of complete dentures were measured and compared to the implant overdenture combinations. Collected data was statically analysed using SPSS and one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS The highest mean pressure was observed in CD group, with the mean mandible buccal ridge pressure value of 212.82 kPa ± 136.9 due to its surface area. There were no statistically significant differences between the group combinations (p = 0.146) but between various locations in the mean pressure recorded across the five denture/overdenture combinations. CONCLUSION CD experienced large pressure values on mandibular denture. 1-IOD demonstrated the most pressure in comparison to CD where with an increase in the number of implants used, it transformed the denture from being pure-borne mucosa to an implant overdenture, providing support and distributing the pressure amongst the implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Paras
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sunyoung Ma
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - John Neil Waddell
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joanne Jung Eun Choi
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Mechanical Evaluation of Implant-Assisted Removable Partial Dentures in Kennedy Class I Patients: Finite Element Design Considerations. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11020659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this work was to construct a clinically valid numerical model of a mandibular Kennedy class I patient rehabilitated with a conventional removable partial denture and another two with implant-assisted removable partial dentures at two different implant locations. The selected patient was classified as ASA I and its mandible geometry reconstruction was performed by the conversion of the Cone-Beam computed Tomography (CBCT) scan raw medical data into a 3D model and subsequent conversion to a CAD file by reverse engineering methods. The soft tissue and removable denture geometries were also included in the CAD model as well as implants, ball attachments and matrix. Moreover, periodontal ligament was modelled by offsetting the mesh of the root surface of each tooth. The finite element results showed that the installation of a dental implant in each of the bilateral edentulous regions helps providing support and retention to the extension bases of the Removable Partial Denture (RPD) and significantly reduces the vertical and anterior-posterior displacements, regardless of its position.
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Khalid T, Yunus N, Ibrahim N, Saleh NBM, Goode D, Masood M. Assessment of masticatory function of mandibular implant-supported overdenture wearers: A 3-year prospective study. J Prosthet Dent 2020; 124:674-681. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Karimi Dastgerdi A, Rouhi G, Dehghan MM, Farzad-Mohajeri S, Barikani HR. Linear Momenta Transferred to the Dental Implant-Bone and Natural Tooth-PDL-Bone Constructs Under Impact Loading: A Comparative in-vitro and in-silico Study. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:544. [PMID: 32596223 PMCID: PMC7303479 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During dental trauma, periodontal ligament (PDL) contributes to the stability of the tooth-PDL-bone structure. When a dental implant is inserted into the bone, the dental implant-bone construct will be more prone to mechanical damage, caused by impact loading, than the tooth-PDL-bone construct. In spite of the prevalence of such traumas, the behavioral differences between these two constructs have not been well-understood yet. The main goal of this study was to compare the momentum transferred to the tooth-PDL-bone and dental implant-bone constructs under impact loading. First, mechanical impact tests were performed on six canine mandibles of intact (N = 3) and implanted (N = 3) specimens using a custom-made drop tower apparatus, from release heights of 1, 2, and 3 cm. Next, computed tomography-based finite element models were developed for both constructs, and the transferred momenta were calculated. The experimental results indicated that, for the release heights of 1, 2, and 3 cm, the linear momenta transferred to the dental implant-bone construct were 33.1, 31.0, and 27.5% greater than those of the tooth-PDL-bone construct, respectively. Moreover, results of finite element simulations were in agreement with those of the experimental tests (error <7.5%). This work tried to elucidate the effects of impact loading on the dental implant-bone and tooth-PDL-bone constructs using both in-vitro tests and validated in-silico simulations. The findings can be employed to modify design of the current generation of dental implants, based on the lessons one can take from the biomechanical behavior of a natural tooth structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gholamreza Rouhi
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Dehghan
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Reza Barikani
- Dental Implant Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Cavalcante DDFB, Pereira AC, Cavalcanti YW, Probst LF, Ambrosano GMB. Overdentures as an alternative to conventional dentures: a micro-costing analysis for Public Health Service in Brazil. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2020; 26:3335-3344. [PMID: 34378720 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232021268.10002020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate cost and compatibility with public financial incentives of two technologies for treating the edentulous mandible: lower complete dentures (CD) and overdentures retained by two dental implants (OD). This study consisted of a partial economic evaluation, with a micro-costing bottom-up approach for the calculation of direct costs. The estimates involved the number of consultations, proportion of materials, equipment, instruments' lifetime, and human resources, described in the price panel website of the Ministry of Economy in Brazil. Complementary information was obtained from a panel of experts. A sensitivity analysis was based on 20% variation. The estimated cost of a CD was R$ 189.89 (base scenario), and this varied between R$ 151.91 and R$ 227.89 according to sensibility analysis. The cost of an OD was R$ 663.05 (ranging from R$ 795.66 to R$ 530.44 - 1US=R$ 3.80/July 2019). The Ministry of Health covers appropriately the costs of the CD and OD. Both technologies showed costs that are within the limits of financial public incentives obtained by municipalities. The technologies are economically viable and should be induced through public policies due to their positive impacts on several functional domains of health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Carlos Pereira
- Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Av. Limeira 901, Areião. 13414-903 Piracicaba SP Brasil.
