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Rekant J, Ortmeyer H, Giffuni J, Friedman B, Addison O. Physical Functioning, Physical Activity, and Variability in Gait Performance during the Six-Minute Walk Test. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4656. [PMID: 39066052 PMCID: PMC11280787 DOI: 10.3390/s24144656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Instrumenting the six-minute walk test (6MWT) adds information about gait quality and insight into fall risk. Being physically active and preserving multi-directional stepping abilities are also important for fall risk reduction. This analysis investigated the relationship of gait quality during the 6MWT with physical functioning and physical activity. Twenty-one veterans (62.2 ± 6.4 years) completed the four square step test (FSST) multi-directional stepping assessment, a gait speed assessment, health questionnaires, and the accelerometer-instrumented 6MWT. An activity monitor worn at home captured free-living physical activity. Gait measures were not significantly different between minutes of the 6MWT. However, participants with greater increases in stride time (ρ = -0.594, p < 0.01) and stance time (ρ = -0.679, p < 0.01) during the 6MWT reported lower physical functioning. Neither physical activity nor sedentary time were related to 6MWT gait quality. Participants exploring a larger range in stride time variability (ρ = 0.614, p < 0.01) and stance time variability (ρ = 0.498, p < 0.05) during the 6MWT required more time to complete the FSST. Participants needing at least 15 s to complete the FSST meaningfully differed from those completing the FSST more quickly on all gait measures studied. Instrumenting the 6MWT helps detect ranges of gait performance and provides insight into functional limitations missed with uninstrumented administration. Established FSST cut points identify aging adults with poorer gait quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Rekant
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (H.O.); (J.G.); (B.F.); (O.A.)
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Bailo G, Saibene FL, Bandini V, Arcuri P, Salvatore A, Meloni M, Castagna A, Navarro J, Lencioni T, Ferrarin M, Carpinella I. Characterization of Walking in Mild Parkinson's Disease: Reliability, Validity and Discriminant Ability of the Six-Minute Walk Test Instrumented with a Single Inertial Sensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:662. [PMID: 38276354 PMCID: PMC10821195 DOI: 10.3390/s24020662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Although the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) is among the recommended clinical tools to assess gait impairments in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD), its standard clinical outcome consists only of the distance walked in 6 min. Integrating a single Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) could provide additional quantitative and objective information about gait quality complementing standard clinical outcome. This study aims to evaluate the test-retest reliability, validity and discriminant ability of gait parameters obtained by a single IMU during the 6MWT in subjects with mild PD. Twenty-two people with mild PD and ten healthy persons performed the 6MWT wearing an IMU placed on the lower trunk. Features belonging to rhythm and pace, variability, regularity, jerkiness, intensity, dynamic instability and symmetry domains were computed. Test-retest reliability was evaluated through the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), while concurrent validity was determined by Spearman's coefficient. Mann-Whitney U test and the Area Under the receiver operating characteristic Curve (AUC) were then applied to assess the discriminant ability of reliable and valid parameters. Results showed an overall high reliability (ICC ≥ 0.75) and multiple significant correlations with clinical scales in all domains. Several features exhibited significant alterations compared to healthy controls. Our findings suggested that the 6MWT instrumented with a single IMU can provide reliable and valid information about gait features in individuals with PD. This offers objective details about gait quality and the possibility of being integrated into clinical evaluations to better define walking rehabilitation strategies in a quick and easy way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Bailo
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy; (G.B.); (F.L.S.); (V.B.); (P.A.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (J.N.); (T.L.); (I.C.)
| | - Francesca Lea Saibene
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy; (G.B.); (F.L.S.); (V.B.); (P.A.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (J.N.); (T.L.); (I.C.)
| | - Virginia Bandini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy; (G.B.); (F.L.S.); (V.B.); (P.A.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (J.N.); (T.L.); (I.C.)
| | - Pietro Arcuri
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy; (G.B.); (F.L.S.); (V.B.); (P.A.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (J.N.); (T.L.); (I.C.)
| | - Anna Salvatore
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy; (G.B.); (F.L.S.); (V.B.); (P.A.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (J.N.); (T.L.); (I.C.)
| | - Mario Meloni
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, 09123 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Anna Castagna
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy; (G.B.); (F.L.S.); (V.B.); (P.A.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (J.N.); (T.L.); (I.C.)
| | - Jorge Navarro
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy; (G.B.); (F.L.S.); (V.B.); (P.A.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (J.N.); (T.L.); (I.C.)
| | - Tiziana Lencioni
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy; (G.B.); (F.L.S.); (V.B.); (P.A.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (J.N.); (T.L.); (I.C.)
| | - Maurizio Ferrarin
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy; (G.B.); (F.L.S.); (V.B.); (P.A.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (J.N.); (T.L.); (I.C.)
| | - Ilaria Carpinella
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy; (G.B.); (F.L.S.); (V.B.); (P.A.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (J.N.); (T.L.); (I.C.)
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Mobbs RJ, Perring J, Raj SM, Maharaj M, Yoong NKM, Sy LW, Fonseka RD, Natarajan P, Choy WJ. Gait metrics analysis utilizing single-point inertial measurement units: a systematic review. Mhealth 2022; 8:9. [PMID: 35178440 PMCID: PMC8800203 DOI: 10.21037/mhealth-21-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wearable sensors, particularly accelerometers alone or combined with gyroscopes and magnetometers in an inertial measurement unit (IMU), are a logical alternative for gait analysis. While issues with intrusive and complex sensor placement limit practicality of multi-point IMU systems, single-point IMUs could potentially maximize patient compliance and allow inconspicuous monitoring in daily-living. Therefore, this review aimed to examine the validity of single-point IMUs for gait metrics analysis and identify studies employing them for clinical applications. METHODS The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Guidelines (PRISMA) were followed utilizing the following databases: PubMed; MEDLINE; EMBASE and Cochrane. Four databases were systematically searched to obtain relevant journal articles focusing on the measurement of gait metrics using single-point IMU sensors. RESULTS A total of 90 articles were selected for inclusion. Critical analysis of studies was conducted, and data collected included: sensor type(s); sensor placement; study aim(s); study conclusion(s); gait metrics and methods; and clinical application. Validation research primarily focuses on lower trunk sensors in healthy cohorts. Clinical applications focus on diagnosis and severity assessment, rehabilitation and intervention efficacy and delineating pathological subjects from healthy controls. DISCUSSION This review has demonstrated the validity of single-point IMUs for gait metrics analysis and their ability to assist in clinical scenarios. Further validation for continuous monitoring in daily living scenarios and performance in pathological cohorts is required before commercial and clinical uptake can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Jasper Mobbs
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group (NSURG), Sydney, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jordan Perring
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group (NSURG), Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Monish Maharaj
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group (NSURG), Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicole Kah Mun Yoong
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group (NSURG), Sydney, Australia
| | - Luke Wicent Sy
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rannulu Dineth Fonseka
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group (NSURG), Sydney, Australia
| | - Pragadesh Natarajan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group (NSURG), Sydney, Australia
| | - Wen Jie Choy
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group (NSURG), Sydney, Australia
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Using wearable sensors to characterize gait after spinal cord injury: evaluation of test-retest reliability and construct validity. Spinal Cord 2020; 59:675-683. [PMID: 33024297 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-020-00559-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Quantitative cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVES Evaluate the test-retest reliability and the construct validity of inertial measurement units (IMU) to characterize spatiotemporal gait parameters in individuals with SCI. SETTING Two SCI rehabilitation centers in Canada. METHODS Eighteen individuals with SCI participated in two evaluation sessions spaced 2 weeks apart. Fifteen able-bodied individuals were also recruited. Participants walked 20 m overground under five conditions that challenged balance to varying degrees. Five IMU were attached to the lower-extremities and the sacrum to collect the mean and the coefficient of variation of five gait parameters (gait cycle time, double-support percentage, cadence, stride length, stride velocity). Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to evaluate the test-retest reliability. Linear mixed-effects models were used to compare the five walking conditions to evaluate known-group validity while Spearman's correlation coefficients were used to characterize the level of association between gait parameters and the Mini BESTest (MBT). RESULTS Cadence was reliable across all walking conditions. Reliability was higher for the mean (ICC = 0.55-0.98) of the parameters compared to their coefficient of variation (ICC = 0.16-0.97). Cadence collected with IMU had construct validity as their values differed across walking conditions and groups of participants. The coefficient of variation was generally better than the mean to show differences across the five walking conditions. The MBT was moderately to strongly associated with mean cadence (ρ ≥ 0.498) and its coefficient of variation (ρ ≤ -0.49) during most walking conditions. CONCLUSIONS IMU provide reliable and valid measurements of gait parameters in ambulatory individuals with SCI.