| | - Yuri Wanderley Cavalcanti
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Odontologia Clínica e Social, Universidade Federal da Paraíba. João Pessoa PB Brasil
| | - Livia Fernandes Probst
- Unidade Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde (UATS), Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (HAOC) São Paulo SP Brasil
| | - Gláucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano
- Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Av. Limeira 901, Areião. 13414-903 Piracicaba SP Brasil.
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Zheng K, Yoda N, Chen J, Liao Z, Zhong J, Koyama S, Peck C, Swain M, Sasaki K, Li Q. Effects of buccal thickness augmentation on bone remodeling after maxillary anterior implantation. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 19:133-145. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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12
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Zhong J, Chen J, Weinkamer R, Darendeliler MA, Swain MV, Sue A, Zheng K, Li Q. In vivo effects of different orthodontic loading on root resorption and correlation with mechanobiological stimulus in periodontal ligament. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190108. [PMID: 31039696 PMCID: PMC6544889 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic root resorption is a common side effect of orthodontic therapy. It has been shown that high hydrostatic pressure in the periodontal ligament (PDL) generated by orthodontic forces will trigger recruitment of odontoclasts, leaving resorption craters on root surfaces. The patterns of resorption craters are the traces of odontoclast activity. This study aimed to investigate resorptive patterns by: (i) quantifying spatial root resorption under two different levels of in vivo orthodontic loadings using microCT imaging techniques and (ii) correlating the spatial distribution pattern of resorption craters with the induced mechanobiological stimulus field in PDL through nonlinear finite-element analysis (FEA) in silico. Results indicated that the heavy force led to a larger total resorption volume than the light force, mainly by presenting greater individual crater volumes ( p < 0.001) than increasing crater numbers, suggesting that increased mechano-stimulus predominantly boosted cellular resorption activity rather than recruiting more odontoclasts. Furthermore, buccal-cervical and lingual-apical regions in both groups were found to have significantly larger resorption volumes than other regions ( p < 0.005). These clinical observations are complemented by the FEA results, suggesting that root resorption was more likely to occur when the volume average compressive hydrostatic pressure exceeded the capillary blood pressure (4.7 kPa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiao Zhong
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Junning Chen
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Richard Weinkamer
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - M. Ali Darendeliler
- Faculty of Dentistry, Discipline of Orthodontics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael V. Swain
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Dentistry, Discipline of Orthodontics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrian Sue
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Keke Zheng
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Qing Li
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Use of finite element analysis for the assessment of biomechanical factors related to pain sensation beneath complete dentures during mastication. J Prosthet Dent 2018; 120:934-941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Pisani MX, Presotto AGC, Mesquita MF, Barão VAR, Kemmoku DT, Del Bel Cury AA. Biomechanical behavior of 2-implant– and single-implant–retained mandibular overdentures with conventional or mini implants. J Prosthet Dent 2018; 120:421-430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Alsrouji MS, Ahmad R, Abdul Razak NH, Shuib S, Kuntjoro W, Baba NZ. Premaxilla Stress Distribution and Bone Resorption Induced by Implant Overdenture and Conventional Denture. J Prosthodont 2018; 28:e764-e770. [PMID: 30044033 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To relate the principal stress, strain, and total deformation in the premaxilla region beneath a complete denture to the pattern of premaxilla bone resorption when opposed by a conventional complete denture (CD) or by a two-implant-retained overdenture (IOD) using finite element analysis (FEA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Three-dimensional solid models of the maxilla, mucosa, and denture of a selected edentulous patient were created using Mimics and CATIA software. The FEA model was created and duplicated in ANSYS 16.0 to perform two simulations for the IOD and the CD models. The values of maximum stress and strain and total deformation were obtained and compared to the outcomes of premaxilla resorption from a parallel clinical study. RESULTS The maximum principal stress in the premaxilla in the IOD model ranged from 0.019 to 0.336 MPa, while it ranged from 0.011 to 0.193 MPa in the CD model. The maximum principal strain in the IOD model was 1.75 times greater than that in the CD model. Total deformation was 1.8 times higher in the IOD model. Greater bone resorption was observed in regions of higher stress, which were on the occlusal and buccal sides of the premaxilla residual ridge. CONCLUSION Stress, strain, and total deformation values present in the premaxilla area beneath a CD were approximately two times greater in a comparison between an opposing mandibular two-IOD and an opposing mandibular CD. The results were consistent with a parallel clinical study in which the rate of premaxilla bone resorption was almost three times greater in the IOD group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Samih Alsrouji
- Centre of Restorative Dentistry Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sg. Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rohana Ahmad
- Centre of Restorative Dentistry Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sg. Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia.,Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Hayati Abdul Razak
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Solehuddin Shuib
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Wahyu Kuntjoro
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Nadim Z Baba
- Advanced Specialty Education Program in Prosthodontics, Loma Linda University, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, CA
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16
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Yoda N, Zheng K, Chen J, Liao Z, Koyama S, Peck C, Swain M, Sasaki K, Li Q. Biomechanical analysis of bone remodeling following mandibular reconstruction using fibula free flap. Med Eng Phys 2018; 56:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Warin P, Rungsiyakull P, Rungsiyakull C, Khongkhunthian P. Effects of different numbers of mini-dental implants on alveolar ridge strain distribution under mandibular implant-retained overdentures. J Prosthodont Res 2018. [PMID: 28625664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpor.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Żmudzki J, Chladek G, Krawczyk C. Relevance of Tongue Force on Mandibular Denture Stabilization during Mastication. J Prosthodont 2017; 28:e27-e33. [PMID: 29285830 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tongue activity, involving stereognosis of denture position, food bolus distribution, and direct denture pressing, can affect the stability of removable mandibular dentures. Knowledge of details of tongue activity in patients with removable dentures could contribute to the development of training methods to improve bilateral mastication. The hypothesis of this study was that tongue force improves mandibular complete denture stabilization on the atrophied foundation during mastication load transfer with a typical balanced occlusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Finite element analysis was used to assess the effect of tongue activity on denture stability, which was evaluated with objective biomechanical criteria. Denture movement (displacement), sliding distance on the mucosal surface, and pressure on the foundation during occlusal load transfer were considered with and without additional tongue forces. RESULTS Tongue force in the canine zone of the balancing flange contributed to a slight reduction in the sliding distance. An adverse effect of tongue force on the working side and in the posterior zone of the balancing side was found. CONCLUSIONS Despite the lack of substantial improvement in stability with the addition of tongue forces, tongue action that contributes to a slight reduction in sliding may help reduce common frictional trauma resulting from cyclic movement during chewing. The beneficial impact of tongue force shown in earlier work under conditions of complete adherence of dentures to the foundation indicates a benefit of using adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Żmudzki
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Chladek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Cezary Krawczyk
- Department of Dental Technicians, Medical College of Silesian Province, Zabrze, Poland
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Alvarez-Arenal A, Gonzalez-Gonzalez I, deLlanos-Lanchares H, Brizuela-Velasco A, Martin-Fernandez E, Ellacuria-Echebarria J. Influence of Implant Positions and Occlusal Forces on Peri-Implant Bone Stress in Mandibular Two-Implant Overdentures: A 3-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2017; 43:419-428. [PMID: 28972823 DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-17-00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the bone stress around implants in mandibular 2-implant overdentures depending on the implant location and different loading conditions. Four 3-dimensional finite element models simulating a mandibular 2-implant overdenture and a Locator attachment system were designed. The implants were located at the lateral incisor, canine, second premolar, and crossed-implant levels. A 150 N unilateral and bilateral vertical load of different location was applied, as was 40 N when combined with midline load. Data for von Mises stress were produced numerically, color coded, and compared between the models for peri-implant bone and loading conditions. With unilateral loading, in all 4 models much higher peri-implant bone stress values were recorded on the load side compared with the no-load side, while with bilateral occlusal loading, the stress distribution was similar on both sides. In all models, the posterior unilateral load showed the highest stress, which decreased as the load was applied more mesially. In general, the best biomechanical environment in the peri-implant bone was found in the model with implants at premolar level. In the crossed-implant model, the load side greatly altered the biomechanical environment. Overall, the overdenture with implants at second premolar level should be the chosen design, regardless of where the load is applied. The occlusal loading application site influences the bone stress around the implant. Bilateral occlusal loading distributes the peri-implant bone stress symmetrically, while unilateral loading increases it greatly on the load side, no matter where the implants are located.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Alvarez-Arenal