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Six-minute walking distance in healthy Chinese people older than 60 years. BMC Pulm Med 2020; 20:177. [PMID: 32571358 PMCID: PMC7310198 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-020-01211-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The six-minute walking test (6MWT) is a tool that plays a key role in evaluating the functional exercise capacity, prognosis and evaluation of treatment response of patients with various cardiopulmonary diseases. However, standard reference equations are currently unavailable for the six-minute walking distance (6MWD) for people aged 60–85 years in China. The purpose of this study was to 1) measure the 6MWD of healthy Chinese people aged 60–85 years, 2) establish reference equations for predicting the 6MWD, and 3) compare our reference equations with equations reported in previously published studies. Method We obtained informed consent from each participant prior to the test, and the research design was approved by the Ethics Committee of Wenzhou People’s Hospital. The demographic and anthropometric data and the 6MWD of healthy Chinese subjects aged 60–85 years old were measured using a standardized protocol. Every subject completed two 6MWTs, and the longest 6MWD further analyzed. Results Two hundred sixty-six subjects (128 males and 138 females) completed the 6MWT, and the mean walking distance was 518 ± 72 m. Males achieved a longer walking distance than females (518 ± 72 m vs. 487 ± 70 m; p < 0.0001), and active subjects achieved a longer walking distance than nonactive subjects (512 ± 76 m vs. 485 ± 63 m; p < 0.0001). According to the univariate analysis, the 6MWD was significantly associated with age, height, body mass index (BMI), heart rate and blood pressure after exercise and changes in heart rate before and after exercise. The stepwise multivariate regression analysis identified age, height and BMI as independent predictors of the 6MWD. The reference equations for Caucasians and South Americans tended to overestimate the 6MWD of our subjects, while the equations for Asian and African populations tended to underestimate the 6MWD. Conclusions This study is the first to describe the 6MWD of healthy Chinese people aged 60–85 years, and reference prediction equations were proposed. These findings will help to improve the evaluation of Chinese patients with diseases that affect exercise capacity.
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Gait Variability Using Waist- and Ankle-Worn Inertial Measurement Units in Healthy Older Adults. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20102858. [PMID: 32443507 PMCID: PMC7287584 DOI: 10.3390/s20102858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Gait variability observed in step duration is predictive of impending adverse health outcomes among apparently healthy older adults and could potentially be evaluated using wearable sensors (inertial measurement units, IMU). The purpose of the present study was to establish the reliability and concurrent validity of gait variability and complexity evaluated with a waist and an ankle-worn IMU. Seventeen women (age 74.8 (SD 44) years) and 10 men (73.7 (4.1) years) attended two laboratory measurement sessions a week apart. Their stride duration variability was concurrently evaluated based on a continuous 3 min walk using a force plate and a waist- and an ankle-worn IMU. Their gait complexity (multiscale sample entropy) was evaluated from the waist-worn IMU. The force plate indicated excellent stride duration variability reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient, ICC = 0.90), whereas fair to good reliability (ICC = 0.47 to 0.66) was observed from the IMUs. The IMUs exhibited poor to excellent concurrent validity in stride duration variability compared to the force plate (ICC = 0.22 to 0.93). A good to excellent reliability was observed for gait complexity in most coarseness scales (ICC = 0.60 to 0.82). A reasonable congruence with the force plate-measured stride duration variability was observed on many coarseness scales (correlation coefficient = 0.38 to 0.83). In conclusion, waist-worn IMU entropy estimates may provide a feasible indicator of gait variability among community-dwelling ambulatory older adults.
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Storm FA, Cesareo A, Reni G, Biffi E. Wearable Inertial Sensors to Assess Gait during the 6-Minute Walk Test: A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E2660. [PMID: 32384806 PMCID: PMC7249076 DOI: 10.3390/s20092660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wearable sensors are becoming increasingly popular for complementing classical clinical assessments of gait deficits. The aim of this review is to examine the existing knowledge by systematically reviewing a large number of papers focusing on the use of wearable inertial sensors for the assessment of gait during the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), a widely recognized, simple, non-invasive, low-cost and reproducible exercise test. After a systematic search on PubMed and Scopus databases, two raters evaluated the quality of 28 full-text articles. Then, the available knowledge was summarized regarding study design, subjects enrolled (number of patients and pathological condition, if any, age, male/female ratio), sensor characteristics (type, number, sampling frequency, range) and body placement, 6MWT protocol and extracted parameters. Results were critically discussed to suggest future directions for the use of inertial sensor devices in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Alexander Storm
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS “E. Medea”, Bioengineering Lab, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy; (A.C.); (G.R.); (E.B.)
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Reliability and concurrent validity of spatiotemporal stride characteristics measured with an ankle-worn sensor among older individuals. Gait Posture 2019; 74:33-39. [PMID: 31442820 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wearable inertial sensors have been shown to provide valid mean gait characteristics assessments, however, assessment of variability is less convincingly established. RESEARCH QUESTION What level of concurrent validity, and session-to-session reliability does an ankle-worn inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based gait assessment with a novel angular velocity-based gait event detection algorithm have among older adults? METHODS Twenty seven (women N = 17) participants volunteered (age 74.4 (SD 4.3) years, body mass 74.5 (12.0) kg, height 165.9 (9.9) cm). Right leg stance, swing, and stride duration and stride length, and stride velocity were concurrently assessed with motion capture and with an IMU from a 3 min self-paced walk up and back a 14 m track repeated twice a week apart. Gait variability was assessed as the SD of all of the registered strides. RESULTS Significant difference was observed between methods for many of the mean stride characteristics and stride variability (all p < 0.05), fair to excellent agreement was observed for mean values of all of the five stride characteristics evaluated (intra-class correlation coefficient [ICC] from 0.43 to 1.00). However, poor agreement was observed for the SD of all of the evaluated stride characteristics (ICC from -0.25 to 0.00). Both methods indicated excellent session to session reliability for all of the five stride characteristics evaluated (ICC from 0.84 to 0.98, CV%RMS from 1.6% to 3.6%), whereas the variability characteristics exhibited poor to good reliability (ICC from 0.0 to 0.69, CV%RMS from 18.0% to 34.4%). SIGNIFICANCE Excellent concurrent validity and reliability was observed for mean spatiotemporal stride characteristics, however, gait variability exhibited poor concurrent validity and reliability. Although IMUs and the presented algorithm could be used to assess mean spatiotemporal stride characteristics among older individuals, either a more reliable gait event detection algorithm or alternative analytical approaches should be used for gait variability.