- 1 Department of Prosthodontics and Occlusion, School of Dentistry, University of Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | | - Aritza Brizuela-Velasco
- 2 Department of Oral Stomatology I, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Elena Martin-Fernandez
- 2 Department of Oral Stomatology I, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
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Yoda N, Zheng K, Chen J, Li W, Swain M, Sasaki K, Li Q. Bone morphological effects on post-implantation remodeling of maxillary anterior buccal bone: A clinical and biomechanical study. J Prosthodont Res 2017; 61:393-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpor.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ogino T, Ueda T, Ogami K, Koike T, Sakurai K. Effects of chewing rate and reactive hyperemia on blood flow in denture-supporting mucosa during simulated chewing. J Prosthodont Res 2017; 61:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpor.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Khalifa AK, Wada M, Ikebe K, Maeda Y. To what extent residual alveolar ridge can be preserved by implant? A systematic review. Int J Implant Dent 2016; 2:22. [PMID: 27878769 PMCID: PMC5120622 DOI: 10.1186/s40729-016-0057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been reported that the load for (or to) implant-supported restoration may lead to bone remodeling as bone resorption and/or formation. While many authors supported the process of bone resorption, others elaborated bone apposition and increasing bone density close and remote to implant body (or fixture). This may suggest the role of the implant to reserve alveolar ridge from physiologic/pathologic resorption. The aim of this systematic review was to predict to how extend dental implants can preserve the residual alveolar ridge based on previous clinical investigations. Methods This systematic review based on the retrospective and prospective studies, randomized clinical trial, and case reports. The process of searching for proposed articles included PubMed, Ovid, and Web of Science databases, with specific inclusion and exclusion criterion. Results A total 2139 citations were identified. After expunging the repeated articles between databases and application of exclusion and inclusion criteria, 18 articles were found to meet the topic of this systematic review. Many of the articles reported bone preservation with implant-assisted restorations, and the rest denoted noticeable bone apposition. Conclusion According to the published clinical studies, the behavior of bone remodeling around implant predicts a sort of residual alveolar bone preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Khalifa Khalifa
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, 68 ElGomhoria Street, ElMansoura, 35516, Egypt.,Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Wada
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Ikebe
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Maeda
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Oral Rehabilitation, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Load distribution on abutment tooth, implant and residual ridge with distal-extension implant-supported removable partial denture. J Prosthodont Res 2016; 60:282-288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpor.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Simulation of multi-stage nonlinear bone remodeling induced by fixed partial dentures of different configurations: a comparative clinical and numerical study. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 16:411-423. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
The prevalence of prosthodontic treatment has been well recognized, and the need is continuously increasing with the ageing population. While the oral mucosa plays a critical role in the treatment outcome, the associated biomechanics is not yet fully understood. Using the literature available, this paper provides a critical review on four aspects of mucosal biomechanics, including static, dynamic, volumetric and interactive responses, which are interpreted by its elasticity, viscosity/permeability, apparent Poisson's ratio and friction coefficient, respectively. Both empirical studies and numerical models are analysed and compared to gain anatomical and physiological insights. Furthermore, the clinical applications of such biomechanical knowledge on the mucosa are explored to address some critical concerns, including stimuli for tissue remodelling (interstitial hydrostatic pressure), pressure–pain thresholds, tissue displaceability and residual bone resorption. Through this review, the state of the art in mucosal biomechanics and their clinical implications are discussed for future research interests, including clinical applications, computational modelling, design optimization and prosthetic fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junning Chen
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Rohana Ahmad
- Unit of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia
| | - Wei Li
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Swain
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Qing Li