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Next Steps in Wearable Technology and Community Ambulation in Multiple Sclerosis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2019; 19:80. [DOI: 10.1007/s11910-019-0997-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Swanson CW, Haigh ZJ, Fling BW. Two-minute walk tests demonstrate similar age-related gait differences as a six-minute walk test. Gait Posture 2019; 69:36-39. [PMID: 30660949 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The six-minute walk test (6MWT) is used within clinical and research settings to assess gait performance across a variety of conditions and populations. Commonly, the test is used to identify specific aspects of gait that affect functional mobility. With the advancement of new technologies such as wireless inertial sensors, it has become possible to collect reliable, sensitive, and objective measures of gait. While the 6MWT has been accepted and used for many years, a more concise, while still objective gait analysis would likely benefit clinicians, researchers and patients. RESEARCH QUESTION Does a concise 2-minute walk test (2MWT) provide similar information regarding gait performance and gait differences as the 6MWT in healthy young (YA) and older adults (OA)? METHODS A total of thirty-one participants (sixteen young adults and fifteen older adults) conducted a continuous 6MWT at their self-selected pace. All participants wore six wireless inertial sensors which were placed on each foot, at the lumbar, sternum, and on each wrist. Once completed the 6MWT data was spliced into three, distinct two-minute segments. Spliced data was analyzed and compared between groups and segments. RESULTS Results demonstrate significant age-related differences in several gait metrics, primarily with older adults showing increased spatiotemporal variability. Additionally, no significant differences were observed between the three, two-minute segments and the continuous 6MWT, with the exception of total number of strides completed. SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrate that the 2MWT may provide a preferable alternative to assessing gait performance by reducing confounds such as fatigue while maintaining sensitivity of measuring gait performance. These improvements may be particularly beneficial when studying populations of advanced age or with neurological disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Swanson
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Colorado State University, CO, USA
| | - Zachary J Haigh
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, USA
| | - Brett W Fling
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Colorado State University, CO, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Tedesco S, Barton J, O'Flynn B. A Review of Activity Trackers for Senior Citizens: Research Perspectives, Commercial Landscape and the Role of the Insurance Industry. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E1277. [PMID: 28587188 PMCID: PMC5492436 DOI: 10.3390/s17061277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective assessment of physical activity levels through wearable inertial-based motion detectors for the automatic, continuous and long-term monitoring of people in free-living environments is a well-known research area in the literature. However, their application to older adults can present particular constraints. This paper reviews the adoption of wearable devices in senior citizens by describing various researches for monitoring physical activity indicators, such as energy expenditure, posture transitions, activity classification, fall detection and prediction, gait and balance analysis, also by adopting consumer-grade fitness trackers with the associated limitations regarding acceptability. This review also describes and compares existing commercial products encompassing activity trackers tailored for older adults, thus providing a comprehensive outlook of the status of commercially available motion tracking systems. Finally, the impact of wearable devices on life and health insurance companies, with a description of the potential benefits for the industry and the wearables market, was analyzed as an example of the potential emerging market drivers for such technology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Tedesco
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork/Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Cork T12R5CP, Ireland.
| | - John Barton
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork/Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Cork T12R5CP, Ireland.
| | - Brendan O'Flynn
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork/Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Cork T12R5CP, Ireland.
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Pasciuto I, Bergamini E, Iosa M, Vannozzi G, Cappozzo A. Overcoming the limitations of the Harmonic Ratio for the reliable assessment of gait symmetry. J Biomech 2017; 53:84-89. [PMID: 28104246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Harmonic Ratio (HR) is an index based on the spectral analysis of lower trunk accelerations that is commonly used to assess the quality of gait. However, it presents several issues concerning reliability and interpretability. As a consequence, the literature provides very different values albeit corresponding to the same populations. In the present work, an improved harmonic ratio (iHR) was defined, relating the power of the intrinsic harmonics (i.e. associated with the symmetric component of gait) to the total power of the signal for each stride, leading to a normalised index ranging from 0 to 100%. The effect of the considered number of harmonics and strides on the estimate of both HR and iHR was assessed. The gait of three groups of volunteers was investigated: young healthy adults, elderly women and male trans-femoral amputees. Both HR and iHR were able to discriminate gait deviations from the gait of young healthy adults. Moreover, iHR proved to be more robust with respect to the number of considered harmonics and strides, and to exhibit a lower inter-stride variability. Additionally, using a normalised index as iHR led to a more straightforward interpretation and improved comparability. The importance of standardised conditions for the index evaluation was unveiled, and, in order to enhance the future comparability of the index, the following guidelines were presented: considering at least 20 harmonics and 20 strides; expressing the acceleration components in a repeatable, anatomical, local system of reference; and evaluating the iHR index, rather than the traditional HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Pasciuto
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Bergamini
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Iosa
- Clinical Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation, Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vannozzi
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy.
| | - Aurelio Cappozzo
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
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