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Li K, Xin H, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Wu Y. Remodeling of the Mandibular Bone Induced by Overdentures Supported by Different Numbers of Implants. J Biomech Eng 2016; 138:051003. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4032937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the process of mandibular bone remodeling induced by implant-supported overdentures. computed tomography (CT) images were collected from edentulous patients to reconstruct the geometry of the mandibular bone and overdentures supported by implants. Based on the theory of strain energy density (SED), bone remodeling models were established using the user material subroutine (UMAT) in abaqus. The stress distribution in the mandible and bone density change was investigated to determine the effect of implant number on the remodeling of the mandibular bone. The results indicated that the areas where high Mises stress values were observed were mainly situated around the implants. The stress was concentrated in the distal neck region of the distal-most implants. With an increased number of implants, the biting force applied on the dentures was almost all taken up by implants. The stress and bone density in peri-implant bone increased. When the stress reached the threshold of remodeling, the bone density began to decrease. In the posterior mandible area, the stress was well distributed but increased with decreased implant numbers. Changes in bone density were not observed in this area. The computational results were consistent with the clinical data. The results demonstrate that the risk of bone resorption around the distal-most implants increases with increased numbers of implants and that the occlusal force applied to overdentures should be adjusted to be distributed more in the distal areas of the mandible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatology School, Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an 710032, China e-mail:
| | - Haitao Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatology School, Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an 710032, China e-mail:
| | - Yanfang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatology School, Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an 710032, China e-mail:
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatology School, Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an 710032, China e-mail:
| | - Yulu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatology School, Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an 710032, China e-mail:
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Khalid T, Yunus N, Ibrahim N, Elkezza A, Masood M. Patient-reported outcome and its association with attachment type and bone volume in mandibular implant overdenture. Clin Oral Implants Res 2016; 28:535-542. [DOI: 10.1111/clr.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taimur Khalid
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Norsiah Yunus
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Norliza Ibrahim
- Department of Oro-Maxillofacial and Medical Sciences; University of Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Aeman Elkezza
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Mohd Masood
- Faculty of Dentistry; Center of Population Oral Health & Clinical Prevention Studies; Universiti Teknologi MARA; Selangor Shah Alam Malaysia
- Division of Population & Patient Health; King's College; London UK
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28
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Liao Z, Chen J, Zhang Z, Li W, Swain M, Li Q. Computational modeling of dynamic behaviors of human teeth. J Biomech 2015; 48:4214-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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A threshold of mechanical strain intensity for the direct activation of osteoblast function exists in a murine maxilla loading model. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2015; 15:1091-100. [PMID: 26578077 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-015-0746-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The response to the mechanical loading of bone tissue has been extensively investigated; however, precisely how much strain intensity is necessary to promote bone formation remains unclear. Combination studies utilizing histomorphometric and numerical analyses were performed using the established murine maxilla loading model to clarify the threshold of mechanical strain needed to accelerate bone formation activity. For 7 days, 191 kPa loading stimulation for 30 min/day was applied to C57BL/6J mice. Two regions of interest, the AWAY region (away from the loading site) and the NEAR region (near the loading site), were determined. The inflammatory score increased in the NEAR region, but not in the AWAY region. A strain intensity map obtained from [Formula: see text] images was superimposed onto the images of the bone formation inhibitor, sclerostin-positive cell localization. The number of sclerostin-positive cells significantly decreased after mechanical loading of more than [Formula: see text] in the AWAY region, but not in the NEAR region. The mineral apposition rate, which shows the bone formation ability of osteoblasts, was accelerated at the site of surface strain intensity, namely around [Formula: see text], but not at the site of lower surface strain intensity, which was around [Formula: see text] in the AWAY region, thus suggesting the existence of a strain intensity threshold for promoting bone formation. Taken together, our data suggest that a threshold of mechanical strain intensity for the direct activation of osteoblast function and the reduction of sclerostin exists in a murine maxilla loading model in the non-inflammatory region.
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Chen J, Suenaga H, Hogg M, Li W, Swain M, Li Q. Determination of oral mucosal Poisson’s ratio and coefficient of friction fromin-vivocontact pressure measurements. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2015; 19:357-65. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2015.1028925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Yoda N, Matsudate Y, Abue M, Hong G, Sasaki K. Effect of attachment type on load distribution to implant abutments and the residual ridge in mandibular implant-supported overdentures. JOURNAL OF DENTAL BIOMECHANICS 2015; 6:1758736015576009. [PMID: 25798201 PMCID: PMC4366420 DOI: 10.1177/1758736015576009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of attachment type on the load transmitted to implants and the residual ridge in a mandibular two-implant-supported overdenture in a model study. Ball attachments, locator attachments, and round-bar attachments were selected and examined. Static and dynamic vertical loads of 100 N were applied in the right first molar region. The load on the implants was measured by piezoelectric three-dimensional force transducers, and the load on the residual ridge beneath the denture base was measured using a tactile sheet sensor. The load on the implants with ball attachments was significantly higher than that with the other two attachments. The load on the residual ridge with round-bar attachments was significantly higher than that with the other two attachments. Our findings indicate that the three-dimensional load on implants and the residual ridge beneath the denture base is significantly associated with the type of attachment used in implant-supported overdentures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Yoda
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Matsudate
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaru Abue
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Guang Hong
- Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiichi Sasaki
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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32
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Suenaga H, Chen J, Yamaguchi K, Li W, Sasaki K, Swain M, Li Q. Mechanobiological Bone Reaction Quantified by Positron Emission Tomography. J Dent Res 2015; 94:738-44. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034515573271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While nuclear medicine has been proven clinically effective for examination of the change in bone turnover as a result of stress injury, quantitative correlation between tracer uptake and mechanical stimulation in the human jawbone remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between bone metabolism observed by 18F-fluoride positron emission tomography (PET) images and mechanical stimuli obtained by finite element analysis (FEA) in the residual ridge induced by the insertion of a removable partial denture (RPD). An 18F-fluoride PET/CT (computerized tomography) scan was performed to assess the change of bone metabolism in the residual ridge under the denture before and after RPD treatment. Corresponding patient-specific 3D finite element (FE) models were created from CT images. Boundary conditions were prescribed by the modeling of condylar contacts, and muscular forces were derived from the occlusal forces measured in vivo to generate mechanobiological reactions. Different mechanobiological stimuli, e.g., equivalent von Mises stress (VMS), equivalent strain (EQV), and strain energy density (SED), determined from nonlinear FEA, were quantified and compared with the standardized uptake values (SUVs) of PET. Application of increased occlusal force after RPD insertion induced higher mechanical stimuli in the residual bone. Accordingly, SUV increased in the region of residual ridge with higher mechanical stimuli. Thus, with SUV, a clear correlation was observed with VMS and SED in the cancellous bone, especially after RPD insertion (R2 > 0.8, P < 0.001). This study revealed a good correlation between bone metabolism and mechanical stimuli induced by RPD insertion. From this patient-specific study, it was shown that metabolic change detected by PET in the loaded bone, in a much shorter duration than conventional x-ray assessment, is associated with mechanical stimuli. The nondestructive nature of PET/CT scans and FEA could potentially provide a new method for clinical examination and monitoring of prosthetically driven bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Suenaga
- Division of Preventive Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - J. Chen
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - K. Yamaguchi
- Department of Radiology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - W. Li
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - K. Sasaki
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry Sendai, Japan
| | - M. Swain
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Q. Li
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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